age of dinosaurs lab 2: the vertebrate skeleton
TRANSCRIPT
Age of DinosLab II
The Vertebrate Skeleton
The Functions of the Skeleton
•A reservoir of chemicals needed in metabolism
•A structural support for soft tissue
•Armor for vulnerable body parts
•A framework upon which muscles may act to facilitate movement
Bone
•Composed of mineral and protein
•Mineral is hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate compound
•Proteins structure is complex and includes several substances
Divisions within the skeleton
•Axial skeleton
•bones of the skull and vertebral column
•Appendicular skeleton
•bones of the limbs and limb girdles
The Skull
•Houses brain and sensory organs
•Houses feeding structures
•Houses muscles that operate the jaw
Openings for the Spinal Chord
•Foramen Magnum
•means ‘big hole’
•opening at the back of the skull where the spinal chord exits
Openings for Sensory Organs
•Naris
•bony opening for the nostril
•Choana
•Bony opening on the palate that communicates with the Naris
•Orbit
•Bony eye socket
Openings for the Jaw Muscles
•Temporal Region
•part of skull behind the orbit
•houses braincase and muscles of the jaw
•Abductor Chamber
•Part of the temporal region where jaw muscles attached
Fenestrae
•Openings in the skull that allow muscles to get bigger
•Four major groups of Fenestrae
•Posttemporal
•Infratemporal
•Supratemporal
•Mandibular
Openings for Air Sacs
•These chambers are called pneumatic
•Filled with air
•Function unknown
•Two major groups
•Antorbital fenestra
•Maxillary fenestra
The Vertebral Column
•Cervical Vertebrae
•vertebrae of the neck
•Dorsal Vertebrae
•vertebrae of the back
Vertebrae (cont.)
•Sacral Vertebrae
•pelvic bones are solidly attached to these
•Caudal Vertebrae
•vertebrae of the tail
Ribs
•Ribs are attached to most vertebrae
•Called either cervical, dorsal, sacral, or caudal ribs
Haemal arches
•Found below caudal vertebrae
•Have a V-shaped profile from the front
•Look like commas from the side
Pectoral Girdle
•Scapula
•the shoulder game
•Coracoid
•greatly reduced in mammals
•abuts the scapula
Pectoral Girdle (cont.)
•Glenoid Fossa
•socket in the scapula and the coracoid that abuts the humerus
•Clavicle
•the collar bone
The Forlimb
•Humerus
•upper arm bone
•Radius
•one of two lower arm bones
•on the same side as your thumb
The Forelimb (cont.)
•Ulna
•one of the bones of the lower arm
•forms the elbow
•looks like a wrench
The Forelimb (cont.)
•Carpals
•bones of the wrist
•Metacarpals
•long bones of the hand
•Phalanges
•bones of the fingers
The Pelvic Girdle
•Acetabulum
•hip socket formed from the junction of the three pelvic bones
•Ilium
•forms the upper third of the acetabulum and extends above it
The Pelvic Girdle (cont.)
•Pubis
•Forms lower part of acetabulum
•Ischium
•forms lower rear part of acetabulum
The Hindlimb
•Femur
•Large bone of the upper leg
•Fibula
•the outer long bone of the lower leg
•much smaller than the tibia
The Hindlimb (cont.)
•Tibia
•inner bone of the lower leg
•much larger than the fibula
•Tarsals
•ankle bones
The Hindlimb (cont.)
•Metatarsals
•long bones of the foot
•Phalanges
•bones of toes