After completing this topic, student should be able to:

1) Explain importance of striving and sustaining quality raw products

2) List main components in formulation with examples

3) Discuss the suitable analytical instrument to analyze sample

Standard of raw material?? With respect to physical and chemical quality?

Physical quality?

Chemical quality?

1) To guarantee the consistency of product quality

2) To ensure the product is effective and able to produce desired effect

3) To protect consumer from harmful product

1) RAW MATERIAL SOURCING

Constraint :

Poor quality, unreliable taxonomic

identification and adulteration

Heavily rely on import and collection

from the wild

Unstable supply of raw materials

Various form of material (leaves,wood/bark, root/rhizome,flower)

STEP 2 : RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, ANALYSIS ANDTESTING RELIABILITY

- Continuous process from planting to application

- To make exact standardised extract

- To develop pure analytical standards

STEP 3 : EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION

- Utilising latest and custom design extraction procedures usingequipment such as Spray, freeze, fluid bed or vacuum dryer

- Extract must match the botanical profile of the original plants, so thatfinal products are truly as nature intended

STEP 4 : DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS

- Extracts (solid, fluid or powdered) can be usedas ingredients for vitamin, pharmaceutical,cosmetic, food and beverages companies locallyand worldwide

- Promoting consumer products formulated fromthese extracts ; higher added value

Ex : Required temperature for fresh storage and during drying

Essential oil(Serai wangi)

Puree (Fruit/Mengkudu)

Fresh extract

Dried product

Spray dried

Nutraceutical is any substance that is a food or a part of food and provides medical

or human benefits including the prevention and treatment of disease.

It comes from word (nutrition + pharmaceutical)

Nutraceuticals can include :§ Minerals, vitamins and other dietary supplements§ Herbal products: garlic (allicin), ginger, echinacea, ginseng, liquorice, onion,

senna, turmeric (curcumin)§ Dietary enzymes: bromelain, papain§ Dietary fiber§ Hydrolyzed proteins§ Phytonutrients: resveratrol§ Carotenoids: lycopene§ Prebiotics§ Probiotics

Class/Components Source Potential Benefit

Fatty Acid

CLA Milk, meat Improve body composition, reduce cancer

DHA, EPA Fish oils, mustard,linseed, rapeseed

Reduce CVD, improve mental and visual function

Polyphenols

Anthocyanidine Fruits Nutralise free radicals, reduce risk of cancerCatechins Tea, babul pods,

rapeseed

Flavonone Citrus

Flavones Fruits, vegetables, soya

Proanhocyanidine Cocoa, chocolate, tea, rapeseed

Reduce CVD

Class/Components Source Potential Benefit

Saponins Soybean, GNC, chick pea

Lower cholesterol, anti cancer

Probiotics/Prebiotics/Synbiotics

Lactobacillus yogurt Improve GI health

Fructo-oligosaccharides

Whole grain, onions, cobination of proioticand prebiotic

Phytoestrogen

Daidzein , Zenistein Soybean, flax, lentilseed, maize, berseem, lucerne, subabul fodder

Reduce menopause symptoms, increase bone health

Lignans Flax, rye, vegetables Reduce cancer and heart diseases

Class/Components Source Potential Benefit

Caroteinoids

β- caroteine Berseem,lucerne ,oat fodder, maize fodder, carrots, vegetabels, fruits

Nutralise free radicals

Luteine Vegetabels Healthy vision

Zeoxanthine Eggs, citrus, corn

Lycopene Tomatoes Reduce prostate cancer

Dietary Fiber

Insoluble fiber Wheat bran Reduce breast, colon cancer

β-glucan Oats Reduce CVD

Whole grain Cereal grains

§ Definition?

- any kind of drug used for medicinal purposes

§ From botanical to synthetic drug

Gene or GenomeSequencing

TargetValidation

TargetDiscovery

Lead Discovery

Pre-Clinical

Manufac-turing

ClinicalPhase I

ClinicalPhase II

ClinicalPhase III Distribution

Drug Discovery AnimalStudies

Clinical Tests Commercialization

Continual process verification and continual improvement

Commercial scale manufacturing for drug product

Technology transfer

Process development and optimization (Pilot scale)

Process development and optimization (Lab scale)

Process screening

Development of Pharmaceutical

Cosmetic are substances or products used to enhance or alter the appearance or fragrance of the body

Toiletries are things that you use when washing or taking care of your body, for example soap and toothpaste.

Distilled Water

Emulsifiers

Emollients

Thickeners

EMULSIFIERSExamples : Polysorbates,Laureth-4,Potassium cetylsulfate ,CreamMaker Blend

Function:

§ keep unlike ingredient such as oil and water from separating in an emulsion

§ enhance the absorption of skincare ingredient

§ Petroleum,Waxes,Oils,Silicones Plant Oils, Natural Butters

Function:

§ Help keep the skin moist and supple

§ Reducing the water loss from the skin

§ Provide a protective film

§ Reduces friction when anything rubs against the skin

THICKENERSExample - Natural Waxes, Stearyl Palmitate, etc

Function :

- increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.

Find basic ingredient used in formulation of toiletries product.Ex shampoo,toothpaste, soap

Flavor§ the distinctive taste of a food or drink/ an indication of the essential character of

something.

Type of flavor1) Natural flavoring substances:

Flavoring substances that are obtained from plant or animal raw materials, by physical,microbiological or enzymatic processes are classified as natural flavoring substances.

2) Nature-identical flavoring substances:

substances that are obtained by synthesis or are isolated through chemical processes, which arechemically identical to flavoring substances naturally present in products intended for consumptionby human beings.

3) Artificial flavoring substances:

These food flavorings are typically produced by fractional distillation and additional chemicalmanipulation naturally sourced chemicals or from crude oil or coal tar.

Fragranceextraction of aromatic compounds from raw materials, usingmethods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression,or enfleurage. The results of the extracts are either essentialoils, absolutes or butters, depending on the amount of waxes inthe extracted product.

§ pleasant, sweet smell.

Discuss method used to extract the aromatic compound

Packaging of product that contains essential oil;

§Product should be use sturdy card which will forms a strongpackage.

§Design of the ‘cuboid’ shape forms a rigid package andseveral packages could be stacked on top of each other,without damage or deformity taking place.

§Use high impact polystyrene insert which holds thecontainers firmly in position ensuring that spillage/damageis unlikely.

Manufacturing step/production flow inproduction of phyto medicine, nutraceutical,pharmaceutical, personal hygiene product, flavorand fragrance

Chemical analysis equipment is used to determine, characterize, and quantify chemical components in gas, liquid, and solid samples.

Examples equipment used are:

§ High Performance Liquid Chromatography

§ Gas Chromatography

§ Thin Layer Chromatography

§ Spectrophotometer

HPLC used to

separate,

identify, and

quantify each

component in a

mixture.

GCfor separating andanalyzing compoundsthat canbe vaporized withoutdecomposition.

TLC technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures

Spectrophotometer is a quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength

Flow chart for product preparation and analysis by ;

- Spectrophotometer- TLC- GC

Labelling requirements that conforms to ISO and USA’s FDA requirement