africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘place in the sun’: africa chosen region [also moving...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modern Colonialism: ‘The Jewel in the Crown’ and ‘The Dark Continent’ ( India, Africa in the 19th century)
![Page 2: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Africa: – larger than you think!
![Page 3: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Basil Davidson“ The Bible and the Gun”
[Video: see “Add’l Rdgs’]
![Page 5: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Africa: 19th C. Religion•“Mohammedans”:Muslims who followed the Islamic Faith. •“Heathens”:Animists who followedrange of polytheistic belief systems.By end of 19th
century, many had absorbed both Christian and Islamic beliefs into their own cultures.
![Page 6: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Africa: MissionariesAttractions of Saving Civilizations for Christianity:Large populations of ‘Heathens’ main targets for European Christian Missionaries‐Missionary activity West, Southern Africa since 1500s‐1600s
‐ Abolitionists (1700s): Africa‐centered Evangelism
‐ 1800s: goal of ending Slave Trade from Africa escalated missionary activity
![Page 7: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Africa: MissionariesPost‐Abolition ‘Projects’ (West Africa):Sierra Leone:
‐ newly liberated slaves to join communities of Christian farmers
Liberia: ‐ Capital: ‘Freetown’‐ Christian Missionary Society established Fourah Bay College in 1827
![Page 8: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Africa: MissionariesFreed‐slaves ‘targeted’ for education
Creation of African missionaries from:
‐ returning slaves (many ‘Christianized’ while in captivity)‐ newly educated freed slaves
[compare with Fredrick Douglas] Rev. Bishop Samuel Crowther,Southern Nigeria
![Page 9: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Africa: Missionaries
What did Christianity Offer?Why Convert?
‐ access to literacy (education)
‐ access to protection/sanctuary (poor, women, marginalized, former slaves)
‐ access to freedom (mission stations gave sanctuary to fleeing slaves)
![Page 10: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Africa: MissionariesOn the ground:missionaries drawn into local problems/politics
Vulnerable position:
‐ friend of the new Christian?Or…
‐ agent of European power?
![Page 11: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Africa: MissionariesChristianity (Missionaries) also tied to Commerce (Merchants):
‐Missionaries/mission stations places of trade, market activity
‐Provided access to European commerce and commodities
‐ also constituted ‘social context’ in which commodities were to be used
![Page 12: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Africa: Missionaries “The Imperial Project”:
‐ in addition to commerce, Imperialism was about ‘civilization’ and European beliefs about race
‐ who was capable of being civilized?‐ answer determined by race!
‐ being ‘civilized’ associated with being Christian (European)
Missionaries entered service of Imperial interests!
![Page 13: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Africa: Imperial Project & Racism
Fascination with ‘the other’:
‐ accelerated by Napoleon in Egypt
(c.1800): learning or looting?
‐ exoticism attractive: general public, scientific community, ‘world fairs’,
museum exhibits, art & culture of ‘orient’
‐ Africa, Ottomans, India, China: all ‘Oriental’
![Page 14: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Plate from Francois le Vaillant’sVoyage de Francois le Vaillant dansl’interieur de l’Afrique, Paris 1798.
![Page 15: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
French satirical cartoon of the English obsession with the tour of the ‘Hottentot Venus’, a South African woman who was displayed in many cities in Europe from 1810 to 1815.
![Page 16: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
‘Scientific Racism’
Virey’s 1824 text on the natural history of humans
1864Vogt’s anatomy text
1868Nott and Gliddon’sscale of human evolution
![Page 17: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Not‐So‐Scientific RacismIllustration: R. Shufeldt[an anthropologist’s 1915 tract, America’s Greatest Problem.]
The original caption read:“Negro Boy and Apes.On the left side of the figure there is a young Chimpanzee, and on theright a young Orang-utang. This is a wonderfully interesting comparison.”
![Page 18: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Africa: Exploration, Enlightenment
The “Dark Continent” beckoned others:
- state-sponsored explorers: some had largely ‘scientific’ motives
- others more overtly political or commercial and (when necessary to accomplish these goals), even military in their aims…
![Page 19: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Africa: ExplorationExploration from the Cape to the Nile http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/africa/africa3.html
West Africa, the Niger, and the Quest for Timbuktu http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/africa/africa4.html
Central and East Africa, and the Legacy of Exploration http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/sccoll/africa/africa5.html
Queen Victoria and Empire• http://www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/history/scramble.html
Dr. Livingstone. I presume?Stanley finds Livingstone, 1871
![Page 20: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Africa: The White Man’s Burden
Take up the White Man's burden—Send forth the best ye breed–
Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;
•To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild–
•Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.
•By Rudyard Kipling, McClure's Magazine 12 (Feb.1899).
![Page 21: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Europe’s ‘Real Foot’ in Africa
![Page 22: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
From FootholdstoColonial Rule:
“THE SCRAMBLEFOR AFRICA
![Page 23: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Basil Davidson:“This Magnificent African Cake”
[Video: See Add’l Rdgs.]
![Page 24: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholdsPortuguese : from 16th century
‐ wanted to tie Africa into ‘Seaborne Empire’of the East ‐‐ Indian Ocean, India, Indonesia
‐ Encountered Muslims in East Africa: engaged in military battles to win ‘footholds’on Indian Ocean coast
‐ success limited: major settlement Mozambique
By 19th century ‘settlers’ fully Africanized
![Page 25: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pre‐cursors to ConquestBritish, French, Dutch : from 16th‐17th centuries
‐ followed trading footsteps; interest in ‘Christian conversion’ 18th‐19th centuries
‐ all in West Africa from 16th c: British, French predominant by 17th century
‐ Dutch active Cape of Good Hope from mid‐17th century: established Capetown to service ships engaged in Indian Ocean, South East Asia trade
![Page 26: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholds
British, French in North Africa: challenged weak Ottoman Empire
‐ Napoleon in Egypt (1798): led to French support Mohamed Ali Pasha, modernization in19th century
‐ 1857 joint‐capital venture in with British to construct Suez Canal
![Page 27: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholds
‐French in Algiers (1830): colony ‘coastal’ but saw it as gateway to Sahara and bridge to West Africa ‐ provoked extended Islamic ‘jihad’ Abd al‐Kadir
[see Text ‘Introduction’ to CH. 20]
‐by 1870s, attracted large number French settlers: ‘here to stay’ in African Mediterranean overseas province
![Page 28: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholdsEnd Napoleonic wars (Europe, 1805): Britain ‘won’Dutch territory South Africa
– established colony: British law ended slavery
‐original ‘Dutch’ settlers: Africanized, intermarried
‐ joined by French, German refugees fleeing European religious persecution
![Page 29: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholdsSouth Africa (cont.):
– complex society developed: own language ‘Afrikaans’; own culture ‘Afrikaner’
‐ Outsiders referred to both as ‘Boer’
‐conflict, clashes with British (especially over slavery): Boers moved to interior and north
![Page 30: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholdsBritish missionaries, merchants followed into region: 1867 diamonds discovered, 1886 gold
‐both attracted British, German commercial interest
‐both needed more labour than available locally: drew on poor Europeans, Africans from neighbouring regions
‐both needed capital investment to develop
BUT: both lay in Boer‐controlled territories
![Page 31: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
South Africa and Rhodes
Cecil Rhodes:‐ fortune in Diamonds, established monopoly De Beers Co.
‐invested in goldmines but could not monopolize because of Boer control
‐drew Britain and Commonwealth into ‘Boer War’ 1898‐1902
![Page 32: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’Growth of European Industrial Economies:
‐ intense European competition for BOTH resources, markets
Africa viewed as: Resource Rich [e.g. South/Southern Africa]Labour Rich [former slaves, ‘underemployed’peasants]Consumer Rich [above workers make salaries]
![Page 33: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The ‘Scramble’:
New Player in Game:‐ newly Unified Germany under Bismarkwanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant]
‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo (West Africa), Cameroons (Central), East Africa (competing with British)
![Page 34: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Africa: establishing footholdsBerlin Conference 1884‐85: established ‘rules of the game’
‐ to “claim Africa”: must expand from ‘foothold’ on the ground
Special attention given to:‐river basins (e.g. Niger, Nile, Congo, Zambesi) ‐ explored by various European powers
‐ gave definition to whole colonial regions
![Page 35: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The ‘Scramble’:1880 Berlin Conference: to resolve emerging competition
![Page 36: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The ‘Scramble’:
Agreements based on existing ‘claims’:
‐settlements of any kind: coastal, commercial, ‘permanent’
‐treaties established by 19th century explorers (like Stanley, Livingstone)
Decision accelerated competition between Europeans/Europeans, Europeans/Ottomans and especially Africans and Europeans
![Page 37: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’For Example: West Africa‐ trading companies like Royal Niger Company acted as Government agents signing agreements for ‘exclusive trading rights’ with local rulers
Royal Niger Co.Headquarters(SouthernNigeria)
![Page 38: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’Where local chiefs, African merchants did not co‐operate: turned to military force
‐ gunboats deployed in Niger Delta (Nigeria), Zanzibar (Island, East Africa)
‐ ground troops used elsewhere (e.g. against Asante in West African Gold Coast, against Matabele in Southern Africa)
‐ importance European military technology should not be exaggerated but . . .
![Page 39: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’
“Whatever happens – we have got
The Maxim Gun – and they have not!”
•[Hillaire Belloc, British Writer & Poet, 1898]
![Page 40: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’
American invention (1885):‐used by British 1889 Southern Africa
‐ 1893‐4 Matabeleland: four Maxim guns defeated 5000 African warriors
![Page 41: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’For Example: North Africa
‐1881: France declared Tunisia protectorate[see below ‘Fashoda’]
‐1882: British drawn into Egypt to put down Islamic revolt against government‐ established full ‘Protectorate’ over region
Both Direct and Successful Challenges to Ottomans
![Page 42: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’•
Tunisia and Egypt:
‐ saw commercial, political alliances with French, British as way to achieve independence from Ottoman control(and perceived Sultan’s exploitation: taxes, conscription etc.)
Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt 1879-92. British supported him in struggle with army for control of Egypt; helped strengthen British influence in, ultimately control of the region.
![Page 43: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’Fashoda:
‐France sought to block British claims to Sudan, Upper Nile: sent military expedition
‐ Armies met, War Threatened: French backed down at ‘Fashoda’: concerned about vulnerability in Europe vis‐à‐vis Germany, needed to retain British alliance
‐ ‘traded off’ for rights in Morocco: British dominant power in East Africa, challenged only by Germany
![Page 44: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’Fashoda
S U D A N
![Page 45: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
‘The Scramble for Africa’
“Fashoda”: Egypt, Sudan, East Africa 1898
![Page 46: Africa: –larger than you think!wanted ‘Place in the Sun’: Africa chosen region [also moving into Ottoman Empire, Levant] ‐claimed coastal footholds: South West Africa, Togo](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050415/5f8ea98fc0b50b2a9c20844a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
From Scramble … to Conquest
Boer