africa

AFRICAFRICAA

163.43

Clock Buddy Clock Buddy #1#1

•What do you What do you already know already know about Africa?about Africa?

•What do you want What do you want to learn about to learn about Africa? Africa?

Did You Know?Did You Know?•22ndnd largest continent largest continent

in the world in the world•One-fifthOne-fifth of of

Earth’s Earth’s land surfaceland surface•Earliest evidence of Earliest evidence of

human beings human beings

Africa’s Africa’s GeographyGeography


•Based on the Based on the geography of Africa, geography of Africa, predict how this predict how this may have affected may have affected the development of the development of early African early African societies.societies.

•Environmental Environmental Challenge #1: Challenge #1:

•DESERTS: DESERTS: –Sahara Sahara (North (North Africa) Africa)

–Kalahari (South Africa)Kalahari (South Africa)

The Geography of The Geography of AfricaAfrica


•Environmental Challenge #2Environmental Challenge #2::•RAIN FOREST:RAIN FOREST:•UninhabitableUninhabitable•Breeding ground Breeding ground

for insects and for insects and disease disease

•Positive Environmental Positive Environmental Factor Factor::

•SAVANNA:SAVANNA:•Grassy plains; Grassy plains; 2 dry seasons & 2 2 dry seasons & 2

rainy seasons per yearrainy seasons per year•Support abundant agricultural Support abundant agricultural

productionproduction


Clock Buddy Clock Buddy #3#3• Have you ever had to move or Have you ever had to move or

did someone close did someone close to you move? to you move? Why did you/they move?Why did you/they move?

• Analyze the factors Analyze the factors (push/pull)that cause people to (push/pull)that cause people to move and what determines the move and what determines the new location to which they new location to which they move. move.

•Bantu-speaking Bantu-speaking Africans in Africans in early Nigeria started early Nigeria started migrating around 500BCmigrating around 500BC

•Moved Moved south and eastsouth and east•Spread their Spread their language language

and culture and culture

People on the People on the MoveMove

•Reasons for migration:Reasons for migration:•Slash and Burn FarmingSlash and Burn Farming•Overpopulation and Overpopulation and search search

for more landfor more land

People on the MovePeople on the Move

Africa: The Africa: The Influence of Influence of

TradeTrade


• Do you have a good Do you have a good friend? Why are you friend? Why are you friends?friends?

• What tends to happen What tends to happen when you start hanging when you start hanging around the same person around the same person for a long time?for a long time?

•Located on Red Sea in Located on Red Sea in present day present day EthiopiaEthiopia

•Through Through tradetrade (ivory!) Aksum (ivory!) Aksum (350AD) (350AD)

absorbed many absorbed many elements of elements of Roman culture, Roman culture, including Christianityincluding Christianity

East Africa: Early Kingdom of East Africa: Early Kingdom of AksumAksum

East Africa: Coastal East Africa: Coastal Trade CitiesTrade Cities• Bantu-speakingBantu-speaking people established coastal people established coastal

villagesvillages

• MuslimMuslim and and PersianPersian traders settled in port traders settled in port cities around 639ADcities around 639AD

• SwahiliSwahili was formed: blended language of was formed: blended language of BantuBantu and and ArabicArabic

• Blending of religions of Blending of religions of Christianity, Islam Christianity, Islam and traditional beliefsand traditional beliefs

Clock Buddy Clock Buddy #5#5• Have you ever traded Have you ever traded

with someone for with someone for something? What something? What factors are necessary factors are necessary for a mutually for a mutually successful trade?successful trade?

• How do scarcity and How do scarcity and abundance affect trade?abundance affect trade?

1.1.GhanaGhana

2.2.MaliMali

3.3.SonghSonghaiai

West Africa:West Africa: The Gold-Salt The Gold-Salt KingdomsKingdoms

•All 3 kingdoms All 3 kingdoms controlled the controlled the GOLD-SALT GOLD-SALT trade trade at some at some point in time point in time

•Occurred in Occurred in west Africa west Africa near near the northern the northern part of the Niger Riverpart of the Niger River

The Gold-Salt The Gold-Salt TradeTrade

•Although Although rich in goldrich in gold, , West Africa’s savanna West Africa’s savanna & rain forests & rain forests LACKED saltLACKED salt

•Fortunately, the Sahara Fortunately, the Sahara Desert Desert contained large contained large deposits of deposits of saltsalt


•Arab traders Arab traders crossed the crossed the Sahara Sahara with SALT, cloth with SALT, cloth & manufactured & manufactured goods goods

•West African traders West African traders collected collected goldgold from the forested regions from the forested regions


The Gold-Salt TradeThe Gold-Salt Trade•Met in Met in trading cities trading cities where where

they would they would exchange exchange goods goods

(AD 500 to 1200)(AD 500 to 1200)

Ghana: Ghana:

The The Trading Trading KingdoKingdomm

Ghana: The Trading Ghana: The Trading KingdomKingdom

•Ghana had many resources, Ghana had many resources, but its location but its location delayed its delayed its development as a trading development as a trading empireempire

•ProblemsProblems::

•No No sea accesssea access

•Blocked by the Blocked by the Sahara Sahara


•Eventually Arab traders from Eventually Arab traders from North Africa learned how to North Africa learned how to cross the Sahara Desertcross the Sahara Desert

•Allowed Ghana to Allowed Ghana to participate in participate in the the Gold-Salt Gold-Salt Trade Trade

• Impact of Gold-Salt Impact of Gold-Salt Trade Trade::

• Introduction of Introduction of Islam Islam (though it (though it was never fully adopted)was never fully adopted)

• Increase in wealth due to Increase in wealth due to TAXES on tradeTAXES on trade



•Ghana’s wealth enabled the Ghana’s wealth enabled the kingdom to build a large kingdom to build a large armyarmy

•Used toUsed to::•Conquer neighboring regionsConquer neighboring regions•Capture people Capture people to sell as to sell as

slaves to Muslim tradersslaves to Muslim traders

•Ghana’s DeclineGhana’s Decline::•War with a nearby War with a nearby

kingdom weakened kingdom weakened Ghana’s Ghana’s empire empire

•Led to internal division & Led to internal division & eventual decline…eventual decline…


The Kingdom of The Kingdom of MaliMali

(AD 1235 to (AD 1235 to 1400)1400)

•After Ghana’s After Ghana’s decline, decline, no one no one kingdom kingdom controlled controlled the Gold-Salt Tradethe Gold-Salt Trade

•Consequently the Gold-Salt Consequently the Gold-Salt Trade experienced a declineTrade experienced a decline


• In 1230 Mali rose In 1230 Mali rose to power on the to power on the same territory same territory

•Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Quickly expanded to the Atlantic Ocean under the rule of SundiataOcean under the rule of Sundiata

•Gained control of the Gold-Salt Gained control of the Gold-Salt TradeTrade


Clock Buddy Clock Buddy #6#6• What can you infer What can you infer

about the this Mansa about the this Mansa Musa in this picture?Musa in this picture?

The Kingdom of MaliThe Kingdom of Mali•Mansa Musa is often Mansa Musa is often

considered the greatest ruler considered the greatest ruler of Maliof Mali

•Under Mansa Musa’s ReignUnder Mansa Musa’s Reign: : •Mali, like Ghana, Mali, like Ghana, became very became very

wealthy due to its control of wealthy due to its control of the Gold-Salt Tradethe Gold-Salt Trade

•Mansa Musa & Mansa Musa & Religion Religion::

•Was a Was a devout Muslimdevout Muslim• In 1324 made a In 1324 made a pilgrimage to pilgrimage to

Mecca Mecca •Led to MANY changes in MaliLed to MANY changes in Mali


•Mansa Musa built Mansa Musa built mosques, schools mosques, schools & libraries & libraries where where people could study Islampeople could study Islam

•As a result As a result TimbuktuTimbuktu, the , the capital city, became a capital city, became a cultural cultural center center for Islamfor Islam


•Mali’s DeclineMali’s Decline::•Weak rulers Weak rulers

after Mansa after Mansa Musa Musa

• Internal & external problemsInternal & external problems• In 1433 In 1433 Timbuktu was Timbuktu was

capturedcaptured•DECLINE!DECLINE!


The The Kingdom of Kingdom of

SonghaiSonghai (1450 to 1600)(1450 to 1600)

•Sunni AliSunni Ali::•Conquered the Conquered the cities cities

of Mali of Mali, including , including Timbuktu Timbuktu

•Expanded the empire to Expanded the empire to include include most of the West most of the West African savannaAfrican savanna

The Kingdom of The Kingdom of SonghaiSonghai


•Songhai entered a Songhai entered a Golden Golden Age Age under Askia Muhammadunder Askia Muhammad

•Askia Muhammad & ReligionAskia Muhammad & Religion::•Songhai’s first Songhai’s first

Muslim leader Muslim leader


• In order to In order to demonstrate his demonstrate his commitment commitment to Islam Muhammad to Islam Muhammad made a pilgrimage made a pilgrimage to Mecca to Mecca


• During this time Muhammad During this time Muhammad made made contact with North African traders contact with North African traders & & the Gold-Salt Trade was once again the Gold-Salt Trade was once again resumed with Songhai having resumed with Songhai having complete controlcomplete control


• Askia Muhammad & GovernmentAskia Muhammad & Government::

• Divided Songhai into 5 provinces, Divided Songhai into 5 provinces, each with its own each with its own government, tax government, tax collector, court & trade inspector collector, court & trade inspector – – VERY EFFICIENT!VERY EFFICIENT!

• Laws based on the KoranLaws based on the Koran


• Conclude: Describe 3 Conclude: Describe 3 factors that influenced factors that influenced the development of the development of early African societiesearly African societies

africa

Documents

goldsalt tradeimpact

goldsalt kingdomsall

christianityeast africa

ghanamalisonghaiwest

trading cities

trading empireproblems

successful trade

trading kingdomghanas