afrjphysvol 4 prelim copy

i

The African Journal of Physics (AJP) publishes both volumes of regular articles as well as peer reviewed proceedings of physics events held in Africa. It is catalogued in the US as follows: ISSN: PRINT: 1948-0229; CD ROM:1948-0245 and ONLINE: 1948-0237 Editorial Board Editors: Prof A.O. E. Animalu Dr Kebede Abebe Prof B.O. Oyelami Dr G. E. Akpojotor Members Prof Diola Bagayoko (USA) Prof M. L. Kulic (Germany) Prof Amagh Nduka (Nigeria) Prof T. L. Gill (USA) Prof. A. P. Maclin (USA) Dr Abebe Kebede (USA) Prof J.O. Idiodi (Nigeria)

Dr Paul Gueye (USA)

Prof David Ernst (USA)

Dr. Alain M. Dikande (Cameron)

Prof Otete Okobiah (Nigeria) Dr Nithaya Chetty (South Africa) Dr Anatole Kenfack (Germany) Editoral Comment The world is now regarded as a Global village with the internet as the Town square. Therefore any information in such media as books, magazines, journals, data, etc that are available on the internet can be accessed from any part of the world that is connected to the World Wide Web. The implication is that the potential to abridge the information gap between parts of our Globe is now available. The African Journal of Physics is

committed to publishing papers from the remotest parts of Africa to the most developed parts of the world. Since the birth of the first volume as a special issue to publish the proceedings of the First International Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND2008) held in Abuja, Nigeria, from August 25 - 29, 2008, the Journal has continued to improve both in quality and speed of publication of submitted articles. This is because of the commitment of our reviewers and members of the editorial board. Our esteemed contributors will be pleased to know that AJP has been on-line since its first volume. This means that there is an online version of the journal while manuscripts submission is done electronically by word format. Thus the guidelines for authors are available online and the review process which include article tracking are done electronically. In addition, all subscribers will be able to access the Journal on-line and receive Instructions automatically when their subscription is processed. We assure all our contributor that there will be regular publication of the regular articles of the journal henceforth. The Editorial Board of the AJP is grateful to our referees for their effort in reviewing the papers in this volume. Enquiries and submission Submission of regular articles for the journal or enquiry to publish pair reviewed proceedings should be made to: Kebede Abebe

E-mail: [email protected]

Or to the

Godfrey E. Akpojotor


Contact: Abebe Kebede

email:[email protected]

Copyright©2004 African

Scientificork

URL:http://www.physics.ncat.edu/mich

ael/ajp

mailto:[email protected]

ii

Paper Submission Guide

Submission of an article implies that the

work described has not been published

previously (except in the form of an

abstract or as part of a published lecture or

academic thesis), that it is not under

consideration for publication elsewhere,

that its publication is approved by all

authors and tacitly or explicitly by the

responsible authorities where the work

was carried out, and that, if accepted, will

not be published elsewhere in the same

form, in English or in any other language,

without the written consent of the

Publisher. The Editors reserve the right to

edit or otherwise alter all contributions,

but authors will receive proofs for

approval before publication.

Copyrights for articles are retained by the

authors, with first publication rights

granted to the journal. The

journal/publisher is not responsible for

subsequent uses of the work. It is the

author's responsibility to bring an

infringement action if so desired by the

author.

The authors authorize the publisher to

archive the article into databases and

indexes (such as Index Copernicus, ,

DOAJ, JournalTOCS (UK), Google

Scholar, PKP Knowledge, SCI-Edge(US),

BASE(Bielefeld Academic), OCLC

WorldCat (US)), Ulrich’s and permit the

publisher apply DOI name to the article. All manuscripts should be prepared in

MS-Word format and submitted online. If

you have any questions, please contact

the Editorial team of the journal.

TYPES OF CONTRIBUTIONS

Original research papers; review article;

technical notes; book review; reports of conferences and meetings; short

communications; letters to the Editor.

SUBMISSION, REVIEW AND

PUBLICATION PROCESS 1. You must read the paper

submission guide and use the

AJP standard paper template

(Request or download the

online version). Drafting your

paper based on the

PaperTemplate will help you to

go through the review process

quickly and publish your work

faster. Submission with wrong format will be delayed or rejected

2. Email your paper to the Editors

(see e-mail addresses below) with

a claim that your content is

original. You cannot submit

your article to multiple

journals at the same time. 3. You will get a notification from

the Editors that your email has

been received within 24 hours.

4. Review comment and result will

be returned. Authors may receive,

Publish Unaltered: the paper

is ready for publication and

no change is needed.

Acceptance after Minor

Changes: you need to make

minor changes according to

the instruction of the Editors.

Acceptance after Major

Changes: you need to make

major changes according to the instruction of the Editors.

Rejection: Manuscript is

flawed or not sufficiently

novel

5. Submit your final article (if

required) before the deadline

mentioned in the acceptance

letter.

6. The final publication of both the

online and printed version of

your article. The CD version is

also available upon request.

General

Language

Please write your text in good English

(American or British usage is accepted,

but not a mixture of both); decimal points

(not commas); use a space for thousands

(10 000 and above). We only accept

manuscripts in English language.

Length of paper

3000-8000 words are preferred.

iii

Title page should include:

Title

Concise and informative. Titles are often

used in information-retrieval systems.

Avoid abbreviations and formulae where

possible.

Author’s names and affiliations

Please indicate the given name and family

name clearly. Present the authors'

affiliation addresses (where the actual

work was done) below the names. Indicate

all affiliations with a lower-case

superscript letter immediately after the

author's name and in front of the

appropriate address. Provide the full postal

address of each affiliation, including the

country name, and, if available, the e-mail

address, and telephone number (with

country and area code) of each author.

Corresponding author

Clearly indicate who is willing to handle

correspondence at all stages of refereeing,

publication and also post-publication. Full

contact information is required.

Acknlowledgment/Sponsoring information

(optional)

Acknowledgement (optional) and

sponsorship information should come

before the reference list.

General Rules for Text

Please use the following rules for whole

text, including abstract, keywords,

heading and references.

Front: Times New Roman; Size: 10

Paragraph Spacing: Above paragraph – 0

pt; Below paragraph – 4 pt

Line Spacing: fixed – 12 pt

Heading 1: Times New Roman; Size-10;

Bold; for example, 1. Introduction


Italic; for example, 1.1 Research Methods


for example, 1.1.1 Analysis Result

Preparation of text

Abstract

A concise and factual abstract is required

(maximum length of 150 words). The

abstract should state briefly the purpose of

the research, the principal results and

major conclusions. An abstract is often

presented separate from the article, so it

must be able to stand alone. References

should therefore be avoided, but if

essential, they must be cited in full,

without reference to the reference list.

Keywords/Pacs

Immediately after the abstract, provide a

maximum of 6 keywords or pacs, avoiding

general and plural terms and multiple

concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of').

Be sparing with abbreviations: only

abbreviations firmly established in the

field may be eligible.

Subdivision of the article

Divide your article into clearly defined

and numbered sections. Subsections

should be numbered 1., 2., (then 1.1,

1.1.1, 1.1.2), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not

included in section numbering). Use this

numbering also for internal cross-

referencing: do not just refer to 'the text.'

Any subsection, ideally, should not be

more than 600 words. Authors are urged

to write as concisely as possible, but not at

the expense of clarity.

Figure legends, figures, schemes

Present these, in this order, at the end of

the article. They are described in more

detail below. High-resolution graphics

files must always be provided separate

from the main text file.

Tables

Present tables, at the end of the article.

Number tables consecutively in

accordance with their appearance in the

text. Place description to tables below the

table body. Avoid vertical rules. Be

sparing in the use of tables and ensure that

the data presented in tables do not

duplicate results described elsewhere in

the article.

iv

Formula

The text size of formula should be similar

with normal text size.

Illustrations

Line drawings should be provided in

microsoft word. Dragrams and graphs

should generally be of such size that, after

linear reduction to one-half or one-third,

they should be legible.

Photographs must be good quality and

should be sharp black and white prints.

References

Responsibility for the accuracy of

bibliographic citations lies entirely with

the authors.

Citations in the text

Please ensure that every reference cited in

the text is also present in the reference list

(and vice versa). Avoid citation in the

abstract. Unpublished results and personal

communications should not be in the

reference list, but may be mentioned in the

text. Citation of a reference as 'in press'

implies that the item has been accepted for

publication.

Citing and listing of web references

As a minimum, the full URL should be

given. Any further information, if known

(author names, dates, reference to a source

publication, etc.), should also be given.

Web references can be listed separately

(e.g., after the reference list) under a

different heading if desired, or can be

included in the reference list.

Text

Citations in the text should follow the

referencing style used by the American

Psychological Association. You can refer

to the Publication Manual of the American

Psychological Association, Fifth Edition,

ISBN 1-55798-790-4, copies of which

may be ordered from

http://www.apa.org/books/4200061.html

or APA Order Dept., P.O.B. 2710,

Hyattsville, MD 20784, USA or APA, 3

Henrietta Street, London, WC3E 8LU,

UK. Details concerning this referencing

style can also be found at

http://humanities.byu.edu/linguistics/Henr

ichsen/APA/APA01.html

List

References should be arranged first

alphabetically and then further sorted

chronologically if necessary. More than

one reference from the same author(s) in

the same year must be identified by the

letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the

year of publication.

Examples

Reference to a journal publication:

Mikel K., Indomie P. and Inesta H. (2008)

An exact solution to the extended Hubbard

model in 2D for finite size system. Phys.

Scr. 78, 025701 (4pp)

doi:10.1088/0031-8949/78/02/025701

Reference to a book:

Animalu A.O.E.(1977) Intermediate

quantum theory of crystalline solids,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,

New Jersey, Chapter 11.

Reference to a chapter in an edited book:

Oghenerurho G. E. (2000) Frontiers of

superconducting iron pnictides In Ekuma

P. K and Pigho C. (Eds) Some intriguing

phenomena in condensed matter physics

pp. 160 - 213) Acada Progress Publishing

Ltd, Lagos.

Enquiries and submission Submission of regular articles for the

journal or enquiry to publish pair reviewed

proceedings should be made to:

Kebede Abebe


Or to

Godfrey E. Akpojotor

E-mail: [email protected]:

[email protected]

Nigeria Office

International Centre for Basic Research,

20, Limpopo Street, FHA, Maitama

Abuja email: [email protected]

Editorial Comment on this Volume

This special volume contains papers

presented at the fourth International

Seminar on Theoretical Physics and

mailto:[email protected]

v

National Development

(ISOTPAND2011) held from July 10 –

22, 2010 at the National Mathematical

Centre (NMC) Abuja In further

pursuance of the ISOTPAND mission

of having an annual forum for bringing

senior and eager beginners together

in the field of Theoretical Physics as

well as its role in national

development. Like in ISOTPAND2010,

there was a foundation postgraduate

course (FPGC) on Genomathematics

for Hadronic Mechanics and

Advanced Computational Physics

using Python from July 10 – 16, 2011

while the seminar was held from July

17 – 22, 2011.

There were a total of 43 participants at

the FPGC and this included young

postdocs, postgraduate students and

a few undergraduate students. The

resource persons of the Geno-

mathematics were Professor

Alexander Animalu of the Department

of Physics and Astronomy of the

University of Nigeria, Nsukka,

(Nigeria) and the International Centre

for Basic Research (ICBR), Abuja

(Nigeria) and Professor Ruggero

Maria Santilli of the Institute for Basic

Research, Palm Harbor, (U.S.A). The

resource persons for the Introduction

to Computational Science for Science

and Engineering using Python were

Dr Godfrey Ejiroghene Akpojotor of

the Physics Department of the Delta

State University, Abraka (Nigeria) and

the International Centre for Basic

Research (ICBR), Abuja (Nigeria),

Professor Benjamen Oyelami of the

National Mathematical Centre, Abuja

(Nigeria) and Dr Ikata Eghuanoye of

the Physics Department of the

University of Science Education, Port-

Harcourt (Nigeria).They were assisted

at the Work-on-Assignment sections

by several demonstrators which

included Myron Echenim of Kusmus

Communications, Warri (Nigeria) and

who was Dr Akpojotor ‘s former

student and some of the participants

in 2010 who are now good with the

Python.

The schedule of the FPGC was such

that the lectures were held every day

(Monday, July 11 – Friday, July 15,

2011) from 9.00 – 11.00 a.m. for the

Geno-mathematics; followed by one

hour tea break; then the Introduction

to Computational Science for Science

and Engineering using Python from

12.00 – 2.00 p.m; lunch break from

2.00 – 4.00 p.m. and finally the work-

on-Assignment from 4.00 – 6.30 p.m.

Again, as in 2010, both topics were

effectively covered by the resource

persons and the enthusiasm of the

participants was overwhelming.

On Saturday July 16, the organizers

arranged an excursion for the

participants who remained at the NMC

hotel so as to participate at the

seminar the following week. The

participants were taken to visit some

important sites in Abuja in two buses

provided by NMC.

The seminar week began with a

Registration/welcome dinner on

Sunday, July 17 at the NMC

restaurant. The seminar presentation

began at 9.00 a.m. and ended at 6.30

p.m. everyday from Monday, July 18 –

Wednesday, July 20, 2011) with tea

breaks and lunch breaks in between.

There were a total of 51 participants

and a total of 6 invited papers and 34

contributed papers were presented.

The social aspect of the seminar was

an excursion to some important sites

in Abuja in the morning and early

afternoon of Thursday, July 21, 2011.

However, due to threat of a warning

strike by the workers union over the

non-implementation of the minimum

wage, the end of seminar dinner/

vi

biography presentation of Professor

Iya Abubakar planned to be held at

the Merit House, Abuja, was

cancelled. The main sponsors of

ISOTPAND2011 are the International

Centre for Basic Research, the

National Mathematical Centre and the

National Universities Commission

while the following bodies gave

financial supports: Nigerian Energy

Commission, Raw Material and

Research Development Council,

National Office for Technology

Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP),

Board of National Merit Award,

University of Nigeria, Delta State

University as well as individual donors.

Editors

At the 80th birthday celebration and biography presentation of the Emeritus

Professor J. O. C. Ezeilo at Sheraton Hotels and Towers fully sponsored by the

National University Commission, Abuja.

Group Photograph of Participants at ISOTPAND2011

vii

African Journal of Physics Vol.4 2011

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND

CHALLENGES OF RESEARCHERS IN NIGERIA ................................... 1

O. Abah1, A.O.E. Animalu

1, G.C. Asomba

1, O.A. Ogbuu

2, C.M.I. Okoye

1,

O. Umeh3. ................................................................................................ 1

2. GENO-BRAGG’S LAW, GENO-HIGG’S FUNCTION AND 10*X10

REPRESENTATION OF SU(3) SYMMETRY FOR QUASICRYSTAL

STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 14

Alexander O.E. Animalu ........................................................................ 14

3. GENO-VIRIALTHEOREM & DARK MATTER/ENERGY REVISITED: ........ 43

1Francis E. Onah, and 2A.O.E. Animalu …………………………..43

4. A THEORETICAL DESIGN OF QUANTUM WELL WITH EQUISPACED

ENERGY LEVELS IN THE CONDUCTION BAND OF ALXGA1-XSB AND

ALX IN1-XSB............................................................................................ 62

Arthur Imooah Ejere1 and Godfrey E.Akpojotor

2 .................................... 62

5. ELECTRONIC BAND STRUCTURE OF BAS AND ALAS ...................... 73

MADU C. A.. ........................................................................................ 73

6. SEASONAL TRENDS IN NOON ATMOSPHERIC NO+

CONCENTRATION ............................................................................... 81

Onwuneme, S.E .and Abbey, T.M. ......................................................... 81

7. LINEARIZED ISOTHERM MODEL – COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE

ADSORPTION OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS LEAF EXTRACT

ON ALUMINIUM IN HCL SOLUTION .................................................. 88 1Nnaji, N.J.,

1Okoye, C.O.and

2Obiegbedi, N.O. ..................................... 88

8. 3D INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA FROM A FIELD

IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION, NIGERIA ......................................... 98

T. N. Obiekezie ...................................................................................... 98

9. UTILITY INTERRACTIVE SOLAR PV ENERGY DEMONSTRATION

PROJECT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA .................. 104 1Onuk, O. E.,

2Akuru, U. B.,

3Animalu, A.O.E.

4Unachukwu, G. O., and

4Oparaku, O. U..................................................................................... 104

viii

African Journal of Physics Vol.4 2011

10. LOW TIME-SCALE VARIATION OF COSMIC RAY INTENSITY .............. 112

Hanson E.A., Okoro E.C.and Okeke F.N. ............................................. 112

11. EFFECTS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION VARIABLES ON YIELDS AND

PROPERTIES OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED FROM FOUR VIRGIN

TROPICAL SEEDS OILS ..................................................................... 120 1Igbum, O.G.,

2Eloka-Eboka, A.C. and

3 Ejila, A.A. .............................. 120

12. MODELLING OF GROUNDWATER AND CONTAMINANT FLOW IN

PARTS OF THE WESTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA .................... 133 1Edmund Atakpo and

2Elijah.A.Ayolabi ............................................... 133

13. WAVE GENERATION IN THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THROUGH BLOOD

FLOW IN THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY .................................. 144

Tivde, T ............................................................................................... 144

14. THE REVERBERATION TIME AND CONGREGATIONAL RESPONSE TO

THE ACOUSTICS OF SOME LARGE CHURCHES IN THE JOS

METROPOLIS ..................................................................................... 163

Lewis Obagboye1 and Bulus Gyang

2 .................................................... 163

15. ON MATTER-ANTIMATTER ASYMMETRY IN COSMOLOGY: ................. 175

A.O.E. Animalu(1)

and Engr. Onyemaechi Nwogu(2)

............................. 175

16. A TRADITIONAL AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE BIG BANG AND

THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING........................................................ 195

‘Professor Catherine Acholonu............................................................. 195

17. PHYSICS IN THE TRADITIONAL PRACTICES OF THE IGBO:

PARADIGMS FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY IN TODAY’S AFRICA :AFRICAN WORLDVIEW AND

POLITICS ............................................................................................ 201

J. E. Unaegbu ....................................................................................... 201

afrjphysvol 4 prelim copy

Documents