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LE&Ed repods on:color vision instead of brain strain ... getting a project off the ground by lightening the budget... how to duplicate the ubiquitous

When many channels vexthe mindAvoid brain strain. Why waste high-powered deductive reasoning on tasksjust as well accomplished through merecolor vision? Primates like you generallyhave use of color vision free of charge.We (Instrumentation Products Division,Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester,N. Y. 14650) can supply name of nearbydealer who now accepts orders forKODAK LINAGRAPH 705 Paper. Comesin widths 3 5/8-in. to 12-in., lengths to400 feet.

Blue light, as through a KODAKWRATTEN Filter No. 34, falling on thispaper leaves a red trace; green light, asthrough WRATTEN No. 12, a blue-greentrace; white light (or an overlap of theblue and green light), a nearly neutralblack one-after running the paperthrough an oscillogram processor where-in the four regular baths have been re-placed from a KODAK LINAGRAPH 705Processing Kit that you had better orderfrom the dealer while you are at it.We mention oscillogram processors.

If the place where you work takes muchinterest in physical phenomena at fre-quencies above one cycle/sec, there maywell be an oscillogram processor-around.Take it over. Tell them to have it re-placed with a new KODAK EKTALINEProcessor, which will get them out oftheir hole by at least quadrupling thespeed at which they handle the paperpouring out of the oscillographs thatabound on the premises.Now then, for your own case. Clearly,

with many channels overlapping often,the untangling of them can tax the mindto distraction if they're all black all over.From that address parenthesized threeparagraphs back, counsel can be struckforth as from a flowing spring on prob-lems of feeding facts to the mind bypermitting this product to exploit the in-describable distinctions of color. It's sosensitive you can draw a red line on itat 4,000 feet per second. Oscillographymay even be farthest from your thoughts.

Tourists adore itRight now the mostup-to-date familiesscooting across theland on vacation aremaking their 8mmmovies on this for-mat. This spring weintroduced a line ofKODAK INSTAMATICMovie Cameras and

Projectors which, thanks to the precision with whichinexpensive items can now be manufactured in greatquantities, can devote far more of the film to picture.The 50% increase in picture area, coupled with to-day's sharper KODACHROME Film, has markedly up-graded the quality of 8mm movies. This fact deservesthe attention of scientific workers who would soonerswallow three pounds of marshmallows than serveas official photographer for a post-kindergartenbirthday party but who want to use movies for data-gathering in work where the new "Super 8" qualitylevel and the lightening effect of 8mm on the filmbudget (as compared with professional-grade costs)might get the project off the ground.

A properly stocked camera shop offersthis KODAK INSTAMATIC M6 Movie Cam-era and M70 Projector for "Super 8."This model camera does both its view-finding and its automatic exposure controlthrough the lens, which can also zoom andaccept close-up attachments. Drop-inloading. No threading. The whole 50 feetoffilm in the KODAPAK Movie Cartridge can be battery-driven through the film gate (which is inthe camera, not the cartridge) at one run, or frames can be exposed as few as one at a time. Thismodel projector affords a choice of seven speeds-forward, backward, and zero. Other cameraandprojector models are available at less than half the prices of these. To this writing nobody hasyet discovered how to load any of them wrong, but lots ofpeople are working on it.

Pure fat stuffIn many pleasing ways do food processors control the physical behavior of their wareswith monoglycerides. Not only are monoesters of glycerol ubiquitously present in liv-ing tissue but so are the monoethers. It's when we purify the esters by molecular dis-tillation that they show their full commercial merit. We can also suggest some ways toprepare them (and the ethers) far purer than makes sense for food.

CH20HCH-0 CH3

To make one of the a-esters, get your glyceryl moiety from \c where

CH2-O CH3only the desired position is exposed. We call it 2,2-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol(EASTMAN 4300). It also goes by the name "1,2-0-isopropylideneglycerol." React withthe acid chloride of your fatty acid and hydrolyze the product in acidic methanol. Forthe ethers you first make the methanesulfonate of your fatty alcohol and condenseEASTMAN 4300 with either potassium in absolute benzene or KOH in xylene beforerunning the main reaction. Instead of EASTMAN 4300, you can use 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol (EASTMAN P9382).For ,B-monoesters we offer an isomer of the latter where only the middle hydroxyl is

exposed, namely 2-Phenyl-m-dioxan-S-ol (EASTMAN 9318).Procedural abstracts on request from Distillation Products Industries, Rochester, N. Y. 14603

(Division of Eastman Kodak Company). This is the fountainhead of all those EASTMAN OrganicChemicals that the world shouldn't be asked to get along without.

This Is another attemptby Eastman Kodak Com-pany to probe at randomfor mutual interests- andoccasionally a llttle reve-nue from those whosework has something to

do with science

242 SCIENCE, VOL. '149

This is a 5 X enlargement of8mm movie film in the for-mat in which it has servedadmirably to bring joy tothe grandparents of a sig-nificant fraction of the pop-ulation now 30 years of ageor under. Do not scoff atthe importance of bringingjoy to grandparents.

Today you can fulfill your experi-mental needs with the most com-plete, useful, and versatile systemof modular nuclear instruments cur-rently available - RIDL's DesignerSeries. * And tomorrow, when thoseneeds change or new ones arise,you will find they are still being metas the series is expanded.

The benefits of totally integratedmodular design are therefore alwaysyours in the Designer Series. Oneof these benefits is the precisematching of your particular require-ments. You are also assured ofcompatibility among modules, bothexisting and planned.

The adaptability and growth poten-tial of the Designer Series helps youovercome the threat of system ob-solescence. You can protect yourinitial investment and budget newpurchases knowing thatyourchang-ing needs will always be met.

The modules illustrated at right arerepresentative of the classes withinthe Designer Series family. Round-i ng out the series are detectors, pre-amplifiers, stabilizers, coincidenceequipment, spectrometer sweepunits, printers, and programmers.We also offer a wide range of casesand cabinets, as well as kits for yourown construction of one-of-a-kind,special-purpose modules.

To investigate the unique adaptabil-ity of the Designer Series, consultyourRIDLsales engineeror write us.

FV.

AMPLIFIERS. Single or dual. Alsoamplifier-discriminators, mixer ampli-fiers, and double delay line amplifiers.

"A

SINGLE-CHANNEL ANALYZERS.With integral and differential outputs,excellent baseline and window stability,wide dynamic range, high count rate,and very short pulse-pair resolution.

COUNT RATE METERS. Linear orlinear/log. Eight linear ranges cover 0to 106 cpm. Log ranges cover 10 to 106.

HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES.Cover range of 0 to 6000 volts. Outputadjustable continuously or in incre-ments.

TIMERS. Five-decade, printing or non-printing, with ranges from 0.1 to 10,000minutes or seconds.

PULSE GENERATORS. Offer variablepulse amplitude and polarity, select-able rise and decay times, fixed or vari-able pulse repetition rates, and ex-ponential or rectangular pulse shapes.

SCALERS. With or without presetcountin count capacities from 101 to 1012. Ac-cept pulse inputs to 10 mc/sec con-tinuous with pulse-pair resolution lessthan 10 nanoseconds.

*Trademark of RIDL NUC: R-4-274

RIDLRADIATION INSTRUMENTDEVELOPMENT LABORATORYA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR-CHICAGO CORPORATION

4517 West North Ave., Melrose Park, III. 60160

In Europe: Donker Curtiusstraat 7Amsterdam W, The Netherlands

Scientists and engineers interested in challenging career opportunities are invited to contact our personnel director.

16 JULY 1965 247

mostother

electrodesyou've seen

I

It isn't!It's a Specific Ion Electrode. It'sfast, precise. It's one of two forsodium ion or monovalent cationmeasurements. And withoutelaborate sample preparation.For precision readings it's ideallymatched with the BeckmanExpandomatic* or the BeckmanResearch pH Meters. It's just oneof 121 different pH and SpecificIon Electrodes you can orderrightfrom stock. Call your localBeckman Sales Engineeror write for Data File LpH-365.*TM

INSTRUMENTS, INC.

SCIENTIFIC AND PROCESSINSTRUMENTS DIVISIONFULLERTON, CALIFORNIA * 92634

INTERNATIONAL SUBSIDIARIES: GENEVA, SWITZERLAND;MUNICH, GERMANY; GLENROTHES, SCOTLAND; PARIS,FRANCE; TOKYO, JAPAN; CAPETOWN, SOUTH AFRICA

chological (unresolved oedipal com-plex, conditioned anxiety reaction) tothe narrowly sociological (effects ofsocioeconomic status, class, urbaniza-tion). However, over the past fewyears these ruling theories have beenrecognized by more sophisticated work-ers primarily as working hypotheses.Giradually there is accumulating abody of literature to support theargument that many of the data ofpsychopathology (and of behavior ingeneral) can be explained only as theinteractions among several caulsal fac-tors. (Freudian psychoanalysts haverecognized that behavior has multipledeterminants, but they seem to havelooked for these determinants withina narrow range of possibilities.)A parallel situation exists with re-

gard to the practice of psychotherapy.Therapists are still being trained to beadvocates of single ruling hypotheses-Freudian, behavioristic, and so forth.If one is to believe what these thera-pists write of their work, they manageto fit all their patients, all their obser-vations, into the procrustean bed oftheir own theories. This probably givesthe practitioners a feeling of self-confi-dence the illusion that they knowwhat they are doing. And there is agrowing body of evidence to suggestthat this confidence. communicated tothe patient, rather than the techniqueor practice based on theory may be theprimary therapeutic agent....

It is possible to do psychotherapynmaking use of the method of multipleworking hypotheses. The patient bringssome aspect of his experience to thetherapist-a problem, a memory, afeeling, a dream. The therapist, draw-ing froml the many possible interpreta-tions and practices offered by a va-riety of theories, says or does whatis most applicable-as dictated not bya particular theory or technique butby what he already knows about thepatient. (In Chamberlin's words,. 'Theinvestigator armed with many workinghypotheses is more likely to see thetrue nature and significance of phe-nomena when they present themselves...and more appropriately applies themethods which the case calls for.") Atherapist who is able to ' more readilyrecognize the actuality of the situa-tion,' because he has many hypothesesopen to him, is more apt to see hispatient "as he really is.". . As Cham-berlin points out, there may be somedanger to this approach, particularlythe danger of vacillation. But if thetherapist is free to explore his own in-

248

decision with his patient, this, too, mayencourage the human "encounter" sovalued by some therapists of the "ex-istential" school.Some training institutions are teach-

ing their therapy students a broadrange of theories and techniques. But Ido not know of any institution thatuses the method of multiple workinghypotheses as an explicit approach topsychotherapy. Possibly because of thefervor with which the adherents ofvarious ruling theories tend to write,or because the students tend to modelthemselves after teachers who them-selves are adherents of one theory oranother, or because, as Chamberlin sug-gests, it is easier and more interestingfor the young "to argue a theory oraccept a simple interpretation than torecognize and evaluate the several fac-tors which the true elucidation mayrequire," one finds beginning studentsin therapy leaning towards one theoryor another in their therapy. The faultmay lie with the teachers; as Chamber-lin has pointed out, the method is dif-ficult if not impossible to commIIIIunicatein words, and "there is therefore acertain predisposition on the part ofthe practitioner of this method to tac-itLurnity."

Perhaps the student must get a feel-ing of confidence in his use of a singletheory before he can become broad-minded enough to accept the possiblepartial validities of other theories. Per-haps the method advocated by Cham-berlin can be applied only by the work-er who has reached a certain level ofexperience and maturity. But it is tobe hoped that ways can be developedto teach the method, not only to psy-chotherapists bitt to scientists and toulsers of science in all areas, in moreexplicit fashion than is now being done.Rather than rely on apprenticeships,internships, clerkships. and other tradi-tional methods of teaching which de-pend to some extent on chance en-counters, perhaps more direct methodscan be devised....

I can see one problem: The historvof science suggests that great advancesare nmade through the development oftheories which are held to and foughtfor in almost irrational fashion by theirinventors and followers. If everyone inscience becomes as clear-headed andas rational as Chamberlin seems to

have been, where will our new theoriescome from?

NATHANIEL H. EISENDepartuiien t of P.sychology,Un iversitv of Illiniois, Urhbana

SCIENCE. VOL. 149

.L

EXPANSIONX2 X4

this one knobmay justify the entirecost of this newTMCGammascope H®e

Digital scale expansion provides resolutionequivalent to that of an 800-channel analyzerin any selected region of a spectrum.

It isn't easy to put a price tag on just one functionof an instrument. But if you've ever wanted to conducta particular experiment and found that the equipmentyou own doesn't have that capability, you know whatwe're driving at. That's why TMC crams so much ver-satility into every piece of equipment it produces. Wewant to cover your present needs, plus the inevitableexpansion.Take TMC's new Gammascope II, for instance. The

basic concept of the original Gammascope ... that ofa low-cost, self-contained, 100-channel pulse heightanalyzer ... has been retained. But into the compactnew Gammascope II has gone new output circuitry to

provide you with readout on virtually every type oJanalog and digital equipment... new input circuitr)for multiscaling capability and analog sampling..and, of course, the digital scale expansion knob showrabove. But still that's only part of the story.

Coincidence and anti-coincidence capabilities, a dependent or independent single-channel analyzer anca linear CRT display (live or static) are all built-irfeatures. Front panel threshold, upper lever, baselineand gain controls are also included. Count up all theknobs on a Gammascope II, and the capability the)represent, and we know you'll be convinced that it'!one of the soundest instrument investments you carmake today. For complete details, contact the neares'TMC office, or write: Nuclear Division, Technica:Measurement Corporation, 441 Washington AvenueNorth Haven, Connecticut.

TE-CHNICAL

MEASUREMENTCORPORATION252 SCIENCE, VOL. 149