after dieselafter diesel: options for cleaner trucks ...€¦ · 0.005 0.007 0.000 0.005 0.010...

Transportation – land Use – Environment ConnectionLake Arrowhead - California

October 22 - 24, 2006

Magdi KhairSouthwest Research Institute

RR

After Diesel: Options for Cleaner Trucks, Trains, and Ships

After DieselAfter Diesel: Options for Cleaner Trucks, : Options for Cleaner Trucks, Trains, and ShipsTrains, and Ships

2 ®Magdi Khair October 2006

OutlineOutline

The Energy Supply FactorThe Environmental FactorThe Technology FactorThe Economical FactorTransportation Technology ProjectionsIntroducing the HEDGE ConceptSummary/Conclusion


The Energy Supply Factor


Projection for Oil Demand

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2001 2010 2015 2020 2025

World Transportation Oil Consumption

World Total Oil Consumption

Source: EIA International Energy Outlook 2003, 2004 (DOE/EIA-0484 (2003), DOE/EIA-0484 (2004))


The Role of Developing Countries

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

Industrialized Developing World

Bill

ions

of V

ehic

les

20012050

Source: EE Analytic Team


The Rising Cost of Energy


The Environmental Factor


Communities Around the World Are Demanding Clean Air


Regulatory Agencies Are Responding With Tight Limits

PM,

g/kW

-hr;

ESC

test

Euro V

AVL, actual

Deutz, 2013 prototype

Ricardo, est. potential

US2004

Univ. WI, virtual eng.

Euro III

Euro IV

US2010

NOx, g/kW-hr; ESC test

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

SFIT, 1 cyl, 1600 bar, EGR; no flex FIERicardo, 1 cyl

Japan 2005 = Euro V (2008)


The Technology Factor


HP TurboA

TA In

terc

oole

r

Exhaust

Air Filter

C T

Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine E

xhaust

Intake

Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine E

xhaust

Intake

Supply Module

Urea Tank

DOC

SCR

CUC

Variable ValveActuation

DPF

LPL EGR Cooler

Intake Throttle

LPL EGR Valve

HPL EGR Valve

HPL EGR Cooler

From

Coo

ler To

Cooler

EGR Temp. Control Valves

Oxidation Catalyst

LP Turbo

By-Pass Valve

C T

Fuel Injection System

P T

Evolution of Diesel Technology


Are Diesels Capable of Extremely Low Emissions?

0.18

0.15

0.15

0.14

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

g/bh

p-hr

3 ppm 8 ppm 15 ppm 30 ppmSulfur Content

0.00

5

0.00

5

0.00

5

0.00

7

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020

g/bh

p-hr

3 ppm 8 ppm 15 ppm 30 ppmSulfur Content

APBF-DEC Heavy-Duty SCR Project

INTAKE MANIFOLD

MANIFOLD

ATA

A

FTER

CO

OLE

R

C12 DIESEL ENGINE

EXHAUST

AIR FILTER

FLOW BALANCING

VALVES

EXHAUST

EXHAUST FLOW

SENSORS

CB-DPF AR

CB-DPF AL

SCR AL

SCR AR

UREA INJECTION

UREA INJECTION

EXHAUST DAMPER

CLEANUP CATALYST

LPL EGR PICKUP

INTA

KE

TH

RO

TTLE

T (IMP)

N

TPS

PRESSURE CONTROL

UREA PUMP

UREA INJECTION CONTROLUREA

EGR COOLER

EGR VALVE

LPL EGR

INTAKE MANIFOLD

MANIFOLD

ATA

A

FTER

CO

OLE

R

C12 DIESEL ENGINE

EXHAUST

AIR FILTER

FLOW BALANCING

VALVES

EXHAUST

EXHAUST FLOW

SENSORS

CB-DPF AR

CB-DPF AL

SCR AL

SCR AR

UREA INJECTION

UREA INJECTION

EXHAUST DAMPER

CLEANUP CATALYST

LPL EGR PICKUP

INTA

KE

TH

RO

TTLE

T (IMP)

N

TPS

PRESSURE CONTROL

UREA PUMP

UREA INJECTION CONTROLUREA

EGR COOLER

EGR VALVE

LPL EGR

2010 = 2007 + SCR


0.19 0.18

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

ESC

Com

posi

te N

Ox,

g/b

hp-h

r

200 6000Engine Aging Hours

200 6000

How About Emission Control System Durability?


0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13ESC Mode

NO

x, g

/hp-

hr

200 Hours6000 Hours

NTE Cap (1.5 X Standard)

How About The Not-To-Exceed Regulatory Constraints?


The Economical Factor


What it Takes to Make it Work?

DPFDOC

Raw Exhaust

SCR

CUC

SCR

CUC

Supply Module

Urea Tank

Trea

ted

Exha

ust

DOC: Diesel oxidation CatalystDPF: Diesel particulate FilterSCR: Selective Catalytic ReductionCUC: Clean Up Catalyst (NH3)

NOx Reduction

PM Reduction


BSFC

Emis

sion

s Le

vels

Diesel EngineLowering EmissionsBase Engine BSFC IncreasedAftertreatment BSFC Penalty

Spark Ignition EngineAdvanced Engine TechnologyThrottless, Miller Cycle, BoostedHigh BMEP, Efficient Catalysts

1998

2002

2010

2014

At What Emissions Level Do Efficiencies Converge?

18 ®Magdi Khair October 2006 RR

Technology 2002/2004 2007 2010 2014

VGT/Boost 500 1500 1500 1500

EGR Valve 150 150 150 150

EGR Cooler 200 200 200 200

Advanced Injection 500 500 500 500

Variable Valves NA NA 700 1200

PM Filter NA 1800 1800 1800

LNT NA NA 1800 2000

Controls 300 300 400 800

Actuator/Sensors 200 250 350 500

TOTALS $1850 $4700 $7400 $8650

Cost Analysis of Diesel ControlsCost Analysis of Diesel Controls

®


Transportation TechnologyProjections


What is Needed for the Future

A prosperous future where energy is clean, abundant, reliable, and affordable.

Specifically, an energy future where: … Our trucks, trains, & ships will be more efficient and will be powered by a variety of clean domestic fuels and

technologies that free us from dependence on foreign supplies of energy.


Advanced Engine & Fuels TechnologiesAdvanced Engine & Fuels Technologies

Hydrogen Production & Storage TechnologyHydrogen Production & Storage Technology

Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology

Power Electronics Power Electronics & Energy Storage& Energy Storage

H2 FuelFuel Cell Hybrid

HH22 FuelFuelFuel Cell HybridFuel Cell Hybrid

H2 FuelAdvanced ICE Hybrid

HH22 FuelFuelAdvanced ICE HybridAdvanced ICE Hybrid

Transitional Liquid FuelsAdvanced ICE Hybrid

Transitional Liquid FuelsTransitional Liquid FuelsAdvanced ICE HybridAdvanced ICE Hybrid

Gasoline/DieselICE Hybrid

Gasoline/DieselGasoline/DieselICE HybridICE Hybrid

Gasoline/DieselICE ConventionalGasoline/DieselGasoline/Diesel

ICE ConventionalICE Conventional

Ener

gy S

ecur

ity

Today 2020 and beyond

From Ed Wall-DEER 2004

A Long Term Projection


An Evolutionary Type Projection


Introducing the HEDGE ConceptIntroducing the HEDGE Concept


What is HEDGE?High Efficiency Dilute Gasoline EngineInheriting Some of the Gasoline Low Emissions AttributesInheriting Some of Diesel’s High Efficiency AttributesBenefiting From Existing Fuel InfrastructureIncremental/Evolutionary Technology ChangeCost Advantage PotentialUsing Existing manufacturing Infrastructure


Description of HEDGEE

mis

sion

s

Efficiency

BaseEngine

BoostedEngine Advanced

Fueling

Exhaust GasRecirculation

(EGR)High

EnergyIgnitors

IGN


200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

% of Maximum Load

BSF

C [g

/kW

-hr]

2004 MY PZEV SI Engine17.5:1 CR HEDGE12.5:1 CR HEDGE

Early Results Prove Concept Validity


25

30

35

40

45

50

500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300

MEP (kPa)

Ther

mal

Effi

cien

cy (%

)

Single-CylinderBTE vs BMEP

Multi-CylinderEquivalentBTE vs BMEP

Single CylinderITE vs IMEP

CAT 3501 4LRPM = 1200Phi = 1.0Fuel = Gasoline93 ONDiesel Micropilot

39%39%

HEDGE Thermal Efficiency


Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions


SummarySummary & Conclusions& ConclusionsThere is Global Pressure on Energy Supply

Developing Countries Continue to Exert Pressure on the Energy Supply as They Evolve Into Industrialization

The Quest For Cleaner Air is Adding Pressure Onto Future Transportation Technologies

While Long Term May Be For Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Economy, Short and Mid-Term Solutions Will Be Evolutionary

SwRI’s HEDGE Concept is Proving That Diesel’s Economy at Gasoline’s Low Emissions Levels Are Achievable


Thank You

Magdi [email protected]@swri.org

(210) 522-5311 Office(210) 522-2019 Fax(210) 381-3060 Cell

RR

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