africatoaotearoa part 1

7/29/2019 AfricaToAotearoa Part 1

1/40

From Africa to Aotearoa

The story of

humanmigrations


2/40

Part 1: Out of AfricaThe spread of modern humans fromAfrica through Europe and Asia

Part 2: To Aotearoa

Human migrations across the Pacificto New Zealand


3/40

The modern human lineage originated

in Africa less than 200,000 years ago


4/40

The earliest

modern humanfossils are from

Ethiopia

Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers

Ltd: White et al. (2003) Nature 423, 742-747 2003

Human skull fromHerto, Ethiopia, dated

to 160,000 years ago


5/40

Africa

AfricaEurope Asia

Homo erectus

Modern humans: Out of Africa

Mitochondrial Eve


6/40

Early human fossil from Israel, dated to 90,000-100,000 years ago


7/40

DNA and

fossils can give

different types

of information


8/40

Population 1: A T G T A A C G T T A T A

Population 2: A C G T A A C G T T A T A

Population 3: A C G A A A C G T T A T APopulation 4: A C G A A A C C T T A T A

4321

By comparing DNA changes among

populations we can trace their history


9/40

Mitochondria:

DNA comesfrom mother

Offspring cell

Nucleus: DNAcomes from

both parents

Mitochondrial DNA traces the female line


10/40

150,000

65,000

40,000

50,000

Mitochondrial DNA suggests migrations out

of Africa began around 65,000 years ago


11/40

The Y chromosome traces the male line

Y chromosome

lineages began

to diverge

about 60,000

years ago


12/40

Migration patterns of early humans

https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/

Y chromosome

Mitochondrial

DNA


13/40


14/40

By sequencing whole genomes we can see

the genetic signatures of our ancestors


15/40

Genome sequences suggest two

migrations into Asia

An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human

Dispersals into Asia

Morten Rasmussen, Eske Willerslev and colleagues, University of

Copenhagen, Denmark

Science 2011; Vol. 334 pages 94-98


16/40

150,000

60-75,000

40,000


17/40

Genome sequences suggest two

migrations into Asia

African

European

Chinese

Melanesian &Aboriginal

60,000-75,000 yrs ago

1

25,000-40,000 yrs ago

2


18/40

Whom did Homo sapiens meet as they spread

through Europe and Asia?


19/40

Neanderthals

lived in Europe

150,000 to30,000 years ago


20/40

Did Neanderthals and Homo sapiens interbreed?

Comparison of Neanderthal (left) and modern human skulls


21/40

Fossilised bones provide a source of

Neanderthal DNA

Neanderthal sampling sites

A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome

Svante Pbo, Richard Green and colleagues, Max Planck Institute for

Evolutionary Anthropology, GermanyScience 2010; Vol. 328 pages 710-722


22/40


23/40

Neanderthal

Interbreeding (2%)

African

European

Chinese

Melanesian


24/40

Denisova Cave, Siberia

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology


25/40

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia

David Reich, Svante Pbo and colleagues, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary

Anthropology and Harvard University, USANature Vol 468, 23/30 December 2010


26/40

Neanderthal

African (San)

Chinese

Denisovan

Interbreeding

Interbreeding

European

Melanesian


27/40

150,000

Neanderthal

Denisovan


28/40

Out of Africa, with some hybridisation

Modern humans are mostly of recent

African origin

The contribution from Neanderthal and

Denisovan hybridization is small

Over 10,000 years, one mating

event every 25-50 years.


29/40

What does race mean?


30/40

60-75,000

Our recent African origin means our racial

characteristics evolved only recently


31/40

19th

century:Human races

different

species?


32/40

Racial features are the result of

superficial genetic changes

We are all Africans under the skin


33/40

Blue eyes result from a single genetic

change less than 10,000 years ago

Percentage of

Europeans with

light-coloured eyes


34/40


35/40

When you look at the underlying genetic

variation, we are much more similar than

we appear on the surface

0.1%

variation


36/40

Most human genetic variation occurs

within populations

Africa Asia Europe


37/40

Most human genetic variation occurs

within populations

85-90% variation

within populations

10-15% variation

between populations

Differences between ethnic groups are minor

compared to differences among people overall


38/40

Y chromosome

MitochondrialDNA

Ancestry, not race


39/40

Produced by Hilary Miller in association

with the Allan Wilson Centre for MolecularEcology and Evolution

Thanks to Azra Moeed, Terry Burrell,

Barbara Mavor, and Glenda Lewis for

assistance with preparing this presentation

[email protected] www.allanwilsoncentre.ac.nz


40/40

Photo creditsSlide 3: Science Photo Library

Slide 4: MacMillan Publishers

Slides 6, 7: Science Photo Library

Slide 9: Univ. of California Museum of Paleontology (http://evolution.berkeley.edu)

Slide 10: Blank map from Wikimedia Commons (Author Crates)

Slide 11: Wikimedia Commons (Courtesy: National Human Genome Research Institute)

Slide 12: Constructed with information from National Genographic maps and the Genographic project

Slide 14: Science Photo LibrarySlide 15: iStockphoto

Slides 18-20: Science Photo Library

Slide 21: Science Magazine, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Slides 22, 24: Science Photo library

Slide 25: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Slide 28: Science Photo LibrarySlide 29: TRANZ International Image Library Ltd

Slide 31: Science Photo Library

Slide 32, 33, 35: TRANZ International Image Library Ltd

Slide 33: Wikimedia Commons (Author: NordNordWest)

Slide 34: Emmanuelle Bournay, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Slide 38: Constructed with information from National Genographic maps and the Genographic project

africatoaotearoa part 1

Documents