Agathemerus, "Sketch of Geography" Diller, Aubrey Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Spring 1975; 16, 1; ProQuest pg. 59

Agathemerus, Sketch of Geography

Aubrey Diller

THE LITTLE SUMMARY OF GEOGRAPHY that goes under the name of Agathemerus is one of the texts in the corpus of Minor Greek Geographers.1 It was near the beginning of codex A (Pal.gr. 398)

of the IX century and was lost with the first five quires of that codex. But it had been copied from A in codex B (Vatop. 655) of the XIV century. From Bit was copied in MS. C (Cantab.Gg. ll.33) ca 1540 and was brought to Italy and broadcast in over a dozen apographs. From these it has been edited or printed six times.2 It needs to be edited now from B itself, which presents several right readings hitherto unknown.

Several leaves of codex B were stolen in the last century and found their way to the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris and the British Museum in London. Agathemerus is now found in London Add.ms. 19391 fol. 3 and Paris. suppl.gr. 443A fol. 2; these were folios 4 and 5 in codex B.

Some excerpts (J) from Agathemerus were interpolated at an early time in Joannes Damascenus, De fide orthodoxa, and other excerpts (K) occur in MSS. ofDionysius Periegetes.3 These excerpts appear to be independent of A B C and offer some valuable readings.

The treatise was composed probably in the first or second century.4

The author Agathemerus son of Orthon is otherwise unknown. 'Agathemerus' and 'Orthon' are Hellenistic names, but 'Agathemerus' lived on in late Roman times. The use of patronymics declined in the third and fourth centuries. A definite earlier limit is the citation (§20) of Menippus of Pergamum, who was of the Augustan age.

1 A. Diller, The Tradition of the Minor Greek Geographers (Lancaster, Pa. 1952) 3 et passim [hereafter, ThLLBR].

2 C. Muller, Geographi Graeci minores II (Paris 1861) 471-87. The earlier editions were by Wendelin and TenNuyl (1671), Jac. Gronovius (1697, 1700), John Hudson (1703), Alexan­drides (1807), Hoffmann (1842). See Diller pp.62-78, nos. 86, 90, 94, 97, 137, 197, 233.

3 Diller pp.34-37. Bits of the K-excerpts are found in the additions to the Etymologicum Gudianum, ed. F. W. Srurz (Leipzig 1818) pp.220 (Evpcfnrq), 369 (At{Jlfr}), 555 (l/Jol"'K£c), 577 ('UK£avOc); ed. A. de Stefani (Leipzig 1909-1920, repr. Amsterdam 1965) p.564 (EvpfiJ7TT1.)

4 A writer in RE 46 (1959) 1872 gratuitously dates Agathemerus "urn 350 n. Chr."

59

60 AGA THEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

Geographically the treatise is pre-Ptolemaic and comparable with those of Pomponius Mela and Dionysius Periegetes. The three are of similar scope (description of the oi.KoVJLEVYJ), but the Sketch by Agathe­merus is meagre in scale and without literary pretensions. Most of his work consists of verbatim excerpts, and part is mere names and num­bers. All three draw on such great Hellenistic geographers as Eratos­thenes5 and Artemidorus. At this period Strabo was unknown.

There are no divisions in Mss. B and C, but the treatise falls into five chapters recognized by all the editors. Most of the data are paralleled in Strabo and in Pliny, Books II-VI, but Agathemerus offers bits of unique information and preserves two important fragments of Dicaearchus (§5) and Timosthenes (§7). Gross errors in§§14 and 24 can scarcely be excused as textual corruptions.

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64 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

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AUBREY DILLER 65

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66 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

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AUBREY DILLER

Agathemerus son of Orthon

Sketch of Geography I

67

1. Anaximander of Miletus, disciple of Thales, first attempted to draw the earth on a map. After him Hecataeus of Miletus, a widely­traveled tnan, improved the work marvelously. Hellanicus of Lesbos, a man of much learning, gave his account without a map. Then Damastes of Citium wrote a circumnavigation, drawing mostly on Hecataeus. Next Democritus and Eudoxus and others wrote tours of the earth by land and sea. 2. The ancients drew the earth round, and regarded Hellas as the center and Delphi as the center of Hellas, since it had the navel of the earth. Democritus, a man of much experience, first perceived that the earth was oblong, with the length half again the breadth. Dicaearchus the Peripatetic agreed with him. Eudoxus made the length double the breadth, Eratosthenes more than double, Crates semicircular, Hipparchus trapezoid, others ... , Posidonius the Stoic sling-shaped and wide in the middle from south to north, narrow to the east and west, wider, however, to the southeast, toward India. 3. Boundaries of the continents: of Europe and Libya the Pillars of Hercules; of Libya and Asia the Nile, but some say the isthmus between Lake Serbonis and the Arabian gulf; of Asia and Europe the ancients said the Phasis River and the isthmus to the Caspian, the later and more recent ones say Lake Maeotis and the Tanais River. 4. The continents were called 1j1TELpot as being boundless (a1Tt:.tpot), out of ignorance. Asia was named for coming close (accov) for those going over from Europe both by land and by the islands lying in a row: Euboea Andros Tenos Myconos Icaria Samos Mycale. Europe was named for its breadth ( EVpoc ). Libya was quite unknown to the Greeks, but from a signal nation tphoenicians were named seafaringt. The ocean was named for quickly encircling (clJKewc &vvt:.tv) the earth. 5. Dicaearchus bounds the earth not by waters but by a straight line from the Pillars through Sardinia Sicily Peloponnesus Ionia Caria Lycia Pamphylia Cilicia and Taurus on to Mt lmaus, and he calls the several regions either northern or southern.

II

6. The winds blow: from equinoctial sunrise apeliotes, from equi­noctial sunset zephyros, from midday notos, from the bear aparctias,

68 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

from summer solstice (sunrise) kaikias, and next, from equinoctial sunrise apeliotes, and from winter sunrise euros, and in the west, from winter sunset lips, and next again, from equinoctial sunset zephyros from summer sunset argestes or Olympias also called Iapyx, then notos and aparctias blowing opposite each other; so there are eight. 7. But Timosthenes, who wrote the circumnavigations, says there are twelve, adding boreas between aparctias and kaikias, phoinix also c~lled euronotos between euros and notos, leuconotos or libonotos between notos and lips, thrascias or kirkios (as called by the local people) between aparctias and argestes. He says nations dwell on the borders of the earth, towards apeliotes Bactrians, towards euros Indians, towards phoinix the Red Sea and Aethiopia, towards notos Aethiopia beyond Egypt, towards leuconotos Garamantes beyond the Syrtes, towards lips western Aethiopians beyond Moors, towards zephyros the Pillars and the beginnings of Libya and Europe, towards argestes Iberia, now Hispania, towards thrascias Celts and their neighbors, towards aparctias Scythians beyond Thrace, towards borras Pontus Maeotis Sarmatians, towards kaikias the Caspian Sea and Sacae.

m 8. The Great Syrtis is 5000 stades, the Little Syrtis 1600 stades. The

mouth of the Adriatic, which some call the Ionian Sea, has a passage of 700 stades from the tip of Iapygia to the Ceraunian mountains in Epirus. 9. After the Aegean Sea comes the Hellespont ending at Abydus and Sestus, then the Propontis ending at Chalcedon and Byzantium, where the narrows are from which the Pontus begins, then Lake Maeotis. Again, from the beginning of Europe and Libya the Iberian Sea from the Pillars to Mt Pyrene, the Ligurian as far as the borders of Etruria, the Sardinian beyond Sardinia bending down towards Libya, the Tuscan ending as far as Sicily and beginning from the capes of Liguria, then the Libyan, then the Cretan and Sicilian and Ionian and Adriatic and the one opening out of the Sicilian sea, which they call the gulf of Corinth or Halcyon sea. The Saronic sea enclosed by Sunium and Scyllaeum, then the Myrtoan and Icarian, in which are the Cyclades, then the Carpathian and Pamphylian and Egyptian. Beyond the lcarian spreads the Aegean. 10. The coast of Europe from the outlet of the Tanais River to the Pillars of Hercules is 69709 stades, of Libya from Tingis to the Canobic mouth is 29252

stades, of Asia from Canobus to the Tanais River, with the gulfs, is

AUBREY DILLER 69

40111 stades; altogether, the coast of our earth, with the gulfs, is 139072 stades, including Lake Maeotis, of which the perimeter is 9000 stades and the mouth at the Cimmerian Bosporus is 20 (70] stades. 11. The Pontus is 3350 stades, the narrows at the Thracian Bosporus, where Dareius built the bridge against the Scythians, is six stades. 12. The Persian Sea, being round and narrowing to the mouth at the capes of Carmania and Arabia, has a perimeter of 20000 stades; the mouth, between Arabia and Carmania is 400 stades. 13. The Hyr­canian or Caspian Sea, being crescent-shaped, but some say oblong, is 20000 stades and has a passage of 1000 stades at the mouth.l4. The Arabian Gulf, being narrow and oblong, begins from the gulf of Heroopolis along Troglodytica to Ptolemais at the Hunts 9000 stades long, where follows a voyage of 6500 stades, the narrows at Deire of 60 stades, along the Red Sea to the ocean 5000 stades, the rest is not navigated. The side along Arabia from the gulf of Aelana is 14000 stades. Arabia itself extends to the Red Sea and lengthens to 12000 stades.

IV

15. The length of the earth from the Ganges to Gades is 68545 stades, thus: from the Ganges River to Myriandrus in the gulf of Issus 41725 stades, thus: from the Ganges to the outlet of the Indus River 16000 stades, from the Indus to the Caspian Gates 15300 stades, to the Euphrates 10050 stades, to Myriandrus 375 stades. 16. From Myrian­drus to Gades 26820 stades, thus: from Myriandrus to the Keys of Cyprus 1400 stades, to Cape Acamas 1300 stades, to the Chelidoniae through the Pamphylian sea 1900 stades, to Patara 800 stades, to Rhodes 700 stades, to Astypalaea through the Carpathian t140 stades, to Taenarum 1950 stades, to Pachynum in Sicily 4000 stades, to Lilybaeum through the Libyan sea 1520 stades, to Caralis in Sardinia through the Tuscan sea 1800 stades, to Gades past the Gymnesiae islands 10000 stades, from Gades past the Sacred Cape and harbor of the Anabrians 7932. Altogether 76477 stades.l7. Another way: from the Ganges to the Euphrates River 41350, from the Euphrates to Mazaca in Cappadocia 1950 stades, from Mazaca through piedmont and great Phrygia and Caria to Ephesus 3990 stades, altogether from the Ganges to Ephesus 47290 stades. From Ephesus to Delos through the Aegean 1600 stades, to the Isthmus 1700 stades, from the Isthmus through the Gulf of Corinth to Patrae 720 stades, to Leucas 700 stades,

70 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

to Corcyra 700 stades, to the Acroceraunian mountains 660 stades, to Brundisium 700 stades, from Brundisium by land to Rome 2880 stades, from Rome to the Alps at the village Scingomagus beneath the Alps 4152 stades, then through Celtica to the town Illygyris beneath Pyrene 3744 stades, then through Iberia to Gades 6654 stades, and the passage to Gades by way of the inns 60 stades. Altogether from the Ganges to Gades 71560 stades. 18. The breadth of the earth from the Aethiopian sea to Meroe 5000 stades, from Meroe to Alex­andria 10000 stades, from Alexandria to the Tanais tuo56, above the outlet of the Tanais to the north is unknown, thus: from Alexandria to Lindus in Rhodes 4500 stades, to Thoantion passing Rhodes on the right 400 stades, to Telos 160 stades, to Lacter in Cos 120 stades, to Drepanon in Cos 100 stades, to the island Arcitis 230 stades, to Corsiae 100, to Am pel us in Samos 30 stades, to Argennon through the Aegean 500 stades, to Erythraean Corynaion 270 stades, to Cape tphlion in Chios 50 stades, to Cape Melaneus in Lesbos 450 stades, to Sigrion in Lesbos 500 stades, to the island Tenedos 450 stades, to Sigeum 100 stades, to the mouth of Pontus 2500 stades, to Carambis 2800 stades, to the mouth of Maeotis 2500 stades, to the Tanais 2200 stades. 19. Another way, from city to city: from Alexandria to Rhodes 4670 stades, to Cnidus 700 stades, to Cos 200 stades, to Samos 800 stades, to

Chios 750 stades, to Mitylene 520 stades, to Tenedos 950, to Sigeum 100, to the mouth of Pontus 2500, to Carambis 2800, to the mouth of Maeotis 2500, to the Tanais River 2200; altogether from Alexandria to Tanais 18690 stades.

v 20. Finally, we will give the perimeters of the islands of our earth

taking them from Artemidorus and Menippus and other trustworthy authors. Gades is 120 stades long, 16 wide; the passage at the Pillars of Hercules is 80 stades at the narrowest; in the Iberian sea, of the Pityussae islands the greater, inhabited, is 300 stades long, the lesser 100 stades; of the Gymnasiae, which the Carthaginians call Baliariae (for slingers are thus called Baliares) the greater is 1200 stades long, 400 stades wide, the lesser 300 stades. The Stoechades so-called lie in a row in front of the Massilian towns, three greater and two small near Massilia itself. Sardinia has the shape of a footprint, hollow in the middle, 2200 long; Corsica near Sardinia but much poorer is less than half as long as Sardinia; the take-off for Sardinia and Corsica is Popu-

AUBREY DILLER 71

Ionium in Etruria, the passage 1200 stades. The perimeter of Sicily according to Timosthenes is 4740 stades, the shape a scalene triangle, the passage from Cape Pelorus to Italy 12 stades. The side of the island from Pelorus to Pachynum is 1360 stades, from Pachynum to

Lilybaeum 1600 stades, from Lilybaeum to Pelorias according to Timosthenes 1700 stades; the passage from Lilybaeum to Aspis in Libya about 1500 stades. 21. The island Cercina is 200 long, 70 stades wide, but 40 at the narrowest; it lies off the town Theene on the main­land at the beginning of the lesser Syrtis; beside Cercina lies the island Carcinitis, joined by a bridge, 40 stades long, 25 stades wide. 22. From Cercina to the island Meninx Lotophagitis the passage is 600 stades, as is said to be the mouth of the lesser Syrtis; Meninx is 600 stades long, 180 stades wide, and there are great currents around it. 23. The island Cephallenia, of four towns, is 400 stades long. There are also in the Adriatic islands along Illyria, especially Issa and Black Corcyra and Pharos and Melite, of which I do not know the perimeters. 24. The circumnavigation of the Peloponnesus counting the gulfs is 5627 stades, without entering the gulfs 4000 stades; the length from Malea to Aegium is 1400 stades; the shape like a plane leaf, cut up by great gulfs; it narrows in the Gulf of Corinth to the Isthmus 40 stades wide between the Corinthian and Saronic gulfs .... to Cape Scyllaeum with the island Calauria to the left sacred to Poseidon, then the gulf of Hermione, next the gulf of Argos as far as Cape Malea, which juts far into the sea, next after Malea the gulf of Laconia as far as Taenarum on the right, which bounds the gulf of Messenia on the left with Cape Acritas on the right, then Cape Ichthys, off which is Zacynthus, and Cape Chelonatas, and finally Cape Araxus facing Acarnania, after which opens up the Gulf of Corinth narrowing to a mouth of 7 stades at Rhion in the Peloponnesus and Antirhion in Locris. From Taena­rum to Phycus in Libya the passage is 3000 stades. 25. The island Aegina 160 stades long lies against Attica; Salamis 70 stades long, Ceia 120. Of the Cyclades the greatest is Naxos, hence called Little Sicily; to the right are the Sporades. Euboea is joined to Boeotia by a bridge; it extends along Boeotia Phocis Locris, and on the other end even a little along Attica, for it is long, hence called Macris, the length 1700 stades. 26. Crete is near the Peloponnesus off Malea, 4100 stades around, 2300 long, for it is much lengthened; Cythera is between Crete and Laconia. Cyprus has the shape of a hide, perimeter 3420 stades, length 1300; from Paphos to Alexandria the passage is from

72 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

the north, 3800 stades. The perimeter of Rhodes is 1300 stades, of Cos 540 stades, of Samos 630 stades. Icaria is long and rugged, the length 300 stades. The perimeter of Chios is 660 stades, of Lesbos 1100 stades.

CoMMENTARY

I 1 [r10] yewypa.q,lac w~wc..c. Compare Strabo 121c. There is in the corpus another, anonymous, piece with the same tide. It is probably of the IX cent. and took its title from ours. The two stood first in Codex A. See Diller pp.3, 188. [rll-13] Strabo 1o, 7AB, 635c, has the same list more or less: (Homer), Anaximander, Hecataeus, Democritus, Eudoxus, Dicaearchus, Ephorus, etc. It is derived from Eratosthenes (Berger pp.21, 41). The excerpt K, followed by Eustathius, transfers aKovc-rl]c B&.\ew from Anaximander to Democritus as & 8a.\ov p.a07Jrr]c (cf Strabo 635c). 2 [r13-16) Aetius 3.10 (Diels p.376) is quite different and worthless. It is strange that Strabo's XAap.vooet&;c is absent here. Agathemerus ignores the mighty change of conception that followed the invention of the sphere of the earth; he uses yij and olKovp.lvr} interchangeably. Democritus still thought of the earth as flat, but the others faced the problem of the relation between olKovp.EVTJ and yij. ol1ra.\a~o' ... c-rpo~A7Jv: Hdt. 4.36 KVKAOTEp1Jc we a1TO -r6pvov. Dicaearchus, Wehrli (1967) pp.35, 78. Eratosthenes in Strabo 64A, Berger pp.142, 156. Crates, Mette (1936) pp.76, 146f. Hipparchus, Dicks (1960) pp.148, 206. Posidonius, FGrHist 87 F 98a. 3 [r17-19] opot ~1relpwv. These formed a question often discussed by ancient geographers: Eratosthenes in Strabo 65B-66A, Berger pp.163-67; Posidonius in Strabo 102o, FGrHist 87 F 28; [Arist.] De Mundo 393b22-394a4; Dionys.Per. 1-25; Mardan of Heraclea in Mi.iller I pp.519f. Agathemeru~ is right in saying the Nile (Hdt. 2.16) and the Phasis (Hdt. 4.46, Pl. Phd. 109A) are earlier (Ionian). Strabo pairs the rivers Nile and Tanais as earlier than the isthmuses. 4 [rl9-21] iKA-r}~cav. These etymologies are the latest and poorest elements in the treatise-an unwelcome interruption of the sequence of ideas. They are unique except the first and last; see Bur. fr.lOlO Nauck, Etym.Magn. s.v. wKeav6c. [r19] v-r}cotc c-rtX7JOov KEtJ.£EVct.I.C. Dionys.Per. 514 a1TEtp€dwv c-rlxa v-r}cwv. Compare the diaphragma Euboea-Mycale in ps.-Scylax 113 in Mi.iller I p.95f. [r21] The text is desperate, K gives no help. 5 [r21] This west-east axis of the olKovp.EV7J, attributed only here to Dicaearchus, was taken over by Eratosthenes (Strabo 67c-68A, 85co, Berger pp.170-73). Notice the new reading d1Kp&-rcp for aKpa-rcp, although I cannot make sense of either one. II 6 [r23) "Avep.o,. Agathemerus gives first the rose of eight winds as in Arist. Mete. 363a21-364a4, and then the common rose of twelve, attributed only here to Timosthenes (of Rhodes, admiral ofPtolemy II). 7 [r27] l0V7J. Compare Ephorus in Strabo 34AB, FGrHist 70 F 30.

AUBREY DILLER 73

III 8 [r30] Although the third chapter begins abruptly, it has a single subject in the doctrine of the four gulfs of the oiKoVf'EVTJ: Mediterranean, Persian, Caspian (misconceived), Arabian; see Strabo 121s, Pompon.Mela 1.9, Dionys. Per. 43-55, 627-35, Cosmas Indic. 2.29. Casaubon (on Strabo) attributed the doctrine to Eratosthenes but without specific evidence; Berger ignores it. The account of the Mediterranean is in disorder. [r30] Syrtes 5000 and 1600 stades. Strabo 123s, 834n, 835n(?), Plin. NH 5.26(?), 27. (r31] 700 stades. Strabo 281B, Agathem. v10 infra. 9 [r34] Strabo 123c: -ro l:tKEALKov TTlAayoc . .. TTA7Jpo' rov KopwflLaKov KaAov/Llvov KoATTov. 10 [r36-38] The four big numbers tally with each other: 69709+29252+40111= 139072. Pliny (4.121, 5.40[?], 5.47,

6.208-09) attributes them to Artemidorus (and Isidorus). Marc.Heracl. in MUller I p.520 has similar numbers but with a strange shift in the first digits: 39000+40280+60120= 139400. All measure from Tingis to Canobus. (r38-39] Plin. 6.207 universus autem circuitus per sinus dictos ... colligit intra Maeotim

lacum iCL VI VIlli, Artemidorus adicit DCCL VI, idem cum Maeodite icLXXIIIi XC p. esse tradidit. 11 [r39] Of the four numbers given for the Pontus only the first is secure: Maeotis 9000 stades, Strabo 125B et al. (8000 Polyb. 4.39.1). The second number may be either the length or the width, or both, of the Cimmerian Bosporus: 70 stades Strabo 494c, or 20 stades Strabo 310c, 494B, Menippus 10r27 Diller p.155, Plin. 4.76. It is not clear what dimension of the Pontus is meant by the third number (3350); the breadth is given as 3300 stades in Hdt. 4.85. The fourth number may well be 6 (not 6000); the width of the Thracian Bosporus is given as 4 stades (Hdt. 4.85 et al.) or 5 stades (Polyb. 4.43.2 et al.) or 7 stades (ps.-Scylax 67 MUller I p.56, Plin. 5.149).12 [r40] Persian Gulf. Eratosthenes, Berger pp.269ff. [r41] 400 stades. Periplus maris Erythraei 35 Muller I p.284: 600 stades; Plin. 6.108: 5 or 4 miles (40 or 32 stades). Other authors are vague on the width of the mouth of the Persian Gulf. Strabo 121D says that the mouths of the Persian and the Caspian were not as wide as the two others. 13 [r41] Caspian Sea. Eratosthenes, Berger pp.323ff. [r41] 22000 stades. Plin. 6.37: 2500 miles (20000 stades). Other authors are vague on the circumference of the Caspian Sea, and precision is unlikely here. So I delete Stcxt"Alwv as a doublet of Stcf'vplwv. [r42] 1000 stades. Other authors are vague on the width of the mouth of the Caspian Sea. 4000 seems too large, so I read

1a for ,8. There are cases of interchange of A and ..:1 in numbers in codexA.14 [r42-44] Arabian Gulf. Eratosthenes in Strabo 768n-769c, Berger pp.290ff. The text of Agathemerus is in disorder. The correct order is: Heroopolis 9000 Ptolemais 6500 Deire c-rEVa 5000 limit. Thus €vfhv refers to Ptolemais, not Deire. Strabo has 4500 instead of 6500. [r42] Ptolemais £7Tt 8~pac. Plin. 6.171, Strabo 768D. [r43] 60 stades. Timosthenes in Plin. 6.163, Eratosthenes in Strabo 769c. [r44] 12000 stades. Eratosthenes in Strabo 767D.

IV 15 [r44] The fourth chapter deals with the longitude and latitude of the olKOVf'EVTJ measured along four routes, two east to west and two south to

74 AGA THEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

north. As was pointed out by the first editors, the whole chapter is reproduced in Plin. 2.242-46, where it is all attributed to Artemidorus. By comparison with Pliny and other parallel tradition and by the control of the sums given in the text, most of the corruption in the numbers can be corrected. A good deal of it is due to the fact that the scribe of codex A mistook the sign of 906 for 'T or v or p. The actual distances are not of much help because ancient dead reckoning was so erratic. [r45] 68545 stades. Isidorus in Plin. 2.242 and Marc. Heracl. in Muller I p.520 have 78545. Compare 71560 by the other route v13 infra. Eratosthenes padded his longitude (Strabo 64, Berger pp.156-63). Posidonius gave 70000 (FGrHist 87 F 28 in Strabo 102c, [Arist.] De Mundo 393b21). [v1] In the distances east of the Euphrates Artemidorus followed Eratosthenes (Strabo 663o). 16000 stades: Artemidorus in Plin. 6.70; Eratos­thenes in Strabo 64A, 689D; Arr. Indica 3.4-5(?); Berger p.231. 15300 stades: Eratosthenes in Strabo 514c, 723co, Berger pp.159, 242. 10050 stades: 10000 Eratosthenes in Strabo 648, 79c et al., Berger p.159. [v2] 375 is too small. Polybius in Plin. 5.67 has 175 miles {1400 stades), cf. Strabo 749A(?). 16 [v2] 26820 stades. Polybius in Plin. 5.206 has 2440 miles {19520 stades), Agrippa in Plin. 6.207 has 3440 miles (27520 stades). [v3] 1300 stades: see r3 infra. 1900 stades: Strabo 6828. [v4] pp. is beyond correction; 1450 is wanted to make up the sum as the numbers stand now. 4000 stades: Artemidorus in Strabo 267 A,

3638, has 4600, with 4000 as alternative in 363B. [v5] 1520 stades. Agathem. v30 infra, Plin. 3.87, have 1600. Pliny gives 1520 stades (190 miles) for Lilybaeum­Caralis. [ v6] Plin. 2.242: A rtemidorus adicit amplius a Gadibus circuitu sacri promunturi ad promunturium Artabrum, quo longissime frons procurrat Hispaniae, DCCCCXCII (7932 stades). Marc.Heracl. in Muller I p.521 has 9000. [v7] 76477 stades. For the correction~ for {3 cf v12 infra 6654. 17 [v7] 1950 stades. Artemi­dorus in Strabo 663o has only 1440. [ v8] 3990 stades. Artemidorus in Strabo 663co has stages amounting to only 3800. [v9) 720 stades. Plin. 4.9, 11: 5+ 85 miles (720 stades). [vH}] 700 stades (1°). Plin. 4.11: 88 miles {704 stades). Com­pare Polybius in Strabo 105o. [vll] Supplements from Plin. 2.244. [vll] E1nyyop.cryov. See RE 11 (1907) 624f. [viZ] Illiberis. SeeRE 17 (1914) 1069. [v12] 60 stades. Plin. 2.244 trajectu Gades VII D (60 stades). We want ferries, not inns ('1TavcS6Kta) here. 18 [vl3] Eratosthenes measured the latitude of the olKovpi'"l from the KLvvap.wJUX/>6poc to Meroe 3000 or 3400 stades (Strabo 62D-63A, 114AB, Berger pp.142£). The estimate here, 5000 stades from the Aethiopic Sea, seems to be Artemidorus' own; compare Plin. 2.245, 6.209, Marc.Heracl. in Muller I p.521, anon. exc. Haun. in Muller I p.424, Diller p.39. [v14] 10000 stades. Here again (cf. vi supra) Artemidorus follows Eratosthenes. [v14] ,w~ is beyond correction. The sums of the stages is 17950. Pliny omits this route with its rare names, but seems to refer to it in the words {2.245) qui cursus (18696, v22 infra) conpendiis maris brevior fieri potest LXXIX. By this token we would want ,1JVij here. [v14] Plin. 2.246: ab ostio Tanais . .. Artentidorus ultiora

AUBREY DILLER 75

inconperta existimavit. Eratosthenes pur the northern limit at the Borysthenes (apart from the problem of Thule) (see on v13 supra). The Tanais must be an improvement by Artemidorus. [vi5] Thoantion: Strabo 655B, Ptol. 5.2, 33. Lakter: Strabo 657c, RE 22 (1922) I473.I5. [vi6] Drepanon: Strabo 657c, RE 10 (1905) 1646, 22 (1922) 1471.61. Arkitis: REI (1894) 1197.33. Korsiai: RE 22 (1922) 1377f, 1438. Ampelos: RE 2 (1894) 1882.5. Argennon: RE 3 (1895) 705. [v17] Korynaion: RE 22 (I922) 1460, I44S, I451. Phlion: unknown. Melaneus: Malea, Malia, RE 24 (1925) 212S.66. [viS] Sigrion: RE 4A (I923) 2456. 450 and 100 stades: Plin. 5.140. [viS and 21] 2500 stades: Strabo I25c 1500 srades, Isidorus in Plin. 5.150 322-!- miles (2580 stades). [v19] 2SOOstades: Strabo 546co. 2500 stades: Strabo 309c. 2200 stades: Strabo 310c, 493co.

V 20 [ v22] With this fifth chapter on the islands of the Mediterranean compare Diod. Book 5, Hygin. Fab. 276, Ptol. Geogr. 7.7.11, ps.-Scylax 113 in Muller I p.96, anon. exc. Paris. in MUller II pp.50S-11. The heptad of largest islands appears in Alexis Comicus fr.268 Kock and Timaeus FGrHist 566 F 65. [v22] -rae 1T€ptpi-rpovc: often the length with or without the breadth instead of the perimeter. [v22] Artemidorus has been a main source before, but Menippus (of Pergamum) is new here. Timosthenes is cited on Sicily (v28, 30 infra). These three and Eratosthenes were well known to Marc.Heracl. in Muller I p.566. [v23] Gadeira I20x 16 stades. Cf. Strabo 169A,-Polybius in Plin. 4.119. [v24] 80 stades: Plin. 3.4 (10 miles) and Marc.Heracl. in Muller I p.518. Various numbers were given for this width: Damastes, FGrHist 5 F 2 (7 stades), Polyb. 16.29.9 (60), ps.-Scymnus 144 in Muller I p.199 (30), Strabo 122B (70), S27c (60), Plin. 3.3-4 (40, 56, SO), Philostr. VA 5.1 (60). [v24] 300 stades. Cf. Diod. 5.16, Strabo 167BC (400), Plin. 3.76 (46 miles). [v24] rvi-Lva.cla.L. Cf rv!-LVT)clet.L v5 supra. Both occur elsewhere. On the name Baliariae see Timaeus, FGrHist 566 F 66 with commentary. [v25) 1200x 400 stades: Artemidorus in Strabo I67c. Cf Strabo, ibid. (600x 200), Plin. 3.77 (100 miles). [v26) 300 stades. Cf Plin. 3.77 (40 miles). [v26] Stoichades: Strabo 184o, RE 7 A (1931) 54f. [v27] 1ro8oc i'xvoc: Timaeus, FGrHist 566 F 63 in Plin. 3.S5. [v27] 2200 stades: Strabo 224o (220 miles). [v27] €>..a.TTov ~ iJ!-Ltcv: not so Strabo 224D, Plin. 3.80, 84. [v28] 1200 stades: Artemidorus in Strabo 224A. Cf Plin. 3.80. [v29] 4740 stades. The sum of the three sides given infra is 4660. Accounts of the dimensions of Sicily dis­agree: Timaeus, FGrHist 566 F 164 in Diod. 5.22; Posidonius, FGrHist 87 F 62 in Strabo 266A; Plin. 3.87. [v29) 12 stades: Plin. 3.73. Cf Thuc. 6.1.2 (20 stades), Strabo 122c, 257B (7 stades). [v30) 1600 stades. Cf v5 supra (1520 stades). [v31] 1500 stades: Strabo 122c, 834A. Cf Strabo 277B, Plin. 3.87. 21 [v31-34) Cercina and Meninx: Strabo 834cn, Plin. 5.41. 23 [v34) Tetrapolis: Thuc. 2.30.2, Strabo 455co, Steph.Byz. Kpd.vtot, Et.Magn. K€cpaJJ.."f}v{a.. [ v35] Adriatic islands: Strabo 124A, 315Bc, Plin. 3.152. 24 [v36-37] Peloponnesus: Artemidorus in Strabo 335AB, Plin. 4.9. [v37) cpv>..Acp 1TAa.-r&.vov: Strabo 83o, 335A, Mela 2.38, Plin. 4.9, Dionys.Per. 404. [v3S] The text is beyond repair. I construe &1ro with

76 AGATHEMERUS, SKETCH OF GEOGRAPHY

cvvclyETcn, place a lacuna after .EapwvtKofi, and transpose ~~ dlwwp.wv Ma

[v39] The only other author who mentions •Epf.LWVtKOc KoA?Toc is Strabo (59s, 368s, 369AB, cf 484o). It is out of order here. [v42] Seven stades: Thuc. 2.86.3, Strabo 335o (5 stades), Plin. 4.6. [v43] 3000 stades: Strabo 363s. Cf 837A (2800), Plin. 5.32 (350 miles). 25 [v43] 160 stades. Cf Strabo 375B (180), Plin. 4.57 (18 miles). [v44] 70 stades: Strabo 393A. [v44] 120 stades. Cf Plin. 4.62. [v44] f.LtKptt l:£KEAI.a: Plin. 4.67. [r1] Makris: ps.-Scymnus 568 in MUller I p.218, Strabo 445A, Steph.Byz. EiJ{Jow, Ma~ep£c et al. [r1] 1700 stades. Cf Strabo 444n (1200), Plin. 4.63 (150 nilles), ps.-Scylax 58 in Muller I p.47 (1350). 26 [r1] 4100 stades, 2300 stades: Artemidorus and Sosicrates in Strabo 474o, 475A. The two numbers are incompatible; they must be from different authors. Cf ps.-Scylax 113 in Muller I p.96 (2500), Plin. 4.58 (589, 270 miles), anon. exc. Paris. in Muller II p.509 (4300). [r2] {JvpcrJ Of.Lola. Strabo has this figure for Iberia (83o, 127o, 137c) and Carthage (832c, 833B, App. Libyca 95, 127-130). Cf Eustathius on Dionys. Per. 157 in Muller II p.245. [r2] 3420 stades: Timosthenes in Plin. 5.129, Strabo 682A. [r3] 1300 stades: Artemidorus in Plin. 5.129, v3 supra; cf Timosthenes in Plin. ibid. (1600), Strabo ibid. (1400). [r3] 3800 stades. Cf Strabo 683co (3600) [r3] 1300 stades. Cf Strabo 655A (920), Plin. 5.132 (1000 or 825), ps.-Scylax 113 in Muller I p.96 (600). [r3] 550 stades: Strabo 657c. Cf Plin. 5.134 (800). [r4] 630 stades. Cf Strabo 637B (600), Plin. 5.135 (700 or 800). [r4] 300 stades: Strabo 639A, Plin. 4.68, ps.-Scylax 113 in Muller I p.95. This is a single length in a series of perimeters. Strabo even gives it as the perimeter. [r4] 660 stades. Cf Strabo 645AB (900), Plin. 5.136 (1000 or 1072), anon. exc. Paris. in Muller II p.510 (1600). [r4] 1100 stades: Strabo 616o. Cf Plin. 5.140 (1560 or 1344), anon. exc. Paris. in Muller II p.510 (1180).

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

july, 1974