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African-American History from the Civil War to the Present dr. Liz Bryant Slide 2 US During the 1850s Lots of tension over slavery South Wants slavery to expand Economy is totally dependent on slavery Slide 3 US During the 1850s North- wants slavery to stop Abolition Gradualists Immediatists Key: this does not mean that Northerners believe African-Americans should be EQUAL; they just felt they shouldnt be slaves Slide 4 Election of 1860 Slide 5 Lincolns Beliefs He was anti-slavery BUT did not want to abolish slavery immediately Thought it should end gradually Slide 6 BUT THE SOUTH DID NOT TRUST LINCOLN Slide 7 The Secession Crisis Deep South followed: 1.12/20/60 South Carolina 2.01/09/61 Mississippi 3.01/10/61 Florida 4.01/11/61 Alabama 5.01/19/61 Georgia 6.01/26/61 Louisiana 7.02/01/61 Texas Slide 8 Map of Dates of Secession Slide 9 Become the Confederate States of America Slide 10 WAR!!!! Slide 11 Goals during War South Want to keep slavery North Want to keep the Union intact Slide 12 Emancipation Proclamation Slide 13 Freed slaves only in areas that had seceded from the United States (no jurisdiction) Used as a justification for the war Why doesnt Lincoln free all the slaves? Slide 14 Blacks in the Military Slide 15 Blacks Served in the Navy Slide 16 Gideon Welles Secretary of Navy Authorized enlistment of black soldiers BUT: Highest rank was boy Paid less than whites Slide 17 James Lane Authorized blacks in calvary These were the first blacks in combat Blacks could not become officers Slide 18 Recruiting African-Americans Slide 19 1863- Large Scale Registration of Black Soldiers Slide 20 54 th Massachusetts Slide 21 Colonel Robert Shaw Slide 22 Differences in the Way Troops Were Treated Pay Blacks= $10 a month (minus $3 for clothes) Whites= $13 a month (plus 3.50 clothes allowance) Black volunteers could not receive $100 bounty Blacks could not become commissioned officers Slide 23 Black POWs Were not treated as enemy combatants Were to be treated as slaves and taken to the South and sold Slide 24 White Officers of Black Troops Confederacy called for the death of all white officers working with black troops (1863) Slide 25 Black Soldiers Took part in 450 battles 154 regiments 12% of Union forces 186,017 served/ 68,178 died Mortality rate= 40% Slide 26 RECONSTRUCTION Slide 27 Canons Conquer But They Do Not Necessarily Convert Post-War South: Economy is destroyed Slide 28 Many Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln (Presidential) Johnson Radical Slide 29 Different Goals for Reconstruction Lincoln- wants to reunite North and South as quickly as possible Radical Republicans- want to punish the South Slide 30 Issue: What Is Going to Happen to the 4 Million Freedmen Slide 31 Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction Known as Presidential Reconstruction 10% of Southerners had to take a loyalty oath After oath, states could draw up new constitutions that Abolished Slavery Provided education to freedmen Slide 32 Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction Pretty easy on the South Slide 33 Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction No mention of civil or political rights for African-Americans Slide 34 Lincolns Plan for Reconstruction Criticized by the Radical Republicans in Congress for being too lenient Slide 35 Wade-Davis Bill Passed by Congress Required 50% of Southerners to take an ironclad oath to the Union Vetoed by Lincoln Slide 36 Lincolns Fate Slide 37 Andrew Johnson Slide 38 Lincolns Vice President Southern Democrat Not well-educated Slide 39 Johnsons Plan for Reconstruction Key: Johnson was concerned with uniting the white north and the white south Did not care what happened to African- Americans Slide 40 Johnsons Plan for Reconstruction Did not require common men to take a loyalty oath Only planters with over 20,000$ had to request a presidential pardon All states had to ratify the 13 th Amendment before being allowed back into the Union Slide 41 Johnsons Plan for Reconstruction Slide 42 13 th Amendment Slide 43 What actually ended slavery in the United States Slide 44 Slide 45 The Radical Republicans Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner Wanted to do more for African-Americans Constantly challenged Johnson Slide 46 Thaddeus Stevens Slide 47 Charles Sumner Slide 48 Goals of the Radical Republicans 1)Punish the South 2)Help African Americans Slide 49 Why were the Radical Republicans So Angry? 1)Confederate leaders were back in power 2)Emergence of Black Codes Slide 50 Alexander Stephens Slide 51 Black Codes Slave codes but for freedman Regulated almost every aspect of their lives Slide 52 Black Codes Slide 53 Freedmans Bureau Established by Lincoln to help African- Americans make the transition from slavery to freedom Slide 54 Freedmans Bureau Slide 55 Freedmans Bureau Schools Slide 56 Freedmans School Slide 57 Johnson and the Freedmens Bureau Johnson vetoed the renewal of the Freedmens Bureau Said it was no longer necessary because wartime conditions had ended Becomes a big battle between Johnson and the Radical Republicans Slide 58 Civil Rights Act (1866) Slide 59 Guarantees civil rights to blacks Vetoed by Johnson Radicals override him Shows Radicals are now in charge of Reconstruction Slide 60 Freedmens Bureau Radical Republicans pass a revised version of this bill Slide 61 RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Slide 62 Radical Reconstruction Designed to help African-Americans more than either Lincoln or Johnsons plans Punished the South Slide 63 14 th Amendment Slide 64 Granted African-Americans citizenship Gives blacks equal protection under the law KEY: Native Americans are not considered citizens under the 14 th Amendment Slide 65 South Divided into 5 Military Districts Slide 66 Reconstruction Act (1867) Creates 5 military districts in the South All states must ratify the 14 th Amendment All states must guarantee blacks the right to vote Slide 67 Reconstruction Act (1867) Johnson tries to veto this but is overridden Slide 68 Souths Reaction to the Reconstruction Act Thought it was unfair Blacks couldnt vote in all northern states so why were they allowed to in the South Hated seeing Union military leaders in the South making sure the Reconstruction Act was enforced Slide 69 When States Were Admitted Back into the Union Slide 70 15 th Amendment Slide 71 Gave African-Americans the right to vote Slide 72 Blacks Voting Slide 73 The 15 th Amendment: Idealized Slide 74 Depicting That All Men Could Vote Slide 75 Voting Was Not Always an Easy Process Slide 76 CHANGES IN THE SOUTH Slide 77 Carpetbaggers Slide 78 Northerners who came South during Reconstruction to profit financially White Republican Many are elected to office Slide 79 Scalawags Slide 80 White Southerners who voted Republican Most hated group in the South Seen as being treasonous Slide 81 AFRICAN-AMERICANS DURING RECONSTRUCTION Slide 82 African Americans during Reconstruction A visible minority Slide 83 Blacks Were Politically Active Served in government in the local, state, and federal levels Voted in large numbers Republican Seen as the Party of Lincoln Slide 84 From the plantation to the Senate Most blacks were not prepared for these positions Slide 85 Blanche Bruce Slide 86 Hiram Revels Slide 87 Black Politicians Create many programs designed to help African-Americans ISSUE: leads to taxes being raised Slide 88 Black Politicians By the end of Reconstruction: 16 Black Congressmen 600 Black state legislators 18 served as Lieutenant Governors, Treasurers, or Secretaries of State Several hundred- local leadership roles Justice of the Peace School superintendents Mayors Country Commissioners Sheriffs Slide 89 Negro Supremacy Slide 90 Stereotype created by racist whites Fear tactic to get Southerners to come together to support white Democrats Components taken from slavery: Blacks are brutes Black men want to rape white women Do you want to trust black men with a gun? Slide 91 The Brute Slide 92 Stereotype of Negro Supremacy Slide 93 LIFE FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING RECONSTRUCTION Slide 94 Life for African Americans in the South Most worked agricultural jobs Sharecropping Tenant farming Crop-lien system Slide 95 Example of Sharecropping Slide 96 Sharecropping Plantations are broken up into smaller plots Blacks work land Split profits 50/50 with owner of land Owner provides: Land, seeds, farming tools, etc. Blacks provide labor Slide 97 Tenant Farmers Slide 98 Similar to sharecropping BUT blacks have something to contribute besides labor 75/25 split of profits Slide 99 A Different Look Than Slavery? Slide 100 Living Quarters Slide 101 Slide 102 Crop Lien System Whites loan money to blacks to buy supplies, etc. Was to be paid back when crops were harvested Slide 103 Crop Lien System ISSUE: What happens if a farmer has a bad year? Slide 104 Crop Lien System Keeps blacks in a cycle of poverty Not allowed to move if they owed money Slide 105 REACTION TO RECONSTRUCTION Slide 106 Rise of White Supremacist Organizations Ku Klux Klan (KKK) Knights of the White Magnolia Goal of these groups was to restore white supremacy in the South through any means necessary Slide 107 Birth of a Nation 1915 How is Reconstruction portrayed? How are blacks acting? What stereotypes are they conforming to? Slide 108 KKK Slide 109 Slide 110 KKK Used Terror to Achieve Their Goals Slide 111 KKK= Voter Intimidation Slide 112 KKK Social club founded in 1866 Hated Republicans Goal: Get Democrats in office Slide 113 KKK Used voter intimidation to achieve their goal Blacks, Catholics, carpetbaggers, scalawags Slide 114 KKK Their tactics work Leads to the emergence of Redeemer governments throughout the South Conservative, white, Democratic leaders Slide 115 Civil Rights Act 1875 Guaranteed blacks equal treatment in: Public accommodation Public transportation Said blacks could serve on juries Slide 116 Reaction to the Civil Rights Act of 1875