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AGE OF

REVOLUTIONS

AND CHANGE

1750 - 1900

Colonialism

Sending colonists to new lands

Dominating the social, political, economic and

social structure

– North and South America: settler colonies

established by Europe

– Economic Colonies: India and southeast Asia

(much smaller amounts of colonists) Instead,

businessmen and government officials

developed polices to benefit the mother

country

Imperialism – Origins & CausesEconomic

- Industrial Europe needed colonies to act as

distributors

- Additional source for raw materials

Political

- Strategic Colonies

- Protection and support of Missionaries

- Spreading Nationalism

Social and Cultural

- Population Growth

- People needed/wanted to move

- Charles Darwin & Social Darwinism

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Industrialism & Imperialism

Questions

What is Colonialism?

What is Imperialism?

THE FIRST “WORLD” WARS 1750 - 1765

– War of Austrian Succession and Rise of Prussia

• France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in wars

• Rise of Prussia as a great power, UK as a super power

– Colonial Wars (French & Indian War)

• Battles fought around the world

– Colonies changed hands, colonials effected

– English, French contest for North America

– France lost influence in North America, Caribbean, India

• England emerges as world’s super power

– British navy rules seas unopposed

– Acquires former French North American colonies

– Acquires preeminent influence in India

– Acquires right to supply slaves to Americas

– Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers

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THE FIRST “WORLD” WARS American Revolution 1776 – 1783 and the Wider World

Impact

– British colonists revolt, inspired by Enlightenment

– American ships ranged seas attacking English

– Dutch, French, Spanish support colonial efforts

• Dispatch aid, ships, troops to fight in colonies, on seas

– Treaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independence

– Canada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate

– Great impact, influence on Latin Americans, European reformers

War of 1812 – 1812-1815

– Continued fighting with England – Tie

The American Revolution

War of 1812

– Inspired by the American Revolution

– More radical in scope, and ideals

– Goal: Replace “old order” and absolute

monarch with new cultural, social and

political structures

– Immediate causes: Financial crisis,

inequalities between social classes

(estates)

– Ends in “Reign of Terror – Napoleon

takes over

French Revolution

Reign of Napoleon

Brought war to Europe

Rules from 1799 to 1815

Defeated in the Battle of Waterloo

Effects of Napoleon

– Unseated monarchs in Spain and

Portugal

– Led to uprisings in Latin American

colonies

Napoleon Mini-Bio

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1789 Europe

1810 Map

1815 Map

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The Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna/Concert of Europe• Alliance of European monarchs• Kept peace for 100 years

Goals for Decision Makers

• Make sure France could not rise again

• Put down revolution wherever it might appear

• Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

• Restore monarchy in France

• Create new nations and reward victors

• Belgium to be neutral nation forever

Questions

What were the first World Wars?

What was the War of 1812?

What was the French Revolution?

What did Napoleon do?

1848 Revolutions A universal upheaval that, with the exceptions of Russia

and England, affected the entire continent

France – February 1848

– Revolution provoked by the government’s refusal to

grant voting rights to people below the wealthier

classes

Austrian Empire in 1848

– Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, parts of Poland,

Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy

The March Days of 1848

– Inspired by the February events in France, revolution

swept through the Austrian empire and through all

Italy and Germany

– Austria grants Hungary autonomy as war rages in Italy

and Germany prepared for unification

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United States Expansion

Mexican-American War – 1846-

1848– California & Southwest seized from Mexico

– Completed Manifest Destiny – Winner

Indian Wars – 1817-1898– Battle of the Little Big Horn – Indians winner

– Geronimo & Apaches vs. U.S. Calvary – Indians Lose

– Resistance to U.S. power crushed

– U.S. winner

Mexican-American War

Crimean War Key Events: 1853-54

– Russia defeated Turkish fleet (fall 1853)

– Russia occupies Ottoman territories

– Britain, France, Sardinia join Ottoman

Empire (the Allies) and declared war on

Russia

Austria neutral (but later entered the war with Allies)

Charge of the Light Brigade (British), failed

Treaty of Paris – 1856 Russia Defeated

Allies give back land captured during war

No true winners, no one satisfied

The Unification of Italy, 1860–1870

By the mid-nineteenth century, popular sentiment favored Italian unification. Unification was opposed by Pope Pius IX and Austria.

In the south, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolutionary army in 1860 that defeated the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

A new Kingdom of Italy, headed by Victor Emmanuel (the former king of Piedmont-Sardinia) was formed in 1860. In time, Venetia (1866) and the Papal States (1870) were added to Italy.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

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Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy

American Civil War –1860-1865

Lincoln Elected, South Secedes

Issues of States Rights, Slavery

Battle of Gettysburg turning point of the

war – Union won

American Civil War

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EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR

Creation of a single unified country

Abolition of slavery

Increased power to federal government –killed the issue of states rights

U.S. now an industrial nation & beginning of Superpower

A stronger sense of nationalism

Western lands increasingly opened to settlement

Building of the Transcontinental Railroad

Questions

Why was the Mexican-America important?

What was the Crimean War?

What were the results of the American

Civil War?

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY Germany

– German Confederacy a collection of independent states dominated by Austria

– Prussia the largest German state but limited in action by Austria

– Prussia and Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

• Created a united Germany through blood and iron – REALPOLITIK – provoked three wars

– Denmark – 1864 – Prussia Allied with Austria

– Austria – 1866 – Prussia easy on loser Austria

– France – 1870-71 – Franco-Prussian War –France loses Alsace-Loraine, France vows revenge

– 1871 Prussian king proclaimed Emperor (Kaiser) of the Second Reich (First Reich was during Charlemagne’s rule)

– 1888 Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser, Fires Bismarck

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RUSSIAN EXPANSION Nineteenth-century Russia

– Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power

• Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria)

• Russia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern Europe

• Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW Asia

• Expands into Central Asia, Pacific

• Also wanted access to Mediterranean Sea

War against the Ottoman Empire

– Crimean War 1853 - 1856

• France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported Ottomans

• Crushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industry

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

– Russian expansion into China, Korea met Japan

– Japanese attack Russia without warning

– Defeat two Russian fleets, armies

– First defeat of a European by an Asian power

– Japan emerges as a world military power

RUSSIAN EMPIRE

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THE OTTOMAN EMPIRETHE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPE

By 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying state

– Central government

• Horribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviable

• Central authority breaks down and provinces begin to rebel, break off

– Multinational state

• Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians

– Nationalism affects some subject peoples

• Albania, Egypt, Greece all seek independence

Balkan Wars and the Ottoman Empire

• Territory lost to Austria, Russia

– Balkan Wars led to a Russo-France alliance and the Austro-German alliance

AUSTRIAN-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE Austria 1750–1814

– A collection of states, no common government, few common

institutions

Austria in 1815–1860

– One of the victors against Napoleon but weakest, most

threatened of Europe’s great powers

Austria in 1866–1870

– Defeated in 1858 by French-Sardinian Alliance; 1866 by

Prussia

– Agree to rule jointly with Hungarians; name changed to

Austria-Hungary

Austria 1870–1914

– State threatened by Pan-Slavic nationalism

• Forms an alliance with Germany to protect state

• Opposes any form of national independence for Slavs

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MAP OF CONFUSION

Questions

How did Germany unify?

How successful was Russia’s expansion?

Who was the “sick old man of Europe?”

What was the Austrian-Hungarian Empire?

AFRICA European nations ready to go to war in

Africa

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

- Workout the Partition of Africa

European Powers could acquire land by:

– First occupying it and settling it

– Notifying the other nations of the claim

African people had no say in divisions or

who ruled them

Ethiopia only free nation in Africa

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Boer War Boer War (1899-

1903)

Boer's (Dutch

Immigrants) Settled

South Africa

- Gold Discovered (1884)

- British battle with Rights

to South Africa

- British used

concentration camps to

subdue population

- Britain Prevailed

- Union of South Africa

Created in 1910

The Boer War

Moroccan Crisis - 1905-06, 1911

Germany vs France, England, Italy, &

Russia

• Morocco occupied jointly by France

• Wilhelm II of Germany spoke for

Moroccan Independence

• Russia & Italy got involved because of

alliances with France

2nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) – rebellion in

Fez

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Questions

What was the Berlin Conference?

Why was the Boer War important?

What happened in Morocco?

Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and

Manchu invasion

Manchu and Han Chinese form Qing Dynasty

Portuguese, Dutch and British all have trading rights but

are carefully controlled by Qing

Catholic missionaries build churches and challenge

Confucianism

Christianity is banned in 1724

Christians ignore the ban and continue to push into China

during Qing

Western invasions (1839-1900) Opium War (1839-1842)

The Second Opium War (1856 - 1860)

British fight China over rights to sell opium

Britain wins, gains Hong Kong, Christians back

Russia’s territorial gains

• Northeast China (1858-1860)

• Northwest China (1881-1884)

Sino-French War (1883-1885) – Sino means Chinese

French seize Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia from China

Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

8-nation forces (1900)

Europe establishes Spheres of Influence in China

Boxer Rebellion tries to remove foreigners – Fails

U.S. Open Door Policy forces China to open borders

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is cooll

In the early nineteenth century, Japan was ruled by the Tokugawa shoguns and local lords had significant autonomy.

In 1853, the American Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan with a fleet of steam-powered warships and demanded that the Japanese open their ports to trade and American ships.

Dissatisfaction with the shogun's capitulation to American and European demands led to a civil war and the overthrow of the shogunate in 1868.

Japan Joins the Great Powers 1865-1905

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Industrialization was accompanied by the development of an authoritarian constitutional

monarchy and a foreign policy that defined Japan’s “sphere of influence” to include Korea, Manchuria, and part of China.

Japan defeated China in a war that began in 1894 and set the stage for Japanese

competition with Russia for influence in the Chinese province of Manchuria. Japanese power was further demonstrated when Japan

defeated Russia in 1905 and annexed Korea in 1910.

Japan began to expand in the Pacific at the same time as the United States.

The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1905

Questions

What happened in China in the 1800s?

How did Japan become a world power by

1900?

The Stage is Set

As the 20th Century began, nations from

around the world were getting ready

A chain of events soon changed the world

forever; even though the world did not

have a clue what was coming

Each nation felt that they were right and

justified in what they did and every other

nation was wrong – No compromise.