african civilizations, 1500 b.c.-a.d. 700 · 2019. 9. 18. · • evidence of sub-saharan cultures...

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Chapter 8

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

World History: Patterns of Interaction

African cultures adapt to harsh environments, spread through major migrations, and establish powerful kingdoms.

African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700


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African Civilizations, 1500 B.C.-A.D. 700

Diverse Societies in Africa

CASE STUDY: Migration

The Kingdom of AksumSECTION 3

SECTION 2

SECTION 1


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African peoples develop diverse societies as they adapt to varied environments.

Diverse Societies in AfricaSection-1


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Geography of Africa• Large continent but coastline has few ports, harbors, or inlets

Challenging Environments• Africa has many deserts, including huge Sahara• The southern edge of the expanding Sahara is called the Sahel• Rainforests found near central part of continent

Welcoming Lands• Northern coast and southern tip of Africa have Mediterranean climates• Savannas, or grasslands, cover almost half of Africa

Diverse Societies in AfricaSection-1

A Land of Geographic Contrasts


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Transition to a Settled Lifestyle• Agriculture probably develops by 6000 B.C.• As the Sahara dried up, farmers move to West Africa or Nile Valley• Agriculture allows permanent settlement, governments to develop

Early Humans Adapt to Their Environments

Nomadic Lifestyle• Earliest people are nomadic hunter-gatherers• Herders drive animals to find water, graze pastures


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Societies Organized by Family Groups• Extended families made up of several generations• Families with common ancestors form groups known as clans

Local Religions• Early religions usually include elements of animism—belief in spirits

Keeping a History• Few African societies have written languages• History, literature, culture passed on by storytellers called griots• Cultures in West Africa are advanced long before outsiders arrive

Early Societies in Africa


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Learning About the Past• Artifacts reveal how people lived in the past• Evidence of sub-Saharan cultures producing iron around 500 B.C.

The Nok Culture• Nok—West Africa’s earliest known culture—made iron tools, weapons

Djenné-Djeno• From 600–200 B.C., cities begin to develop near rivers, oases• Djenné-Djeno—Africa’s oldest known city (250 B.C.), discovered in 1977• Bustling trade center; linked West African towns, camel trade routes

West African Iron Age


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Section-2

Migration

Relocation of large numbers of Bantu-speaking people brings cultural diffusion and change to southern Africa.

Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples


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Migration• Migration—permanent move to new place; a pattern in human culture

Causes of Migration• Push-pull factors—Conditions that push people out of an area or pull them in

Effects of Migration• Brings diverse cultures into contact; changes life in the new land

Tracing Migration Through Language• One way to trace migration is to study how languages spread • Africa has many complex language families

Section-2

People on the Move

Migration

Case Study: Bantu-Speaking Peoples


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Bantu-speaking Peoples• Bantu-speaking peoples—early Africans who spread culture and language• Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara; now southeastern Nigeria• The word Bantu means “the people”

Migration Begins• Bantu speakers migrate south and east starting about 3000 B.C.• Live by slash-and-burn farming, nomadic herding• Share skills, learn new customs, adapt to environment

Continued…

Massive Migrations


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Causes of Migration• Bantu speakers move to find farmland, flee growing Sahara• Need iron ore resources and hardwood forests for iron smelting• Within 1,500 years they reach southern tip of Africa

2

Effects of the Migration• Bantu speakers drive out some inhabitants; intermix with others • Bantu migrations produce a great variety of cultures• Language helps unify the continent

Massive Migrations


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The kingdom of Aksum becomes an international trading power and adopts Christianity.

Section-3

The Kingdom of Aksum


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Aksum’s Geography• Aksum—kingdom replaces Kush in East Africa; blend of Africans, Arabs• Located on Horn of Africa, modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea• Trading kingdom linking Africa and Indian Ocean trade routes

The Origins of Aksum• Land first mentioned in Greek guidebook in A.D. 100 • Rulers take control of areas around Blue Nile and Red Sea

Section-3

The Kingdom of Aksum

The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum

Continued…


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Aksum Controls International Trade• Aksum is hub for caravan routes to Egypt and Meroë• Adulis, chief port, has access to Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean

A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom• King Ezana—strong ruler of Aksum from A.D. 325 to 360 • He conquers part of Arabian peninsula, now Yemen• In 350 conquers Kushites and burns Meroë to ground

The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum {continued}


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Aksum Culture• Blended cultural traditions of Arab peoples and Kushites• Adulis population: Egyptian, Arabian, Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian • Greek is international language; Aksumites trade gold to Rome

Aksumite Religion• Believe in one god, Mahrem, and that king descended from him• Are animists—worship spirits of nature and ancestors• Exposed to Christianity by traders

An International Culture Develops

Continued…


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Aksum Becomes Christian• Young King Ezana educated by Christian man from Syria• As ruler, Ezana declares Christianity as kingdom’s official religion• Aksum, now part of Ethiopia, still home to millions of Christians

Aksumite Innovations• Written language, minted coins, irrigation canals and dams• Aksumites invent terrace farming due to hilly location • Terraces—step like ridges constructed on mountain slopes

An International Culture Develops {continued}


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Islam• Aksum kingdom lasts 800 years; witnesses rise of Islam religion• Followers of prophet Muhammad conquer all of Arabia by 632

Islamic Invaders• Between A.D. 632 and 710, Islamic invaders leave Aksum alone• In A.D. 710, they attack port city of Adulis, causing Aksum’s decline

Aksum Isolated• As Islam spreads, Aksum rulers move capital to northern Ethiopia • Isolation, soil erosion, deforestation cause loss of remaining power

The Fall of Aksum


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