After the quiz…After the quiz…

Mini-FRQ:Mini-FRQ:

Describe how Leninism revised Describe how Leninism revised Marxism, and analyze how that Marxism, and analyze how that helped the Bolsheviks to take power helped the Bolsheviks to take power in Russia.in Russia.

Min. one paragraph Min. one paragraph 

– Look over Strive handbook p. 345 - Look over Strive handbook p. 345 - 77

The Russian The Russian RevolutionRevolution

Pre-Revolutionary RussiaPre-Revolutionary Russia Only true autocracy Only true autocracy

left in Europeleft in Europe No type of No type of

representative representative political institutionspolitical institutions

Nicholas II became Nicholas II became tsar in 1884tsar in 1884

Believed he was the Believed he was the absolute ruler absolute ruler anointed by Godanointed by God

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War (1904) – defeat led (1904) – defeat led to political to political instabilityinstability

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Social Democratic PartySocial Democratic Party: Formed : Formed by Plekanov to promote Marxism. by Plekanov to promote Marxism. (SPD)(SPD)

CadetsCadets: Liberals who wanted a : Liberals who wanted a constitution.constitution.

Social Revolutionary PartySocial Revolutionary Party: : Peasants whose motto was: Peasants whose motto was: “Peasants for Terrorism.”“Peasants for Terrorism.”

The Revolution of 1905The Revolution of 1905

Factors leading to this revolution Factors leading to this revolution included:included: Russo-Japanese warRusso-Japanese warBloody SundayBloody SundayFood ShortagesFood ShortagesLack of Democratic TraditionsLack of Democratic Traditions

Bloody SundayBloody Sunday On Jan. 22, 1905, a Russian Orthodox On Jan. 22, 1905, a Russian Orthodox

priest named Fr. Gapon organized about priest named Fr. Gapon organized about 200,000 peaceful protesters to take a 200,000 peaceful protesters to take a petition to the czar, calling for relief petition to the czar, calling for relief from extreme poverty.from extreme poverty.

The czar’s guards fired on the The czar’s guards fired on the protestors, killing several hundred.protestors, killing several hundred.

This showed the people that there This showed the people that there would be no democratic solutions.would be no democratic solutions.

BLOODY SUNDAYBLOODY SUNDAY

Alexandra: The Power Behind Alexandra: The Power Behind the Thronethe Throne

Even more blindly Even more blindly committed to committed to autocracy than her autocracy than her husbandhusband

She was under the She was under the influence of Rasputin influence of Rasputin

Origins of RasputinOrigins of Rasputin’’s s power - ?power - ?

– SexualSexual– MiraculousMiraculous

Scandals Scandals surrounding surrounding Rasputin served to Rasputin served to discredit the discredit the monarchymonarchy

Alexis: AlexandraAlexis: Alexandra’’s Son with s Son with HemophiliaHemophilia

World War I: World War I: ““The Last StrawThe Last Straw”” War revealed War revealed

the ineptitude the ineptitude and arrogance and arrogance of the countryof the country’’s s aristocratic aristocratic eliteelite

Corrupt military Corrupt military leadership had leadership had contempt for contempt for ordinary ordinary Russian peopleRussian people

Average Average peasants had peasants had very little very little invested in the invested in the WarWar

World War I (cont)World War I (cont) ill-trained, ineffective ill-trained, ineffective

officers, poorly officers, poorly equipped (Russ. was equipped (Russ. was not ready for ind. war) not ready for ind. war) – the result was mass – the result was mass desertions and 2 desertions and 2 million casualties by million casualties by 19151915

RResult: Chaos and esult: Chaos and Disintegration of the Disintegration of the Russian ArmyRussian Army

Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Tannenberg (August, 1914) – (August, 1914) – massive defeat at massive defeat at hands of Hindenburg hands of Hindenburg and Ger.and Ger.

The Collapse of the Imperial The Collapse of the Imperial GovernmentGovernment

Nicholas left for the Nicholas left for the Front—September, Front—September, 19151915

Alexandra and Alexandra and Rasputin throw the Rasputin throw the government into chaosgovernment into chaos

Alexandra and other Alexandra and other high government high government officials accused of officials accused of treasontreason– War economy mis-War economy mis-

managedmanaged

The Collapse of the Imperial The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont)Government (cont)

industrial production fell industrial production fell inflation and starvation inflation and starvation

very highvery highcities overflowing w/ cities overflowing w/

refugeesrefugees– serious food shortages in March serious food shortages in March

1917, esp. in St. Petersburg1917, esp. in St. Petersburg

The The TwoTwo Revolutions of Revolutions of 19171917

The March The March Revolution Revolution (March 12)(March 12)

The The November November Revolution Revolution (November (November 6)6)

Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir LeninLenin

From upper middle classFrom upper middle class

--Exiled to Siberia in --Exiled to Siberia in 18971897

Committed to Class Committed to Class Struggle and RevolutionStruggle and Revolution

Moved to London in 1902 Moved to London in 1902 and befriended Leon and befriended Leon TrotskyTrotsky

WHAT IS TO BE DONE?WHAT IS TO BE DONE?

Lenin wrote this book in 1902 to Lenin wrote this book in 1902 to outline his blueprint for revolution. It outline his blueprint for revolution. It called for:called for:Rejection of accommodation with the Rejection of accommodation with the

czarczarRejection of a mass partyRejection of a mass partycreation of a network of professional creation of a network of professional

revolutionaries to lead a secret rev.revolutionaries to lead a secret rev.rejection of trade unionism.rejection of trade unionism.

Lenin’s BookLenin’s Book Split the SPD into Split the SPD into

two factions:two factions:Bolsheviks (led by Bolsheviks (led by

Lenin)Lenin)Mensheviks (led Mensheviks (led

by Plekanov)by Plekanov)

The Petrograd SovietThe Petrograd Soviet leftists in St. leftists in St.

Petersburg formed Petersburg formed the Petrograd the Petrograd Soviet, which they Soviet, which they claimed to be the claimed to be the legit. gov’t legit. gov’t

Ger. was aware of Ger. was aware of the Russ. situation the Russ. situation and began to and began to concentrate on the concentrate on the W. FrontW. Front

Ger. even played a Ger. even played a role in returning role in returning Lenin to Russia, so Lenin to Russia, so he could foment rev.he could foment rev.

– Having been Having been granted “safe granted “safe passage”, Lenin passage”, Lenin returned in April returned in April 19171917

The March The March RevolutionRevolution

Origins: Food Origins: Food riots/strikesriots/strikes

Duma declared itself a Duma declared itself a Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government on March 12on March 12

Tsar ordered soldiers to Tsar ordered soldiers to intervene; instead they intervene; instead they joined the rebellion…the joined the rebellion…the Tsar thus Tsar thus abdicated abdicated on on March 17 March 17

the the Menshevik Menshevik Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky headed the Provisional headed the Provisional Government, along w/ Government, along w/ Prince LvovPrince Lvov– Very Popular RevolutionVery Popular Revolution– Kerensky favoured gradual Kerensky favoured gradual

socialist reform/ saw the socialist reform/ saw the war effort as #1 prioritywar effort as #1 priority

Kornilov AffairKornilov Affair General Kornilov General Kornilov

attempted to attempted to overthrow Provisional overthrow Provisional Government with Government with military takeovermilitary takeover

To prevent this To prevent this takeover, Kerensky takeover, Kerensky freed many Bolshevik freed many Bolshevik leaders from prison leaders from prison and supplied arms to and supplied arms to many revolutionariesmany revolutionaries

Lenin Steps into This VacuumLenin Steps into This Vacuum Amnesty granted to all Amnesty granted to all

political prisoners in March political prisoners in March of 1917of 1917

LeninLenin’’s arrival in Petrograds arrival in Petrograd A tremendously charismatic A tremendously charismatic

personalitypersonality ““Peace, Land, BreadPeace, Land, Bread”” ““All Power to the SovietsAll Power to the Soviets”” He preached that the war He preached that the war

was a capitalist/imperialist was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers; for the peasants/workers; he also felt the war was he also felt the war was over w/ the czar’s over w/ the czar’s abdicationabdication

Bolshevik party Bolshevik party membership exploded; their membership exploded; their power was consolidatedpower was consolidated

Lenin formed the Lenin formed the Military-Military-Revolutionary Revolutionary CouncilCouncil and in May and in May 1917 he urged the 1917 he urged the Pet. Soviet to pass Pet. Soviet to pass Army Order # 1Army Order # 1– This gave control This gave control of the army to the of the army to the common soldiers; common soldiers; discipline thus discipline thus collapsed, and collapsed, and Kerensky was Kerensky was underminedundermined

The November The November RevolutionRevolution

Nov. 6, 1917…Nov. 6, 1917… coup planned by coup planned by Leon Leon

TrotskyTrotsky, who had , who had gained the confidence gained the confidence of the army (= the of the army (= the “Red Miracle”)“Red Miracle”)

Lenin consolidated Lenin consolidated power in Jan. 1918 by power in Jan. 1918 by disbanding the disbanding the Constituent AssemblyConstituent Assembly (had replaced the (had replaced the Duma)Duma) – Russ. dem. thus Russ. dem. thus

terminated terminated – a a CoCouncil of Peopleuncil of People’’s s

CommissarsCommissars was was createdcreated

All private property was All private property was abolished and divided abolished and divided among the peasantryamong the peasantry

Largest industrial Largest industrial enterprises nationalizedenterprises nationalized

November Revolution (cont)November Revolution (cont) Political Police Political Police

organized: organized: CHEKACHEKA

Revolutionary Revolutionary army created army created with Trotsky in with Trotsky in charge = charge = ““Red Red ArmyArmy””

Bolshevik Party Bolshevik Party renamed renamed Communist Communist Party in March Party in March of 1918of 1918

November Revolution (cont)November Revolution (cont) The The Treaty of Brest-Treaty of Brest-

LitovskLitovsk – Huge chunk of Russian Huge chunk of Russian

land to Germanyland to Germany– Poland, Ukraine Poland, Ukraine

independentindependent Lenin: focus on internal Lenin: focus on internal

controlcontrol Civil War followed, Civil War followed,

1917-19201917-1920““RedsReds”” versus versus ““WhitesWhites””

Complete breakdown Complete breakdown of Russian economy of Russian economy and societyand society

Civil WarCivil War White Army received White Army received

limited help from the limited help from the western powers.western powers.DisorganizedDisorganized““White Terror”White Terror”

The Reds won the civil war.The Reds won the civil war.Appealed to Russian Appealed to Russian

nationalism after Western nationalism after Western invasioninvasion

ORGANIZEDORGANIZEDUsed “Red Terror” after to Used “Red Terror” after to

get rid of political enemiesget rid of political enemies

Exit SlipExit Slip

In January 1917, Russia was an In January 1917, Russia was an autocratic empire; by the end of autocratic empire; by the end of 1920, it was a socialist state. Trace 1920, it was a socialist state. Trace the course of the Russian Revolution the course of the Russian Revolution from March 1917 through 1920. How from March 1917 through 1920. How can we explain the ultimate victory can we explain the ultimate victory of Lenin's Bolsheviks?of Lenin's Bolsheviks?– 1 or 2 paragraphs!1 or 2 paragraphs!– Make sure to have a thesis statement!Make sure to have a thesis statement!

"Anatomy of "Anatomy of Revolution" by Crane Revolution" by Crane

Brinton Brinton Crane Brinton's famous work entitled "Anatomy of Crane Brinton's famous work entitled "Anatomy of

Revolution" published in 1965, is comparative history Revolution" published in 1965, is comparative history of the English, American, French and Russian of the English, American, French and Russian

revolutions.  Crane looks at the similarities and revolutions.  Crane looks at the similarities and differences between these revolutions in order to differences between these revolutions in order to

come up with what he titles "The Anatomy of come up with what he titles "The Anatomy of Revolution."  The following is a summary of Crane's Revolution."  The following is a summary of Crane's

Anatomy.Anatomy.

Causes of RevolutionCauses of Revolution Conditions that must be present in the outset of a Conditions that must be present in the outset of a

revolution:revolution: 1.  1.  There is discontent amongst the people of all There is discontent amongst the people of all the social classes.the social classes. 2.  People feel restless and held down by 2.  People feel restless and held down by unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the unacceptable restrictions in society, religion, the economy or the government.economy or the government. 3.  People are hopeful about the future, but they 3.  People are hopeful about the future, but they are being forced to accept less than they had are being forced to accept less than they had hoped for.hoped for. 4.  People are beginning to think of themselves as 4.  People are beginning to think of themselves as belonging to a social class, and there is a growing belonging to a social class, and there is a growing bitterness between social classes.bitterness between social classes. 5.  The social classes closest to one another are 5.  The social classes closest to one another are the most hostile.the most hostile.

Conditions conConditions con’’tt

6.  The scholars and thinkers give up on the 6.  The scholars and thinkers give up on the way their society operates.way their society operates. 7.  The government does not respond to the 7.  The government does not respond to the needs of its society.needs of its society. 8.  The leaders of the government and the 8.  The leaders of the government and the ruling class begin to doubt themselves.   ruling class begin to doubt themselves.   Some join with the opposition groups.Some join with the opposition groups. 9.  The government is unable to get enough 9.  The government is unable to get enough support from any group to save itself.support from any group to save itself. 10.  The government cannot organize its 10.  The government cannot organize its finances correctly and is either going finances correctly and is either going bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and bankrupt or trying to tax heavily and unjustly.unjustly.

The Stages of Revolution The Stages of Revolution The Course that Revolution seems to take:The Course that Revolution seems to take: 1.  1.  Impossible demands made of government Impossible demands made of government which, if granted, would mean its end.which, if granted, would mean its end. 2.  Unsuccessful government attempts to 2.  Unsuccessful government attempts to suppress revolutionaries.suppress revolutionaries. 3.  Revolutionaries gain power and seem 3.  Revolutionaries gain power and seem united.united. 4.  Once in power, revolutionaries begin to 4.  Once in power, revolutionaries begin to quarrel among themselves, and unity begins quarrel among themselves, and unity begins to dissolve.to dissolve. 5.  The moderates gain the leadership but 5.  The moderates gain the leadership but fail to satisfy those who insist on further fail to satisfy those who insist on further changes.changes.

Course conCourse con’’tt

6.  6.  Power is gained by progressively more Power is gained by progressively more radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe radical groups until finally a lunatic fringe gains almost complete control.gains almost complete control. 7.  A strong man emerges and assumes 7.  A strong man emerges and assumes great power.great power. 8.  The extremists try to create a "heaven 8.  The extremists try to create a "heaven on earth" by introducing their whole on earth" by introducing their whole program and byprogram and by punishing all their opponents.punishing all their opponents. 9.  A period of terror occurs.9.  A period of terror occurs. 10.  Moderate groups regain power.  The 10.  Moderate groups regain power.  The revolution is over.revolution is over.

Was it a Revolution?Was it a Revolution?Examine the results of the revolution with Examine the results of the revolution with these questions in mind:these questions in mind: 1.   Did the ideals of the revolution change as its 1.   Did the ideals of the revolution change as its leadership changed?leadership changed?  2.   Were the original goals of the revolution  2.   Were the original goals of the revolution achieved?  At what point?  Were these achieved?  At what point?  Were these achievements conserved?achievements conserved? 3.   Which social classes gained most from the 3.   Which social classes gained most from the revolution?  Which lost?  Did the original ruling revolution?  Which lost?  Did the original ruling group or individuals from this group return to group or individuals from this group return to power?power? 4.   How was the old political, social, and 4.   How was the old political, social, and economic order of society [Ancient Regime] economic order of society [Ancient Regime] changedchanged as a result of the revolution? as a result of the revolution?