Age Of Revolutions 1750-Age Of Revolutions 1750-19141914

1.1. American Revolution 1776-1789American Revolution 1776-1789

2.2. French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1814French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1814

3.3. Reactionarism (1815-1848) and the Reactionarism (1815-1848) and the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

4.4. Latin American Revolutions – Haiti, Mexico Latin American Revolutions – Haiti, Mexico and South America (early 1800s)and South America (early 1800s)

L.O. Students will analyze the L.O. Students will analyze the underlying social, political, and underlying social, political, and economic causes of the French economic causes of the French RevolutionRevolutionDo NowDo Now: :

1. In your opinion, what role does social 1. In your opinion, what role does social order play in society?order play in society?2. In your opinion, What could cause the 2. In your opinion, What could cause the economy of a powerful nation to fall aparteconomy of a powerful nation to fall apart

rapidly?rapidly?3. How could a nation attempt to rectify 3. How could a nation attempt to rectify the economic crisis it was enduring?the economic crisis it was enduring?

American Revolution-1776-American Revolution-1776-17891789• Increased British “interference” in American colonies Increased British “interference” in American colonies

including increased taxation leads to revolt by localsincluding increased taxation leads to revolt by locals

• Britain has difficulties fighting a war so far away from Britain has difficulties fighting a war so far away from its territoriesits territories

• Has a “2Has a “2ndnd Part” in the War of 1812 which finally Part” in the War of 1812 which finally resolves USA’s existenceresolves USA’s existence

• Based on the principles of “The Enlightenment” a Based on the principles of “The Enlightenment” a strong government is established after 1789 with the strong government is established after 1789 with the signing of the US Constitution. A “large % of people signing of the US Constitution. A “large % of people could vote (compared to in England)could vote (compared to in England)

• Regional (North vs South) differences exist and a Regional (North vs South) differences exist and a strong unified country is not established until after the strong unified country is not established until after the Civil War in mid-1800s.Civil War in mid-1800s.

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

17891789

What were the main causes of What were the main causes of the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

1. System of Government1. System of Government

2. Social Order 2. Social Order

3. Economic crises3. Economic crises

4. Enlightenment Ideas4. Enlightenment Ideas

5. Weak leadership 5. Weak leadership

6. The American Revolution6. The American Revolution

System of GovernmentSystem of Government

• France was an France was an absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy

– Ruler has complete power over the Ruler has complete power over the government and lives of the people they government and lives of the people they governgovern

– Divine right of kingsDivine right of kings

King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI

Reigned 1774-1791 Reigned 1774-1791

Queen Marie AntoinetteQueen Marie Antoinette

Social Order in FranceSocial Order in France

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime: old order, the : old order, the system of government in pre-system of government in pre-revolution Francerevolution France

KING

FIRST ESTATE1%

SECOND ESTATE1%

THIRD ESTATE98 %

Social Order of FranceSocial Order of France

The First EstateThe First Estate

•ClergyClergy

Privileges: Privileges:

- Collected tithesCollected tithes

- Paid no taxesPaid no taxes

- Bishops -Were usually wealthy Bishops -Were usually wealthy appointed noblesappointed nobles

- Parish priests were usually poorParish priests were usually poor

The Second EstateThe Second Estate

• Titled nobility of French societyTitled nobility of French society

Privelages:Privelages:– Paid no taxes Paid no taxes – Top jobs in government, the army, the Top jobs in government, the army, the

courts and the Churchcourts and the Church– Disliked losing positions to the rising Disliked losing positions to the rising

bourgeoisies bourgeoisies

The Third EstateThe Third Estate• Consisted of everyone who was not clergy Consisted of everyone who was not clergy

or nobility or nobility • Largest class 98% Largest class 98% • Vastly diverseVastly diverseBourgeoisie Bourgeoisie – middle class were top – middle class were top

of third estateof third estateIncluded professionals such as ?Included professionals such as ?Bankers, merchants, lawyers & Dr.’sBankers, merchants, lawyers & Dr.’sMajority – rural peasantsMajority – rural peasants

Abbé Sieyès‘ (theorist of the Abbé Sieyès‘ (theorist of the Revolution) Revolution) What is the Third Estate?What is the Third Estate?

    We must ask ourselves three questions.We must ask ourselves three questions.

  1. What is the Third State?  1. What is the Third State? Everything.Everything.

  2. What has it been until now in the political   2. What has it been until now in the political order? order?

Nothing.Nothing.

  3. What does it want to be?   3. What does it want to be? SomethingSomething........

• Estates GeneralEstates General: is the legislative : is the legislative body made up of representatives of body made up of representatives of the three estates.the three estates.

• Can only be summoned by the kingCan only be summoned by the king

• Had not been called for 175 yearsHad not been called for 175 years

• Each estate had 1 voteEach estate had 1 vote

Another cause: Economic Another cause: Economic CrisesCrises Severe economic crisesSevere economic crises

--France was deeply in debtFrance was deeply in debt

Deficit spendingDeficit spending – occurs when a – occurs when a government government spends more than they spends more than they take in take in National Debt – interest hugeNational Debt – interest huge

Causes: Economic CrisesCauses: Economic Crises

• Lavish Spending by previous Lavish Spending by previous monarchsmonarchs– Louis XV (War of the Austrian Louis XV (War of the Austrian

Succession)Succession)– Louis XIVLouis XIV

•Three major warsThree major wars

• Chateau de Versailles Chateau de Versailles

Causes: Economic CrisesCauses: Economic Crises

Bad Harvests Bad Harvests Food prices soaredFood prices soared

Brought widespread famine to peasantsBrought widespread famine to peasants

Population growthPopulation growth

Lavish spending at court Lavish spending at court Financing wars includingFinancing wars including

-The Seven Years War (France lost)-The Seven Years War (France lost)

-The American Revolution-The American Revolution

Economic Reform Economic Reform Jacques Necker: financial Jacques Necker: financial advisor advisor • appointed by the kingappointed by the king

– Reduce extravagant spending Reduce extravagant spending – Tax the First and second EstatesTax the First and second Estates– Dismissed Dismissed – King failed to institute reformsKing failed to institute reforms– This angered the Third EstateThis angered the Third Estate

Jacques NeckerJacques Necker

The AmericanThe American RevolutionRevolution

Ideas of the Ideas of the philosophesphilosophes

RousseauRousseau

Montesquieu Montesquieu

VoltaireVoltaire

Enlightenment IdeasEnlightenment Ideas

• Equality and justice for allEquality and justice for all

• Governments power comes from the Governments power comes from the peoplepeople

• People have natural rights to life, People have natural rights to life, liberty and property liberty and property

• Separation of powersSeparation of powers

• Checks and balancesChecks and balances

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

• Cost of financing the AmericansCost of financing the Americans

• Enlightenment ideas successfully Enlightenment ideas successfully implementedimplemented

• Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

• Cahiers: notebooks used to list Cahiers: notebooks used to list grievances of the Three Estates grievances of the Three Estates

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIMarie Antoinette & Louis XVI

Let Them Eat Cake! –Let Them Eat Cake! – out of out of

touchtouch

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““The Austrian Whore”/ Necklace The Austrian Whore”/ Necklace Scandal?Summer Cottage scandalScandal?Summer Cottage scandal

Socio-Economic Data, Socio-Economic Data, 17891789

The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s King’s Budget:Budget:

– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789Map, 1789

How can the King raise $?

• Needs to call the Estates General – to raise funds and tax the nobles.

Lettres de CachetLettres de Cachet

Y The French king could The French king could warrantwarrantimprisonment or death in aimprisonment or death in asigned letter under his seal.signed letter under his seal.

Y A A carte-blanchecarte-blanche warrant. warrant.

Y Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000during the reign of Louis XV!during the reign of Louis XV!

Y Eliminated in 1790.Eliminated in 1790.

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting The Suggested Voting Pattern:Pattern:

Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates1

1

1

Louis XIV insisted that Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.three orders be conserved in its entirety.

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives

in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300

300

648

Emmanuel Joseph Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes – opposes the Sieyes – opposes the

systemsystem

11stst What is the Third What is the Third Estate? Estate? Everything!Everything!22ndnd What has it been What has it been heretofore in the heretofore in the political order? political order? Nothing! Nothing!33rdrd What does it What does it demand?demand? To become To become somethingsomething therein! therein!

Abbé SieyèsAbbé Sieyès1748-18361748-1836

““The Third Estate The Third Estate Awakens”Awakens”Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their

credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.

The Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath

Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789

Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.

Y 18 died.18 died.

Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.

Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.

Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].

The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land. – Nobles are killed and and pillage their land. – Nobles are killed and most flee France hoping to return when things most flee France hoping to return when things calm downcalm down

The The PathPath

of theof the“Great“GreatFear”Fear”

Night Session of August Night Session of August 4, 17894, 1789

Y Before the night was over:Before the night was over: The feudal regime in France had The feudal regime in France had

been abolished.been abolished.

All Frenchmen were, at least in All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices.eligible for the same offices.

Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy!

National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust DecreesAugust 4-11, 1789August 4-11, 1789

(A renunciation of aristocratic (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!)privileges!)

Liberté!Liberté!Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .

Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]principle of private property!]

Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.

Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.

Their GoalTheir Goal Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Enlightenment ideals put into law by the Citizen – Enlightenment ideals put into law by the

National Assembly – First Republic of France National Assembly – First Republic of France established – King is a figurehead Monarchyestablished – King is a figurehead Monarchy

August 26, August 26, 17891789

V Liberty!Liberty!

V Property!Property!

V Resistance to Resistance to oppression!oppression!

V Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at was in Paris at this time.this time.

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of

the Citizen the Citizen Posed New DilemmasPosed New Dilemmas

1.1. Did women have equal rights with Did women have equal rights with men? NOmen? NO

2.2. What about free blacks in the What about free blacks in the colonies? NOcolonies? NO

3.3. How could slavery be justified if all How could slavery be justified if all men were born free? ??? They trymen were born free? ??? They try

4.4. Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political and Jews include equal political rights? NOrights? NO

Olympe de Gouges Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)(1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread.women for bread.

The “October The “October Days” Days” (1789)(1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded by evil The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Tuileries

PalacePalace..

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1.1. Confiscate Church Confiscate Church Lands Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.

2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print

AssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.

Depreciation of the Depreciation of the AssignatAssignat

V Whoever acquired them were entitled to Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church certain privileges in the purchase of church land.land.

V The state would retire the notes as the land The state would retire the notes as the land was sold.was sold.

V They began circulating as paper currency.They began circulating as paper currency. Government printed more Government printed more INFLATIONINFLATION [they [they

lost 99% of their value ultimately].lost 99% of their value ultimately]. Therefore, future governments paid off their Therefore, future governments paid off their

creditors with cheap money.creditors with cheap money.

The Civil The Civil Constitution Constitution

of the of the ClergyClergy

July 12,July 12,17901790

JuryingJurying

vs.vs.

Non-JuryingNon-Jurying[refractory][refractory]

ClergyClergyThe oath of allegiance The oath of allegiance permanently divided the Catholic permanently divided the Catholic

population!population!

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized: Parish priests Parish priests elected by the district elected by the district

assemblies.assemblies. Bishops Bishops named by the named by the

department assemblies.department assemblies. The pope had NO The pope had NO

voice in the voice in the appointment of appointment of the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V The king got the The king got the “suspensive” veto“suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].for 4 years].

He could not pass laws.He could not pass laws. His ministers were responsible for their His ministers were responsible for their

own actions.own actions.

V A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.National Assembly.

Had the power to grant taxation.Had the power to grant taxation.

V An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

The French Constitution The French Constitution of 1791:of 1791:

A Bourgeois A Bourgeois GovernmentGovernment

V ““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen [who pays taxes [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

1/3 of adult males were denied the 1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.franchise.

Domestic servants were also Domestic servants were also excluded.excluded.V A newly elected A newly elected LEGISLATIVE LEGISLATIVE

ASSEMBLYASSEMBLY..

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

GOALGOAL Make sure that the country Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!was not turned over to the mob!

The Royal Family The Royal Family Attempts Attempts

to Fleeto FleeY June, 1791June, 1791

Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover].lover].

Y Headed toward the Headed toward the LuxembourgLuxembourgborder.border.

Y The King wasThe King wasrecognized atrecognized atVarennes, nearVarennes, nearthe borderthe border

Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench Revolution – How will the rest of French Revolution – How will the rest of

Europe react to what is happening in Europe react to what is happening in France?France?

Sir Edmund Burke Sir Edmund Burke (1790):(1790):

Reflections on the Revolution Reflections on the Revolution in Francein France

The conservative The conservative response to the French response to the French

Revolution – Great Britain Revolution – Great Britain fearful it will spreadfearful it will spread

The First Coalition The First Coalition &&

TheThe Brunswick Brunswick ManifestoManifesto

(August 3, 1792)(August 3, 1792)

FRANCEFRANCE1792

-1797

1792-

1797AUSTRIAAUSTRIAPRUSSIAPRUSSIABRITAINBRITAINSPAINSPAINPIEDMONTPIEDMONT

Duke of BrunswickDuke of Brunswick if the Royal Family is if the Royal Family is harmed,harmed, Paris will be leveled!! Paris will be leveled!!

This military crisis undermined the new This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.Legislative Assembly.

French Soldiers & the French Soldiers & the Tricolor:Tricolor:

ViveVive Le Patrie!Le Patrie!V The French armies The French armies were ill-prepared for were ill-prepared for the conflict.the conflict.

V ½ of the officer ½ of the officer corps had corps had emigrated.emigrated.

V Many men disserted.Many men disserted.

V New recruits were New recruits were enthusiastic, butenthusiastic, butill-trained.ill-trained.

V French troops often French troops often broke ranks and fled broke ranks and fled in disorder.in disorder.

French Expansion: 1791-1799 – under French Expansion: 1791-1799 – under General Napoleon’s leadership French General Napoleon’s leadership French army becomes organized and effectivearmy becomes organized and effective