AFTER “REIGN OF TERROR” >Moderates take over government>5 Man “Directory” is elected

-find balance between Radicals and Royalists

-gradually took more control of government (corrupt)

-annulled laws of legislature-did not correct problems

>Directory became unpopular

Nov 9, 1799Nov 9, 1799• Directory failingDirectory failing

• There was fear of foreign invasionThere was fear of foreign invasion• Napoleon overthrew gov’t Napoleon overthrew gov’t ((coup coup

d’d’état)état)

Napoleon as “First Consul”Napoleon as “First Consul”Proclaimed himself “First

Consul” [Julius Caesar]

1802 - he made himself sole “Consul for Life”

1804 - he proclaimed himself “Emperor” (returned France to a monarchy)

**used PLEBESCITE votes [popularity]

Proclaimed himself “First Consul” [Julius Caesar]

1802 - he made himself sole “Consul for Life”

1804 - he proclaimed himself “Emperor” (returned France to a monarchy)

**used PLEBESCITE votes [popularity]

“Consecration

of the Emperor

Napoleon & the Empress Josephine”

1806 by David

“Consecration

of the Emperor

Napoleon & the Empress Josephine”

1806 by David

“Order, Security,

Efficiency”

 All Citizens pay taxes

Government workers

appointed by Merit

Started Lycées (public schools)

Est. a national bank

Concordat of 1801 – made

peace w/ Church (still controlled it, but allowed Freedom of

Religion)

 

Napoleonic Code

•equality•forbid

privileges based on Birth

•Abolished Feudalism

BUT

removed/limited Free speech,

Women’s Rights

Slavery was restored in the

French colonies.

Louisiana Purchase

$15 million

1805 -- Battle of Trafalgar [France v. England]

Napoleon’s LOSS prevented any possibility of a French invasion of England

Mistake #1

Continental System

1806 Napoleon

attempted to weaken

Britain with a blockade

British Navy used counter-

blockade

Mistake #2

Peninsular War

Attempt to force

Portugal / Spain to

follow C.S.

“Spanish Ulcer”

Spain used1)Guerilla war2)nationalism

Collapse of Napoleon’s EmpireMistake #3

Russian Invasion

1812 Napoleon invaded Russia

Alexander I – trading

w/England

Napoleon Retreated

1)Winter2)Scorched-Earth policy

Surrender at Madrid

Retreat from Moscow

Tchaikovsky“Overture of 1812”

Tolstoy“War and Peace”

1813Battle of Leipzig

alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria as Napoleon retreats from

Russia

Napoleon in Exile on ElbaNapoleon in Exile on Elba

allowed to keep title of Emperor

replaced by Louis XVIII

3.20.1815Napoleon

escaped Elba

6.22.1815

BATTLE OF WATERLOO

Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon

Napoleon exiled to St. Helena

“…Waterloo will erase all the memory of so many of my

victories...”

June 28, 1940

June 28, 1940

Hitler Visits Napoleon’s TombHitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb

NAPOLEON’S LEGACY• Military Success• Napoleonic Code "My true glory is not to have won 40 battles...Waterloo will

erase the memory of so many victories. ... But...what will live forever, is my Civil Code."

• Spread Enlightenment ideas• Growth of nationalism throughout Europe• Metric system• Louisiana Purchase

2 MAIN FACTORS FOR NAPOLEON’S MILITARY FAILURE1)THE SURVIVAL OF GREAT BRITAIN2)NATIONALISM

•Ironic – French Revolution and NAPOLEON spread these ideas

1. caused France to be hated2. showed Europe what nationalism/rebellion could do