v]ns'b cEof;sf nflu ;xhstf{ ;xof]uL k'l:tsf

afn clwsf/sfnflu z}lIfs cleofg

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of] ;xhstf{ k'l:tsf g]kfnL / c+u|]hL b'a} efiffdf www.sad.ch df pknAw 5 / info@sad.ch dfkm{t o;sf] dfu ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

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jf 5'g] v]n #)#=#= es'08f] ;lxtsf] ;dfTg]

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e"ldsfMove 4 New Horizons -afn clwsf/sf nflu

z}lIfs cleofg_ dWo] klZlrd g]kfnsf] bfË lhNnfsf u|fld0f e]usf ljBfno hfgaf6 alGrt / ul/a afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu ;+rflnt z}lIfs sfo{s|d xf] . o; sfo{s|dsf] ;+rfng …:jL; Ps]8]ld km/ 8]enk\d]G6’ / g]kfnL u}x| ;/sf/L ;F:yf …blnt ;]jf ;+3’n] u/]sf 5g\ .

o; of]hgfsf] d'Vo sfo{ ljleGg ufpFdf afnaflnsfsf nflu !% j6f cgf}krfl/s sIff ;+rfng ug'{ xf] . o; sfo{s|dsf nlIft ju{ u|fld0f e]usf hft, lnË, ckf+u, ul/aL jf åG¢ cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ k|yflds lzIffaf6 alGrt %–!) jif{ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx? x'g\ . Pp6f

cgf}krfl/s sIff ( dlxgf nfdf] x'G5 / k|To]s sIff ;+rfng ug{ ufpFs} of]Uo o'jfnfO{ ;xhstf{sf] lhDdf lbO{Psf] 5 . log} ;xhstf{x?n] g} sIffdf ;xeflu afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cfwf/e't k9\g], n]Vg] / ul0flto l;kx? l;sfpg'sf;fy} ljleGg v]n ls|ofsnfkx?df klg ;xefuL u/fpFb5g\ . ( dlxgf kl5 ;xefuL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] nflu ;/sf/L ljBfnodf egf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/g]5 .

lzIffdf ;j{ klIfo k4tL÷t/Lsf ckgfpb} sfo{qmdn] cfjZostf kl/k'lt{sf lgDtL -s_ ljutdf hflto e]befj ef]u]sf / åG¢af6 k|efljt afnaflnsfx?sf] dgf]–;fdflhs ljsf; ug]{

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k|oTgdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] / -v_ eljiodf /fd|f] hLjg lhpg ;xh xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] z}lIfs cj;/sf] l;{hgf ug]{ ul/ o;} cg'?k of]hgf to u/]sf] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfdf v]ns'bsf s[ofsnfk ;dfj]z ug'{n] oL b'O{ s'/fnfO{ ;lhnf] / /dfOnf] t/Lsfn]] ;'wf/ ug'{sf ;fy} cem k|efjsf/L klg agfpF5 .

o; sfo{s|dsf ;xhstf{x?nfO{ v]ns'bsf s[ofsnfkx? ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]usf nflu / plgx?n] o; ljifodf lnPsf] tflndnfO{ tfhf /fVg of] ;xhstf{ ;xof]uL k'l:tsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfndf afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu k9\g, n]Vg / ul0flto l;k l;sfpg ;+rflnt cgf}krfl/s sIffx?sf] nflu ;xhstf{ k'l:tsf klxn]g} tof/

ul/ /fi6«Joflk?kdf g} k|of]udf cfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfn] afnaflnsfsf] dgf];fdflhs ljsf; / l;Sg] tTk/tfdf v]ns'bsf] dxTjnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf k|of]ufTds ;xof]lusf] e'ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ of] k'l:tsf xfd|f sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq geO{ g]kfn / ljZjsf cGo efudf ;+rflnt ;dfgGt/ sfo{s|dx?sf ;xhstf{x?nfO{ klg pkof]lu x'g] xfd|f] ck]Iff 5 .

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!= lsg v]ns'b ultljwL M afn ljsf;sf rf/ cfofdx?xfd|f] kl/of]hgfn] v]ns'bnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{sf]

p2]Zo v]ns'b ljz]if1 jf v]nfl8 pTkfbg ug{ geO{ afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df d2t ug{sf ;fy} plgx?sf] JolQmut / ;fdflhs Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . v]ns'b s[ofsnfkn] ljleGg zfl/l/s kmfO{bfx? x'g'sf ;fy} o;n] yk dxTjk"0f{ hLjgd'vL l;kx? / d'No / dfGotfsf] 1fg lbG5 h:t} cfTd lge{/tf, ;d'x sfo{, ;+rf/, ;dfj]zL, ;Ddfg / lgikIf v]n l;Sg] cflb . To;}n] v]ns'bsf dfWodaf6 afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs dfGotfx? Dffq l;Sg] geO{ cfkm\gf]] JolQmTj klg ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ kfpF5g\ .

v]ns'bn] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] afn ljsf;sf k|s[ofx?nfO{ rf/ If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 h;n] Pp6f kf7 -cWofo_ aGb5 .

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Zffl/l/s If]q -cfofd_ v]ns'bn] zfl/l/s rfn jf ultnfO{ hufpF5 / zfl/l/s Ifdtfx?sf] ljsf;df d2t u5{ .

zl// rln/x]sf] 5 .

;+of]hgM lbzf, k|ltls|of, –km/s, tfn, ;Gt'ngZfl/l/sM nrstf, zlQm÷an, –;xglzntf, cj/f]w, ult

dfgl;s If]q -cfofd_ V]fns'bn] af}lbs Ifdtfx?sf] ljsf;df d2t u5{ .

lbdfun] ;f]lr/x]sf] 5 .

s]lGb|t x'g], cjnf]sg ug]{, ljZn]if0f –ug]{, cGbfhf ug]{ cflb Ifdtf ts{ ;lxt ;f]Rg ;Sg], /0fgLltsf] –k|of]u ug]{, lg0f{o ug]{ cflbsf] Ifdtf

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efjgfTds If]q -cfofd_ v]ns'bn] efjgfTds l:yltsf] ;r]tgf a9fpg'sf ;fy} efjgfTds Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'wf{5 .

x[bon] efjgfsf] dxz'z ul/x]sf] 5 .

8/ / lg/fzf;Fu h'Wg l;Sg' –l/; jf cfj]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ l;Sg' –v'zL, /dfO{nf] / pTk|]/0fsf] cg'ej ug'{ –lhTgsf ;fy} xf/ l:jfsf/ ug{ ;Sg' –

;fdflhs If]q v]ns'bn] ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ dh\a't\ agfpg'sf ;fy} ;fdflhs l;kx?nfO{ ;'wf{g d2t ub{5 .

afnaflnsfn] ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf sfo{x? ub{5g\ .

;fyL agfpg] –c?x? k|lt ljZjf; a9fpg], ;dembf/L, –;Ddfg / ;xglzntf b]vfpg] unt wf/0ff / å]ifefjnfO{ TofUg] –;xsfo{ ug{, åGå Joj:yfkg ug{, –lgod kfngf ug{ / ;d"x;Fu ldn]/ sfo{ ug{ l;Sb5g\ .

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@= v]ns'bdf s;/L sfd ug]{ < @=! ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf

v]ns'bx? Affnaflnsfsf] zfl/l/s, dfgl;s, efjgfTds / ;fdflhs l:lyltsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg dxTjk'0f{ eP klg, v]ns'bsf sIffx?df ;xefuL x'b}df afnaflnsfx?n] cfkm} oL l;kx? l;S5g\ eGg] rflx+ xf]O{g . cfzf ul/Psf] c;/ jf kmn k|fKt ug{ v]ns'bsf s[ofsnfkx?nfO{ ;lx tl/sfn] lgb]{zg ug'{ kb{5 . To;sf/0f, ;xhstf{ cfkm}df klg /fd|f] JolQmut / ;fdflhs l;kx? x'g'sf ;fy} /fd|f] ljlw / lgb]{zgsf] vfFrf] kb{5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ v]ns'bdf g]t[Tj lbg] ;xhstf{sf ?kdf tkfO{+ cfkm} klg v]nd}bfgsf] k|d'v JolQm xf] . tkfO{+sf b'O{j6f e"ldsf 5g\ M !_ tkfO{+ sfo{ Joj:yfks x'g'x'G5 / @_ tkfO{+ ;s/fTds dfGotfsf] k|rf/s klg x'g'x'G5 .

!)

h:t} s;}n] v]n\ v]Ng] s|ddf 5nsk6 u¥of] eg] tkfO{ b'MvL aGg'x'G5 . 5'§f5'§} hft hflt, wd{ / lnË ePsf JolQm / –;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ x'G5 . ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ tkfO{+ ;Fw} –lglb{i6 lgodx?sf] kfngf ug{ ;ls|o x'g'x'G5 .xfg]{ JolQm jf ;d'xnfO{ wGojfb lbb}+ tkfO{+ –plgx?sf] klg dxTj /x]sf] lgZlrt ug'{x'G5 -plgx? lagf lhTg] JolQm jf ;d'x g} x'Fb}g_ / alnof] jf hfGg]n] sdhf]/ / ghfGg]nfO{ d2t ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/f ;Demfpg' x'G5 .

sfo{ Joj:yfks ;xhstf{sf ?kdf tkfO{+ v]ns'bnfO{ lgb]{zg

ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf ;a} ;xeflux?sf] kmfO{bfsf nflu v]ns'bsf] k|aw{g, Joj:yfkg / lgb]{zg ug'{sf ;fy} plgx?nfO{ pTk|]l/t / pT;fxLt ug'{ xf] . tkfO{+n] v]ns'bx? k'j{ lgb]{lZft lgodsf

;sf/fTds dfGotfsf] k|rf/sk|rf/ssf ?kdf sfo{ ubf{, tkfO{+n] g}lts

dfGotfx?nfO{ afF9\b} x'g'x'G5– s] ;lx / s] unt eGg] dfGotfx?sf af/]df . v]ns'b l;k / z}lnsf ;fy;fy} tkfO{+n] ;fdflhs l;kx?nfO{ a9jf lbg'x'G5 / ;xeflux?nfO{ ;s/fTds cg'ej klg k|bfg ub}{ x'g'x'G5 .

v]ns'b ;xhstf{sf ?kdf, tkfO{+===afnaflnsf;Fu sfd ug{ ?rfpg'x'G5 . tkfO{+ –w}o{ /fVg'x'G5 / plgx?nfO{ a'emg] Ifdtf tkfO{+df 5 . tkfO{+ v]ns'b dg k/fpg' x'G5 / cfˆgf] –pT;fx / pTk|]/0f afF9\g ;Sg'x'G5 . ;a}sf nflu pbfx/0fM tkfO{+ cfˆgf] –lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / cfˆg} Jojxf/x?nfO{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug{ OR5's x'g'x'G5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] efjgf b]vfpg' x'G5, –

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To;df x:t5]k ul/ ;dfwfg ug]{ .afnaflnsfx?;Fu lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ –h:t} plgx?nfO{ g} s'g} a]nf k|lzIf0f ;xfos jf /]lkm|sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ nufpg] .;a} ;xefuLx?nfO{ xf};nf / awfO{ k|bfg –ug]{ . ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ x/]ssf] ;xeflutf / –pkl:ylt dxTjk'0f{ 5 eGg] b]vfpg] h:t}] cfFvfdf cfFvf ldnfpg], d':s'/fpg] .v]ns'bsf s|ddf tfhf k|]/0f lbg], v]nnfO{ –cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/jt{g ug]{ / ldnfpg] . t/M afnaflnsfn] :ki6 dfu u/]df jf cfZos –k/]sf] v08df dfq} l;Sb} u/]sf jf cEof;df /x]sf ;d"xsf] ultlzntfdf x:tIf]k ug]{ -h:t}M afnaflnsfn] g} :jtGq ?kdf ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ . s'g} afnaflnsfnfO{ kfvf nufO{Pdf jf s'g} cGofo ePdf dfq To;df cfkm' ;+nUg x'g] ._

cfwf/df rn] grn]sf] ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5, h;n] v]ns'bdf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ a9jf lbG5 .

;xhstf{sf ?kdf, tkfO{+n]===;do tflnsf / sfo{s|dx?sf] lgdf{0f –/ lg0f{o ug]{ .;d"xsf] Ifdtf;Fu ldNbf] sfo{÷cEof; lg{Sof}n –ug]{ . w]/} ;lhnf] cyjf w]/} ufx|f] cEof;n] yf]/} dfq ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ub{5 . k|i6 lgb]{zg lbg] / zAbdf JofVof ug'{ eGbf –cfjZos kg]{ 7fpFdf cfkm}n] k|b{zg u/]/ ;xefuLnfO{ s] ug'{ kb{5 ;f] s'/f a'emfpg] / plgx?n] l;sfO{Psf s'/f a'em] ga'em]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .;a} afnaflnsf v]ns'bdf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ –eGg] s'/f lglZrt ug]{v]nd}bfgdf lgikIf v]n / ;'/Iff ePsf] –lglZrt ug]{ / 5nsk6 jf em}–emu8f eP

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v]ns'bsf] cEof;df ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf nflu :jod\ k|lt / c? k|lt e/f];fsf] vfFrf] kb{5 ;fy} ;fyL;Fu /fd|f] ;+jfb x'g' klg h?/L x'G5 . Ps cfk;sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{n] g} sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ / nIo k|flKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=@= k|ltof]lutf / ;xsfo{tf v]ns'bsf] Pp6f d'Vo u'0f eg]sf] b'O{ JolQm jf

;d"x aLr s'g} v]n lhTg x'g] k|ltof]lutf jf h'wfO{ xf] . t/klg, ;xhstf{n] v]ns'bsf] cEof;sf s|ddf afnaflnsf aLr ;xsfo{ ug]{ kl/l:yltsf] k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 . o;n] pgLx?nfO{ Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ / p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Fu;Fu} sfo{ ug{ l;sfpF5 . To;sf/0f, k|ltof]lutf / ;xsfo{tf aLr ;Gt'ng ldnfpg' ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf x'g cfpF5 .

;fdfGotof, ;xof]uL jf ;xsfo{ o'Qm v]nsf tn pNn]lvt l;4fGtx? x'G5g\ M

;a}nfO{ /dfO{nf] x'G5 . –v]ndf pTk|]l/t ug]{ nIo x'G5 . –nIo k|fKt ug{ ;a}nfO{ Ps csf{sf] vfFrf] –x'G5 .;a}sf] IfdtfnfO{ sb/ ul/G5 / dxTj –lbO{G5 .s;}nfO{ klg v]naf6 jl~rt ul/b}g . –

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@=#= lglt lgod / b}lgls lgtL lgod tflnd cEof; ;'? x'g' eGbf

cufl8, cEof;sf] aLrdf / cEof; ;lsP kl5 ul/G5 . Pp6f ;fw/0f lgodsf ?kdf ;xhstf{n] ;'?jft ug{ nufpg] eg]sf] v]ns'bsf ;fdflu| ;Fw} ;a} ;xefuL ldn]/ v]nd}bfgdf nUg] / v]n cg';f/ ltgLx?nfO{ d}bfgdf ldnfpg] . To:t}, cEof; ;lsP kl5 v]n ;fdflu| hDdf ug]{, u0fgf ug]{ clg pko'Qm :yfgdf nu]/ yGsfpg] klg ;d"xd} ug]{ ug'{k5{ . cfk;L ;xof]u / Pstfsf] ;+s]t ub}{ o:tf lglt lgodn] ;d'xsf] hf]; hfFu/nfO{ dha't agfpF5 . t;y{, lglt lgoddf ;xefuL u/fpgfn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf] kl/ro / ;d"xdf cfˆgf] :yfg /x]sf] dxz'; u/fpF5 . ha, lglt lgod b}lgls aGb5 ta afnaflnsfnfO{ To;n] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe't ub{5 . ;d"xsf] ultlzntf ;'wf{g'sf ;fy;fy} lglt lgodn] v]ndf xf/]sf] a]nf Ps csf{nfO{ ;fGTjgf lbg] / v]n lht]sf] a]nf ldn]/ v'lz dgfpg] dfWodsf

?kdf :yflkt x'G5 . ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf eg]sf] lglt lgodsf] ljifo j:t' tof/ ug{ d2t ug]{ / l;sfpg] xf] .

Affnaflnsfn] cjnDjg ug{ ;Sg] lglt lgodsf s]lx pbfx/0fx? M

cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt Ps csf{nfO{ –;Daf]wg÷clegGbg ug]{ tl/sf cKgfpg] .lut ufpg], g[To ug'{ jf s]lx s'/f no;Fu –eGg'cfkm'n] agfPsf xfpefpsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t} –…tfln ahfpg'Ú, …Ps hgfn] csf{sf] xftdf tfln dfg'{ cflb

!%

@=$= k|lta¢tf – cfˆgf d'No / dfGotfx? k|i6;Fu JoQm ug'{tkfO{+ / ;xefuL afnaflnsfn] cEof;sf

s|ddf kfngf ug{ cTofjZos s]lx lglZrt d'No / dfGotfx? k|lt ;fd'lxs k|lta¢tf hgfpg' kb{5 . Psftkm{ k|lta¢tfn] ;sf/fTds wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ub{5 eg] csf{ lt/ o;n] ;d"xnfO{ ;+ul7t agfpF5 . k|lta¢tfx?sf] ;lx kfngf ta x'G5 ha afnaflnsfx? g} d'No / dfGotfx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;xefuL x'G5g\ / oL k|lta¢tfx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf g} nfu' ul/G5 . oxfF s]lx k|lta¢tfsf pbfx/0fx? 5g\ h;nfO{ afnaflnsfx?n] 5nkmn ul/ k|of]udf Nofpg ;Sb5g\ M

xfdL lgodsf] ;Ddfg ub{5f}+ . –xfdL lx+;fsf] k|of]u gu/L ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg –ub{5f}+ . xfdL v]n d}bfgdf / b}lgs hLjgdf 5nsk6 –ug]{ 5}gf} .

!^

xfdL ;a} ;xeflusf] ;Ddfg ub{5f}+, olb –plgx? v]Ng] s|ddf la/f]wL ;d"xdf eP klg .

tkfO{+n] k|lta¢tfnfO{ cf}krfl/s agfpgsf nflu o;nfO{ v]n cEof;sf] ;'?df lglt lgodsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t} k|lta¢tfx?nfO{ uLtsf] ?kdf ;Fw} jfrg ug]{ . lglt lgodsf] kfngf gug]{nfO{ sfaf{xL ug{nfO{ :ki6 lglt agfpg h?/L x'G5 . To:tf sfaf{xL kl5 Ifdf ofrgfnfO{ klg lglt lgodsf ?kdf :yflkt ug'{ k5{ h:t} ;a};Fu Ifdf dfUg] / xft ldnfpg] . ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf oL lgod, sf{afxL / Ifdf ofrgfsf] k|s[ofnfO{ ;a}sf ;fd' :ki6 ?kdf a'emfpg] / kfngf ug{ tTk/tf b]vfpg' cTofjZos x'G5 .

!&

@=%= ;'/lIft jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{]{Affnaflnsf;Fu sfd ubf{ zfl/l/s / efjgfTds ;'/Iffsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ / To;nfO{ sfod /fVg'

cTofjZos x'G5 . ;'/lIft jftfj/0f k|bfg ug'{ ;xhstf{sf] bfloTj xf] .

efjgfTds ;'/Iff ;d"x leqefjgfTds ?kdf ;'/lIft jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f –ug]{ -afnaflnsfx? af]Ng jf cfkm'n] rfx]sf] s'/f eGg 8/fpg' x'b}g_;d"xut wf/0ff÷ckgTjsf] efjgfnfO{ phfu/ –ug]{ -;dfj]zL, ;xsfo{, lgltlgod_lajfb ;dfwfg ug]{ lgltlgod k|of]u ug]{ . –xf]xNnf jf lx+;f jf zfl/l/s b08 x'g' x'b}+g .

Zfl/l/s ;'/Iff v]nd}bfgdfrnfodfg j:t'x?nfO{ ;kmf / ;lx tl/sfn] –/fVg] .efFlro–lalu|osf] ;fdflu|nfO{ t'?Gt} dd{t –ug]{ .Rff]6k6saf6 hf]lug vt/f k'¥ofpg ;Sg] –j:t'x? h:t} lzzf, wft', af]tn, kmf]x/ cflb ;a} v]nd}bfgaf6 x6fpg] .

!*

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@=^= ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ v]ns'bn] Plss[t x'g ;lhnf] u/fpF5 .

aflnsfx? / ckfË afnaflnsfx?nfO{ v]ns'bdf ;dfj]z u/fpg ljif]z Wofg lbg'k5{ .

@=^=!= n}+lus ;dfgtfnfO{ a9jf lbg]x/]s ;d'bfodf s]6f jf s]l6n] s] ug{ x'g] /

s] ug{ gx'g] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ cf–cfˆg} vfnsf lglt lgod / d"Nox? x'G5g\ . ha v]ns'bsf] s'/f ul/G5, ;fdfGotof s]l6x?nfO{ s]6fx? eGbf sd of]Uo 7flgG5 / cem s'g} s'g} v]ndf t s]l6 dflg;n] v]Ng x'b}g eg]/ k|ltaGb g} ul/G5 . t/, of] s]6fsf] / of] s]l6sf] eGg] s'g} v]n 5}g . ;a} v]ns'b ultljwLx? t6:y x'G5g\ / of] s]6fn] dfq v]Ng] jf s]l6n] dfq v]Ng]]] v]ns'b eg]/ ;xeflutfdf s'g} k|ltaGb u/]sf] kfOb}g . oL k|ltaGb eg]sf xfd|f] lbdfudf /x]sf] k/Dk/fut unt wf/0ffx? dfq x'g\ .

@)

tkfO{+n] s'g} afnaflnsfnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ v]nsf] pbfx/0f lb+b} x'g'x'G5 eg], Ps k6s s]6f / Ps k6s s]l6nfO{ 5fGbf /fd|f] x'G5 .ljk/Lt lnlË lj?¢ x'g ;Sg] xf]xNnf, –luHofpg] k|la|lt cflb /f]Sg s8f ?kdf k|:t't x'g'xf];\ .ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ ;xhstf{ sf] ?kdf -dlxnf jf –k'?if_ tkfO{ cfkm} klg o; ;Gb{edf afnaflnsfsf] nflu pbfx/l0fo kfq xf] .

@=^=@= ckfËtf ePsf ;Fusf] Aoaxf/ ;dfj]zL v]ns'b eg]sf] dfgl;s jf zfl/l/s

ckfËtf eP jf gePsf ;a} afnaflnsfn] Psd'i6 ?kdf ;xeflutf hgfpg kfpg] cj;/ g} xf] . ;xhstf{n] ckfË afnaflnsfnfO{ klg c? ;/x Jojxf/ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ plgx?n] s] ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] x}g ls s] ug{ ;S5g\ / s] ug]{ Ifdtf 5 eGg] s'/fdf ljif]z hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .

To;sf/0f, ;a} s[ofsnfkdf s]l6x?sf] klg ;dfg ;xeflutfnfO{ a9fpg' k5{ . cem, s]l6x? cfkm}+ v]ns'bdf ;ls|o 5}gg\ eg], ;dfg / ;ls|o ;xeflutfn] plgx?nfO{ ljif]z dxTj /fVb5 . o;n] plgx?nfO{ cfˆgf] zfl/l/s Ifdtfsf] cg'ej ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{ / cfTdan a[l¢ ug{ klg d2t ub{5 .

o;f]ubf{ pNn]lvt ;'emfjx?nfO{ ljrf/ ug'{ ub{5 M

olb ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{ k¥of] –eg], s]6f / s]l6sf] ldl>t ;d"x agfpg k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . s]6f / s]l6 b'a}nfO{ Pp6} sfo{ ug{ nufpg] . –s]6f jf s]l6 ePs} sf/0fn] cyf{t km/s lnË ePs} sf/0fn] s;}nfO{ s'g} v]naf6 al~rt gu/fpg] .;xhstf{sf] lx;fan] tkfO{+n] s]6f / s]l6 aLr –;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{ k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb

@!

To;nfO{ ;xeflu ;'xfpFbf] tl/sfn] g} sfof{Gjog ug'{ k5{ . -h:t} M ;xefuLsf] l;k / Ifdtf cg';f/ ;d"x ljefhg ug]{, hfGg] jf alnof afnaflnsfnfO{ sdhf]/ jf ghfGg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ nufpg]_

l;ksf] sld x'g' eg]sf] s]lx ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf sld x'g' kSs} x}g eGg] s'/fdf ;xhstf{ ;r]t x'g' kb{5 .

oxfF ckfË afnaflnsfx?;Fu sfd ubf{ ;Demg' kg]{ s]lx ;'emfjx? 5g\ M

pk]Iff gug'{ xf];\ . ;xefuLx?nfO{ plgx?sf] –Ifdtf cg';f/ v]ns'bsf] cfjZostf -lgltlgod_ k'/f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{ kb{5 . w]/} h;f] ckfË afnaflnsfx?af6 Tolt w]/} cfzf ul/b}g . hxfF / hlxn] ;xof]u dfluG5 ToxfF ;xof]u –ug'{ kb{5 . ;xhstf{n] slxn] jf s:tf] cj:yfdf ;xof]u ug]{ eg]/ ;f]Rg' h?/L x'G5 t/ cfjZostf eGbf al9 ;xfotf lbg' klg /fd|f] x'b}g .;xhstf{n] Iflt Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;xeflusf] –Ifdtf ;'xfpFbf] v]n ultljwL sf] klxrfg ul/

@@

@=&= v]ns'b cEof;sf tLg r/0fx?/fd|f] ;+of]hg / k"j{ tof/L eof] eg] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;lhn} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] v]n

d}bfgdf hfg' eGbf klxn] g} v]ns'b cEof;sf] af/]df tof/L u/]/ hfFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . tnsf] ^) ldg]6 nfdf] v]n cEof;sf] gd'gfn] tkfO{+sf] ;do / sfo{ tflnsf agfpg d2t u5{ .

ljifo sfof{Gjog ;do

z'?j

ft -Jj

f{d c

k_

!s :jfutd\ x/]s cEof;sf] ;'?df ;a}nfO{ ;Fu} Nofpg / :jfut\ ug{ :ki6 z'?jft x'g'k5{ . -clefjbg÷lgtL lgod_

@ ld=

!v v]nsf] kl/ro

Jjf{d ckn] afnaflnasfnfO{ v]n cEof;sf nflu zfl/l/s / dfgl;s ?kdf tof/ u5{ . o;n] plgx?sf] zl//nfO{ km'lt{nf] / lbdfunfO{ zfGt agfpF5 . cem o;n] v]ndf x'g] cfgGb cg'ejsf] klg ;f]rfO{ lbG5 .

% ld=

!u lzif{ssf] JofVof

x/]s v]n sfo{ s'g} lglZrt ljifodf / s'g} nIo k|fKt ug{df s]lGb|t x'G5 . v]nsf] ljifo ls t v]n dfkm{t g} jf ls t ;d"x 5nkm5 dfkm{t afnaflnsfnfO{ a'emfpg] .

! ld=

@#

d'Vo

efu

@s v]n -klxnf] r/0f_

5f]6f] / :ki6 lgb]{zg lbO{ ;s]kl5 afnaflnsfx? v]n ;'? u5{g\ / To;sf] cg'ej u5{g\ .

!)ld=

@v k|lts[of÷ ;'emfj !

s]lx ;do kl5 ;xhstf{n] v]nnfO{ /f]s]/ v]n v]Nbf s] cK7]/fx? Jff ;d:ofx? cfP clg v]nnfO{ cem /f]rs s;/L u/fpg] eGgaf/] afnaflnafnfO{ ;f]Wg] . ;xhstf{n] afnaflnsfsf] Wofg ! jf @ s'/fx?df s]lGb|t u/fpg] -v]nsf] d'Vo ljifo jf nIo cg';f/_

%ld=

@u v]n -bf];|f] r/0f_

Affnaflnsfx? bf];|f] k6s v]n z'? u5{g, o;k6s eg] klxnfsf] eGbf ;r]t eP/ lsgls plgx?sf] Wofg v]nsf] ljifo j:t' / nIodf s]lGb|t u/fO{Psf] 5 . o; ;dodf afnaflnsfn] l;Sg] k|efj / v]nsf] u'0f ;a} eGbf pQd cj:yfdf x'g' k5{ .

#)ld=

;dfkg

-ysfO d

fg]{_ #s ysfO{ dfg]{ v]n cEof;sf] cGtdf, afnaflnsfx? cfˆgf] ;fdfGo hLjgdf kmls{g]

tof/L ug'{ k5{ . ysfO dfg'{ g} v]n cGTosf] :ki6 tof/L xf] . #ld=

#v k|lts[of÷ ;'emfj @

Affnaflnsf hfg' k"j{ plgx?n] v]naf6 s] l;s], plgx?sf] cg'ej s:tf] /x\of] cflb af/] 5nkmn ug'{ k5{ . :ki6 z'?jft h:t} :ki6 cGTon] v]n cEof;nfO{ ;+/rgf / ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . -;a} ;fdflu| yGsfpg], labfO{ ÷clejfbg_

$ld=

@$

@=*= ;Nnfx ;'emfj ÷ k|lts[ofklxnf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj -;'emfj !, dfyL

x]g'{xf];\_ w]/} h;f] v]nsf] k|ls[lt / v]Ng] tl/sf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;n] v]nnfO{ ;'wfg]{ df}sf lbG5 .

Affnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df cfjZos dfgl;s, zfl/l/s, efjgfTds / ;fdflhs l;kx?sf] ljsf;df ;jf]{Qd 6]jf k'¥ofpg v]ns'b cEof; ;lsPkl5 plgx?n] s] cg'ej u/] eGg] s'/f ;f]Rg / Ps csf{;Fu 5nkmn ug{ k|f]T;fxfg lbg' kb{5 . cg'ej u/]sf s'/fsf] k'glj{rf/ ug]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfn] kf7 l;Sg yfNg] 5g . of] k'g/fjnf]sg kf7sf] cGTodf ;d"x 5nkmnsf s|ddf x'g] ub{5 -;'emfj @, dfyL x]g'{xf];\_ .

;Gb]z jf 5nkmnsf ljifo j:t' ;fdfGotof afnaflnsfnfO{ g} lgSof]{n ug{ lbg'k5{ / plgx?n] g} ;s];Dd To;nfO{ v]n cEof;sf] cg'ej;Fu hf]8]/ x]g'{ k5{ . t;y{, of] ;Djfb afnaflnsfx? aLrsf] cGt/ ;Djfb xf] g ls ;xhstf{sf] Psf]xf]/f] jStJo . tkfO{+sf] e"ldsf eg]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ o; af/]df ;f]Rg pTk|l/t ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu afnaflnsfnfO{ w]/} ;sf/fTds ;'emfjx? lbP/ plgx?nfO{ cfˆgf] dgdf nfu]sf s'/f ;fyLx? dfem eGg k|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . tkfO{+n] s'g} vf; k|Zg ;f]w]/ 5nkmnnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;Sg'x'G5 -h:t} M ltdLx?nfO{ v]nsf] s] dg k¥of] / s] dg k/]g<, xfdLn] xfd|f] k|lta¢tf k"/f u¥of}+ < cflb_ . ;dfnf]rgf ;xefuL k|lt eGbf klg v]nsf ;jfn

@%

jf ;kmn÷c;kmn kIfk|lt s]lGb|t x'g' k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ ;sf/fTds / pko'Qm ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg tkfO{+ v]naf6 s]lx 6f9f al; plgx?sf] v]nnfO{ Wofgk"j{s cjnf]sg ul/ afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/ / v]nsf] k|s[ofnfO{ ljin]z0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

;'emfj / k|lts[ofsf] ;do w]/} nfdf] klg x'g' x'Fb}g / w]/} 5f6f] klg x'g' x'Fb}g . of] lg0f{o lng] lhDdf tkfO{+sf], kl/l:ylt cg';f/ / afnaflnsfsf] slt ;do lnbfF l7s x'G5 eGg] a'em]/ .

@^

#= v]ns'bsf pbfx/0fx?of] kf7n] v]ns'b cEof;df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]

s]lx pbfx/0f v]nx? k|:t't ub{5 . ;fdfGotof afnaflnsfx? w]/}g} lh1f;' / rnfv x'G5g\, To;}n] v]n 5gf}6, v]nsf] ljlebtf / gofF v]n kQf nufpg] :jtGqtf plgx?nfO{ g} lbg'k5{ . t/ ;xhstf{sf] lx;fan], o; k'l:tsfsf] klxnf] kf7df JofVof u/] cg';f/ tkfO{+n] afnaflnsfx?sf] lasf;sf lglDt cfjZos If]qx?df d2t k'Ug] ul/ gofF hfgsf/Lx? lbg' k5{ / v]nx?nfO{ To;} cg'?k ;+rfng klg ug{‘ k5{ . oxfF JofVof ul/Psf v]nx?n] tkfO{+sf nflu pTk|]/0f lbg ;S5, t/ tkfO{+n] cfˆgf] / afnaflnsfx?sf] lbdfu / ;f]rfO{ k|of]u u/]/ v]ns'b cEof;nfO{ ljlebtf / gofFkg lbg' eg] cfjZos x'G5 .

o; k'l:tsfdf ePsf v]nx?sf nflu s'g} ;fdfu|Lsf] cfjZostf gkg{ ;S5 jf k|of]u ug'{ k/]df klg htf klg ;xh} pknAw x'g ;Sg] ;fdfu|Lx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / oL v]nx? xfd|f]

nlIft ;d"x -% b]lv !) aif{ ;Ddsf afnaflnsfx?_ sf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] vfnsf 5g\ . x/]s v]n JofVofsf] pkNnf] bflxg] s'gfdf km]l/ klg 6fpsf], d'6', zl// / ;d"x÷jftfj/0fsf] lrGx b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;af6 k|To]s v]nn] afn ljsf;sf] s'g If]q jf kl/lwnfO{ al9 d2t k'¥ofpF5 eGg] a'emg ;lsG5 .

#=! ;d"xsf] IfdtfoL v]nx?nfO{ v]n cEof;sf] ;'?df

afnaflnsfx?sf] ;d"xsf] Psfu|tf, an / laj]s ljsf; ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df ;d"xsf k|To]s v]nfl8sf] ;xeflutf cfjZos x'G5 . o; k|sf/n] afnaflnsfx?n] ;d"xdf /fd|f];Fu ldn]/ v]Nof] eg] slt ;kmntf xfFl;n ug{ ;lsFbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] cg'ej ub{5g\ . v]nx? /dfOnf ePsf sf/0fn] / plgx? v]n v]Nbf Ps csf{;Fu 3'nldn x'g] x'gfn] o;n] plgx?sf] ;'?df nhfpg] afgL x6fpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

@&

Sof/f];]n -3'Dg] v]n– kf+u|f _

;fdfu|L M @ j6f 8f]/L

@ j6f 8f]/LnfO{ lrqdf b]vfP h:tf] u/]/ aLrdf Ps afnsn] ;dfTg] . To;kl5 b'a} 8f]/Ldf aLrsf] afnssf] b'a}lt/ !÷! hf]l8n] ;dfTg] . ca ;a} hf]l8 Ps} /ˆtf/df ldnfP/ Ps} lbzf tkm{ 3'Dbf Tof] kf+u|fh:tf] aGb5 .

ljleGgtf M plgx?nfO{ lgb]{zg lbP/ -cfkm}n] jf csf]{ s'g} afnaflnsfnfO{ nufP/_ l5§f] lbzf kl/jt{g ug{ nufpg]

@*

rs|{ v]n

afnaflnsfx? Ps csf{sf] xft ;dft]/ uf]nf] 3]/f agfpFb5g\ . 3]/fsf] x/]s bf];|f] afns jf aflnsfn] cfˆgf] uf]8f 3]/f leq /fVb5g\ . 3]/fdf ;f]emf] plePsf afnaflnsfn] c? cfwfnfO{ prfN5g\ jf wfg]sf x'G5g\ . l;wf plePsf afnaflnsfx? lj:tf/} 3'Dg yfNb5g\ / plgx?;Fu} k'/} ;d"x rs|{ 3'd]em}+ 3'Db5 .

ljleGgtf M 3]/fsf] aLrdf v'§f /fVg'sf] ;§f plgx? cfˆgf 5]pdf /x]sf b'O{ ;fyLsf] xftdf a;]/ cl3 h:t} 3'Dg ;S5g\ .

@(

ub{5g\ h;n] ubf{ plgx?sf] xftx?n] ufF7f] agfpF5 . ca, afnaflnsfx?n] cfFkm"n] ;dft]sf]] xft afx]s c?x?af6 klG5P/ km]l/ uf]nf] 3]/f agfpg] k|of; ub{5g\ .

ufF7f] kfg]{ v]n

Affnaflnsfx?n] uf]nf] 3]/f agfpF5g\ / cfˆgf] xft 3]/fsf] aLr lt/ t];f{pF5g\, cfFvf lrlDnG5g\ / 3]/fsf] aLr lt/ cl3 a9\5g\ . x/]s afnaflnsfn] csf]{ ;fyLsf] xft ;dfpg] k|of;

#)

#=@ es'08f] lagfsf] ;dfTg] jf 5'g] v]n ;dfTg] jf 5'g] v]n Ps ;lhnf] /

afnaflnsfnfO{ ls|oflzn u/fpg] v]n xf] . otf ptf bf}l8+bf afnaflnsfx? /dfOnf] / pT;'stf dx;'z u5{g\ . of] v]n w]/} k|sf/n] v]Ng ;lsG5 .

oxfF k|:t't k|sf/x?sf nflu s'g} ;fdfu|Lsf] cfjZostf kb}{g / o; v]nsf c? k|sf/x?sf] k|of]u ug{ klg xf};nf lbG5 .

hf]8L agfpg] v]n

b'O{ afnaflnsfn] xft ;dft]/ c? v]nfl8nfO{ ;dfTg] k|of; u5{g\ . plgx?n] ;dft]sf] v]nfl8 plgx?;Fu g} ldN5 / km]l/ c?nfO{ ;dfTg] k|of; u5{g\ . ha tLg hgfsf] hf]l8n] rf}+yf] JolQm ;dfT5g\ plgx? b'O{ ;d"xdf 5'l6\G5g\ / c?nfO{ ;dfTg] k|of; u5{g\ . b'O{ jf tLg hgfsf] hf]l8n] dfq c?nfO{ ;dfTg ;S5g\ .

#!

?v kf;f]÷5f]O 8'd

o;df w]/} v]nfl8x? / yf]/} ;dfTg] 8'dx? x'G5g\ . ha Ps hgf v]nfl8 ;dfltG5 pm ?v eP/ pleg' k5{ / pm k]ml/ 5'6\g jf v]Ng kfpF5 ha p;sf ;fyLx?n] p;nfO{ 5'G5g\ . ha 8'dx?n] 5f]P/ ;a}nfO{ ?v agfpF5g\ ta v]n ;dfKt x'g5 .

ljleGgtf M ;dfltP/ ?v ag]sf] v]nfl8sf] uf]8f d'lgaf6 p;sf] ;fyL l5/]df pm kml/ afFR5 .

#@

v/fof] lzsf/

Affnaflnsfx? hf]l8 agfP/ pleG5g\ / Ps hgf v]nfl8 v'Nnf -:jtGq_ x'G5 clg Ps hgf 8'd x'G5 . v]n ;'? ug]{ hgfp kl5 8'dn] csf]{ v'Nnf v]nfl8nfO{ ;dfTg] k|oTg u5{ . ha v'Nnf v]nfl8 pleO /fv]sf] hf]l8sf] Ps 5]pdf pleG5 p;sf] csf]{ 5]psf] v]nfl8 km]l/ v'Nnf x'G5 / pm efUg' k5{ . olb 8'dn] ;dfTof] eg] pm pleG5 / ;dfltPsf] AolQm 8'd x'G5 .

##

:ofn / s'v'/f

afnaflnsfx? Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ cfkm" eGbf cufl8sf] ;fyLsf] sDd/ ;dft]/ nfOgdf a:5g\ . plgx? s'v'/f x'G5g\ / ;a}eGbf k5fl8sf] s'v'/f rflx+ l;sf/ . 8'dnfO{ :ofn elgG5 / pm Tof] clGtdsf] lzsf/ ;dfTg vf]H5 . Tof] s'v'/fsf] tfFltn] eg] cfˆgf] ;fyL arfpg] k|of; u5{g\ .

#$

#=# es'08f] ;lxtsf] ;dfTg] jf 5'g] v]nof] ;dfTg] jf 5'g] v]n es'08f] lnP/ klg

v]Ng ;lsG5 . o; v]nsf] ;fdfGo tl/sf es'08f] lnP/ Ps csf{nfO{ lxsf{pg] afx]s o;nfO{ c?

ljleGg /dfOnf] tl/sfn] klg v]Ng ;lsG5 . tn b'O{ pbfx/0fx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#%

d]/f] gfd af]nfpm

;fdfu|L M g/d es'08f]

Ps hgf v]nfl8n] es'08f] cfsfz lt/ kmfn]/ To;} ;dodf csf]{ ;fyLsf] gfd af]nfpF5 / Tof] af]nfOPsf] v]nfl8n] hlt ;Sbf] l56f] es'08f] ;dfTg] k|of; u5{ . To;a]nf c? v]nfl8x? bf}8g yfN5g\ / es'08f] ;dfltg] ljlQs} /f]lsG5g\ . olb p;n] Tof] es'08f] xfjfd} ;dfTg ;s]df p;n] km]l/ To;} ul/ es'08f] kmfn]/ csf]{ ;fyLsf] gfd af]nfpF5 . olb es'08f] ;dfltg' eGbf cl3 g} e'O{+df em¥of] eg], Tof] afnsn] pQm es'08f]n] c? afnaflnsfnfO{ lxsf{pg] k|of; u5{ . To; afnssf] xftdf es'08f] k/]kl5 c? v]nfl8 rNg kfpFb}gg\ . To;kl5 pm tLg kfO{nf dfq lx8]/ c?nfO{ es'08f]n] lxsf{pg] k|of; ug'{\k5{ . x/]s

;xefuLsf] v]ndf tLg hLjg x'G5 . csf{n] xfg]sf] es'08f]n] nfu]df jf es'08f] xfGg]n] csf]{nfO{ pQm es'08f]n] 5'g g;s]df Ps hLjg ;dfKt x'G5 . h'g v]nfl8n] cfˆgf] hLjg u'dfpF5 p;n] es'08f] kmfn]/ / gfd af]nfP/ km]l/ v]n z'? u5{ .

#^

lzsf/L / v/fof]

;fdfu|L M v]n d}bfg -h:t} 8f]/Ln] lrGx nufPsf]_, g/d es'08f]

Ps ;d"x rf/ sf]7] 3]/f leq lzsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L lnP/ a:5g\ eg] csf]{ ;d"x /]vf aflx/ v/fof] eP/ klv{G5g\ . Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ v/fof] /]vf leq k:5g\ hxfF l;sf/Lx?n] xftdf ePsf] es'08f] cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{ kf; ub}{ v/fof]nfO{ 5'g] k|of; ub{5g\ . ha es'08f]n] v/fof]nfO{ 5'G5 Tof] v/fof] v]naf6 aflxl/G5 clg csf]{ v/fof] leq k:5 . v/fof]nfO{ 5'g l;sf/Lx?n] es'08f]n] v/fof]nfO{ lxsf{pg kfpGgg\ . plgx?n] cfˆgf] xftdf ePsf] es'08f]n] dfq v/fof]nfO{ 5'g kfpF5g\ . ;a} v/fof]nfO{ 5'g slt ;do nfU5 <

ljleGgtf M ;a} v/fof]x? Ps} ;fy d}bfg jf /]vf leq l;sf/L;Fu} x'G5g\ / l;sf/Lsf] es'08f]n] 5f]Pdf aflxl/G5g\ .

#&

#=$ l/n] bf}8 l/n] bf}8n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{ bf}8g, ;f]Rg /

;d"xk|lt pTk|]l/t x'g d2t ub{5 . of] bf}8 ljleGg k|sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ .

;fdfGo l/n]

;fdfu|L M lrGx -h:t} afn'jf el/Psf] af]tn_, ;'? ug]{ /]vf -h:t} 8f]/L_

o; ;fdfGo l/n]df afnaflnsfsf] @ jf ;f] eGbf al9 ;d"x agfO Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ jf k|ltof]lutfdf ;Fu} lrGx nufOPsf] b'/Ldf bf}l8G5g\ . ;xeflusf] Ifdtf x]/]/ b'/L lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

#*

rf}3]/fdf x'g] l/n]

;fdfu|L M $ lrGxx?

o; l/n]df afnaflnsfx?nfO{ $ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/G5 . ;d"xx? Ps Ps ub}{ jf ;Fu} lt lrGx jl/kl/ 3'Db5g\ .

ljleGgtf M o;nfO{ ;xhstf{n] ljleGg tl/sfn] klg v]nfpg ;Sb5g\ h:t} yk lrGxsf] k|of]u u/]/ jf bf}l8g'sf] ;§f plkm|P/, k5fl8af6 bf}l8P/ jf ;a} Ps} ;fy bf}l8P/ cflb .

#(

vf]nf tg]{ l/n]

;fdfu|L M $ lrGxx?

lrGxn] b]vfOPsf] …vf]nfsf] lsgf/fdf’ k|To]s ;d"x a:g] . s'g ;d"xn] klxnf vf]nf tg{ ;S5 . k|To]s k6s vf]nf t/] kl5 ;d"xnfO csf]{ sfo{ lbOG5 . h:t}M

;Fw} b'O{ b'O{ hgf -xft ;dft]/_ –csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ g5f]O{sg tg]{ –cfˆgf] ;d"xsf ;a} ;fyLn] xft ;dft]/ Ps} –k6sdf tg]{Ps v'§fdf bf}8g] –cflb –

$)

/]n l/n]

;fdfu|L M slDtdf @ lrGxx?

afnaflnsfx?nfO{ b'O{ lrGxn] b]vfOPsf] af6f]df bf}l8g lgb]{zg ul/G5 . x/]s ;d"xsf] klxnf] afnsn] /]nsf] z'?jft u5{ / p;n] ToxfF c+lst af6f] kf/ ul/ ;s]kl5 csf]{ ;fyLnfO{ l6K5 / p;sf] kl5 bf}l8g nufpF5 -h'g /]nsf] csf]{ l8Aaf x'G5_ . o;/L Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ plgx? ;a} ;Fu} bf}l8P kl5 v]n ;dfKt x'G5 . ljleGgtf M afnaflnsfx?nfO{ b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf al9 ;d"xdf ljefhg u/]/ plgx?nfO{ cfˆg} lglZrt af6f]df bf}8g eGg ;lsG5 . s'g ;d"x klxnf cfpFbf] /x]5 <

tkfO{ l/n]nfO{ o;/L klg nDAofpg ;Sg'x'G5 M Ps k6s ;a} Ps} ;fy eP/ af6f]df bf}l8 ;s]kl5 km]l/ ;'?sf] afns PSn} gx'g] a]nf ;Dd bf}l8 /xg] / cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ klxn]sf] 7fpFdf Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ 5f]8\b} hfg] .

$!

es'08f] ;lxtsf] l/n]

;fdfu|L M /]vf -h:t} 8f]/Ln] agfPsf]_, lrGx -uf]n_, g/d es'08f]

;d"xsf ;xefuLn] es'08f] uf]ndf gk'u] ;Dd es'08f]nfO{ Psn] csf]{nfO{ kf; ub}{ hfg'k5{ . s;}n] klg xftdf es'08f] lnP/ lx8\g jf bf}8g kfpFb}g .

ljleGgtf Mw]/} uf]n s;n] ug]{ eg]/ b'O{ ;d"x aLr –k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .es'08f]nfO{ Ps xftn] dfq ;dfTg kfOG5 . –cfˆgf] sdhf]/ xftn] dfq es'08f] kmfNg –kfOG5 -w]/} h;f]sf] b]a|] xft sdhf]/ x'G5_es'08f]sf] ;§fdf c? ;fdfu|L klg k|of]u ug{ –;lsG5 -h:t} Kn]6_

$@

#=%= 6f]nL -;d"x_ v]nx? tn b'O{ ;d"x aLr v]Ng ;lsg] s]lx ;lhnf

v]nx? k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ h'g afnaflnsfx?sf] nflu pko'Qm 5g\ . b'O{ ;d"x aLr k|lt:k|wfTds v]n v]Nbf afnaflnsfx?df cfˆgf] ;d"x k|ltsf]

klxrfgnfO{ dHa't agfpg'sf] ;fy ;fy} plgx?n] lhTg / xfg{ klg l;Sb5g\ . k|lt:k|wfTds v]ndf ;xh / ;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;xhstf{n] /]lkm|sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{‘ kb{5 .

$#

:ju{ hfg] es'08f]

;fdfu|L M lrqdf b]vfOP h:t} v]n d}bfgnfO{ rf/ efudf af9\g] -h:t} 8f]/Ln]_, g/d es'08f]

v]nsf b'O{ ;d"x Ps csf{sf] jf/L kf/L v]n d}bfgsf] lelq b'O{ efudf pleG5g\ . Pp6f ;d"xsf v]nfl8n] csf]{ ;d"xsf v]nfl8nfO{ es'08f]n] lxsf{pF5g\ . h:nfO{ es'08f]n] nfU5 pm :ju{ hfG5 / pm v]n d}bfgsf] cfˆgf] ;d"x eGbf k5fl8sf] efudf uP/ a:5 . ha Pp6f ;d"xn] cfˆgf] k|ltålGbsf ;a} v]nfl8nfO{ :ju{df k7fpg ;S5 ta p;sf] ljho x'G5 . klxnf] /]vf leq ePsf / :ju{ uPsf b'a} v]nfl8n] csf]{ ;d"xsf v]nfl8nfO{ es'08f]n] lxsf{pg ;S5g\ / Ps csf{;Fu es'08f] kf; ug{ klg kfpF5g\ .

ljleGgtf M b'a} ;d"xdf Ps hgf …hf]s/Ú / Ps hgf …/fhfÚ agfpg] . hf]s/nfO{ hlt es'08f]n] nfu] klg :ju{ hfFb}g / /fhfnfO{ es'08f]n] nfUg] lalQs} k"/} ;d"x xf5{ .

$$

nfQ] es'08f]

;fdfu|L M /]vf -h:t} 8f]/L_, lrGx -h:t} afn'jf el/Psf] af]tn_, 6f]s/L jf 8fnL, g/d es'08f]

;d"x ! sf ;a} v]nfl8 /]vfsf] k5fl8 pleG5g\ . plgx? dWo Ps hgfn] es'08f]nfO{ nflTtn] v]n d}bfg leq xfG5 . To;kl5 To; ;d"xsf ;a} v]nfl8 /]vf eGbf s]lx 6f9f /flvPsf] lrGxnfO{ 3'd]/ km]l/ /]vf eGbf k5fl8 k'Ug' k5{ . plgx? bf}l8g ;'? u/]kl5 ;d"x @ n] pQm kmflnPsf] es'08f]nfO{ hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f] /]vf glhs /flvPsf] 6f]s/Ldf xfNg' kb{5 . es'08f] 6f]s/Ldf kg]{ a]nf;Dd ;d"x ! sf slt hgf v]nfl8n] /]vf sf6] t < ;d"x @ sf] kfnf] cfpg' eGbf cufl8 ;d"x ! sf ;a} ;b:on] es'08f] xfGg]

df}sf kfpg' k5{ . x/]s k6ssf] bf}8df /]vf sf6\g ;kmn ;+Vof hf]8\b} hfg] / ;a} eGbf al9 c+s h'g ;d"xn] NofpF5 Tolx ;d"x ljhoL x'G5 .

$%

es'08f] ˆofFSg] v]n

;fdfu|L M /]vf, # lrGxx? -h:t} afn'jf el/Psf af]tn, sk8f, l;/fgL_, 6f]s/L, g/d es'08f]

;d"x ! sf ;a} v]nfl8 /]vf eGbf k5fl8 pleg] . plgx? dWo ! hgfn] nflTtn] es'08f] v]n d}bfg leq lxsf{pg] . To;kl5 ;a} v]nfl8 lrGx !, @, # df jf lrGxx? 3'd]/ km]l/ /]vf kf/L k'Ug] . Pp6f lrGx ePsf] 7fpFdf g} a:g] ls k'/} 3'd]/ /]vf kf/L k'Ug] eGg] v]nfl8n] :j v'zL 5fGg ;S5 .

v]n d}bfg leq 5l/P/ /x]sf ;d"x @ sf v]nfl8n] eg] pQm kmflnPsf] es'08f]nfO{ hlt ;Sbf] l56f] 6f]s/Ldf xfNg' k5{ . es'08f] 6f]s/Ldf kl/ ;Sbf ;d"x ! sf v]nfl8 hf] s'g} ! lrGxdf al; ;s]sf 5}gg\ jf /]vf sfl6 ;s]sf 5}gg\

plgx? v]naf6 aflxl/G5g\ . hf] v]nfl8 lrGxdf x'G5g\ jf /]vf sfl6 ;s]sf x'G5g\ plgx? afFrL /fV5g\ . o;/L Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ ;d"x ! sf v]nfl8n] es'08f] lxsf{pFb} hfG5g\ / cfˆgf ;fyLx?nfO{ Ps lrGxaf6 csf]{ ub}{ /]vf sf6\g d2t ub{5g\ . x/]s k6s Pp6f v]nfl8n] k'/} lrGx 3'd]/ /]vf sf6] kl5 ;d"xn] ! c+s kfpF5 . s]lx ;do kl5 h:t} #, # ldg]6 v]Nbf w]/} cFs Nofpg] ;d"x g} ljho x'G5 .

$^

$&

/ pTt]lht x'g] vfnsf v]n kf7x? kl5 afnaflnsfx?nfO{ km]l/ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ / plgx?nfO{ zfGt kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

#=^ Psfu|tf v]n tn JofVof ul/Psf v]nx?n] afnaflnsfx?nfO{

cfkm'nfO{ s]lx s'/fdf s]lGb|t ug{ / s]lx sfd ug'{ eGbf klxnf ;f]Rg d2t ub{5 . oL v]nx? /dfOnf

$*

Afu}+rfdf cGwf]dfG5]sf] cNemf]

;fdfu|L M l/agx? -cfFvf 5f]Kg_, cNemfpg] ;fdfgx?

o;df hlxn] klg b'O{ v]nfl8;Fu} lx+8\5g\, Ps hgf cfFvf 5f]lkPsf] / csf]{ cfFvf g5f]lkPsf] h:n] cGwf]nfO{ af6f] b]vfpF5 .

ljleGgtf McfFvf 5f]lkPsf] dfG5]nfO{ g5f]Osg ;Fu} lx+8]/ –zAbn] dfq af6f] b]vfpg] .cfFvf 5f]lkPsf] dfG5]nfO{ au}+rf aflx/ g} a;]/ –zAbn] dfq af6f] b]vfpg] .;a} hf]l8 Ps} ;fy au}+rfdf hfg] / Ps –csf{nfO{ g5f]Osg cNemf] kf/ ug]{ .

$(

/fhf / P]gf v]n

/fhf v]n M afnaflnsfx? /fhfsf] ljkl/t a:5g\ / p;n] h] u5{ Tolx u5{g\ .

P]gf v]n M afnaflnsfx? /fhfsf] ljkl/t a:5g\ / p;n] h] u5{ To;sf] l7s pN6f] u5{g\ .

%)

r/fsf] u'F8

;fdfu|L M u'F8x? -h:t} sk8f jf l;/fgL_

ha ;xhstf{n] -jf ;xhstf{åf/f v6fOPsf] afnsn]_ s'g} df}lvs jf b[Zo ;+s]t ub{5, afnaflnsfx? Pp6f u'F8af6 pk|]/ csf]{ u'F8df hfg' k5{ . ToxfF ;Fw} ;xeflusf] ;+Vof eGbf Pp6f u'F8 yf]/} x'g] x'gfn] h'g ;xefuLn] u'F8 e]6\g ;Sb}g p;sf] Ps hLjg ;lsG5 . x/]s ;xefuLsf] tLg hLjg x'G5 / ha Ps hgf tLg k6s d5{ pm v]naf6 aflxl/G5 . x/]s k6s Ps v]nfl8 aflxl/P kl5 ;xhstf{n] Pp6f u'F8 lgsfln lbg'k5{ . of] s|d Ps v]nfl8 / Ps u'F8 afFsL x'g] a]nf ;Dd hf/L /xG5 .

%!

:d/0f v]n

;fdfu|L M ;Demg] v]n -h:t} v]nfl8x?nfO{ Ps} cfsf/sf] sfuh jf sf8{df Ps} lsl;dsf] hf]l8 lrqx? agfpg eGg ;lsG5 h:t} vf]nf–vf]nf, r/f–r/f cflb_, lrGxx?

x/]s v]nfl8n] Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ @ j6f sf8{ kN6fpg kfpF5g\, olb p;n] Ps} lsl;dsf] lrq kN6fPdf Tof] cfkm";Fu /fVg kfpF5 . olb Ps} lsl;dsf] lrq kN6fpg g;s]df pm lrGx nufOPsf] efu bf}8]/ 3'd]/ cfpg' k5{ . h'g v]nfl8n] w]/} hf]l8 lrq kN6fpg ;S5 pm g} ljho x'G5 .

ljleGgtf M Pp6} hf]l8 lrq kN6fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ug'{ kg]{ sfd km/s km/s agfpg ;lsG5 .

%@

Meuwly, Michelle and Jean-Pierre Heiniger, Laugh,

run and move to develop together, Terre des

Hommes, 2007.

Schaub Reisle, Maja and Anton Lehmann (Eds.), Right

to Sport, Federal Office of Sport FOSPO, 2008.

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MehrWerte im Sport, Federal Office of Sport FOSPO,

2003.

Zihler, Stephan, Kraftmodell, Zihler Social

Development, 2008.

Griede, Elise and Liesbeth Speelman, I DEAL, War

Child Holland, 2007.

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Post-Disaster Intervention, International Council of

Sport Science and Physical Education ICSSPE, 2007.

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development, Swiss Academy for Development SAD,

2005.

$= ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?

%#

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