against the invasive hemlock wooly adelgid. the pro bl em
TRANSCRIPT
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BACTERIAL INSECTICIDES
Against the Invasive Hemlock Wooly Adelgid
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The Problem
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The Problem
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The Problem
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The Hemlock Wooly Adelgid• Invasive species introduced from Japan• Infests hemlocks and feeds on their sap• Problems?
o Uncontrolled population growtho Kills adult trees and saplings
• Hemlock population decimated• Ruining forest ecosystems
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Current Solutions
Chemical solutions:•Horticultural soap – Human application to trees• Insecticidal sprays•Soil Drenches – Insecticide diluted in water, fed to tree•Bark injections
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Chemical Solutions Issues
• Poisonous to other species
• Needs to be applied one tree at a time
• Needs to be applied with precision
• Expensive
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Current Solutions
Biological solution:• Introduce the natural predator of the
hemlock wooly adelgid
• Pseudoscymnus tsugae; the ladybeetleo Feeds on hemlock wooly adelgid and the
balsam wooly adelgid (Adelges piceae)o Native to China and Japan
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Issues with existing biological solutions• Newly introduced species without existing predator – potential
invasive species
• Is not able to eradicate enough of the population – only up to 40-55% max
• Slow acting
• Doesn’t take hold quickly in new habitatso May take up to 5-7 years to reach detectable levels of populationo Hemlocks in afflicted areas may be wiped out before beetle can act
So, these solutions are not helping.
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The ever-worsening effects
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My Solution
• Engineered bacteria incorporated into water sourceo E-coli bacteriao Engineered with genes of sap dwelling bacteria (Pseudomonas)
• When adelgid drinks sap, bacteria releases toxin
• Adelgids die
BUT…What would stop the poison from killing other non-harmful species in the ecosystem?
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My Solution
•Superfamily Aphidoidea – includes adelgids and aphidso Contains bacteria Buchnera
aphidicola in the guto Present since common ancestor;
400 million years ago
• Through quorum sensing, engineered bacteria can sense presence of Buchnera aphidicola
• Gene could be found – entire genome of B. aphidicola has been sequenced
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Some design specifics
Chassis: E-coli bacteriao Known genomeo Previous experience using engineering them
To allow it to survive properly in the soil and inside the plant, the E-coli bacteria will have some carefully selected genes from Pseudomonas syringae, which is
• A pathogen in a lot of plants• Very hardy (resistant to water, cold)• A gram-negative gammaproteobacteria, like E-coli• Also has fully sequenced genome
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Unknowns
• Buchnera aphidicola’s loss of independent function
• B. aphidicola’s placement inside the adelgids
• The specific gene for B. aphidicola’s quorum sensing device
• Best toxin to kill adelgid and gene for that toxino Possibly Methyl Salicylate, as there is a known gene for ito Could exist a better option
• Specific genes for survivability from P. syringae
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Advantages
• Easier to administer on a large scaleo Could be put into water sourceso When administered from tree to tree, less precision required
• Will not harm ecosystem o Only targets pests
• Works quickly and effectivelyo Has potential to wipe pest out in 2 generations (of adelgid)
• After adelgids gone, no further effects
• Could also work for use against other invasive species in that familyo Balsam wooly adelgido The greater than 100 species of invasive aphid pestering Hawaiian farmers
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Works citedhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacterial_nucleation_in_pseudomonas_syringae
https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/O&T/trees/note119a/note119a.htm
http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FS_hwa.pdf\
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC383098/
Phylogenetic characterization and molecular evolution of bacterial endosymbionts in psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha). Spaulding AW, von Dohlen CD.Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Buchnera_aphidicola
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/
http://www.growingagreenerworld.com/control-of-the-hemlock-wooly-adelgid/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphididae
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Pictures citedhttp://www.agri.ohio.gov/plant/hwa/imgs/hwa3.jpg
http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I00007.qiYccQCR0/s/860/860/Fphoto-67211205B-6WR.jpg
http://www.americanforests.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/HWA.jpg
http://www.backtree.com/images/eab-page/icons-large/trunk.jpg
http://www.brandtlawnandgarden.co/Images/Products/600x900/Monterey-Horticultural-Oil.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Adelges_tsugae_3225077.jpg
http://news.maryland.gov/mda/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/04/HWA_small.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTwHOqXNgfkPgqU1Ri3w2V1eR9gvC2bPILVLKMHLVMC7Wnp7GJB
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Journal.pbio.0050126.g001.png/220px-Journal.pbio.0050126.g001.png
http://myaquanui.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Ecoli.jpg
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/3/3e/Pseudosmonas_syringae_SEM.jpg
http://www.undergroundwineletter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/question-mark-red.png
http://www.undergroundwineletter.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/question-mark-red.png