age-standardized prevalence of raised total cholesterol in adults aged 25+ years, by who region and...
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Age-standardized prevalence of raised total cholesterol in adults aged 25+ years, by WHO Region and
World Bank income group, comparable estimates
WHO, 2008EMR - Eastern Mediterranean, SEAR - South East Asia, WPR - Western Pacific
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FactsFacts
• In 2008, the global prevalence of raised total cholesterol among adults was 39% (37% for males and 40% for females). Globally, mean total cholesterol changed little between 1980 and 2008, falling by less than 0.1 mmol/L per decade in men and women (59). The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol was highest in the WHO European Region (54% for both sexes), followed by the WHO Region of the Americas (48% for both sexes). The WHO African Region and the WHO South-East Asia Region showed the lowest percentages (23% and 30% respectively).
• The prevalence of raised total cholesterol increased noticeably according to the income level of the country.
• In low-income countries, around a quarter of adults had raised total cholesterol, in lower-middleincome countries this rose to around a third of the population for both sexes.
• In high-income countries, over 50% of adults had raised total cholesterol; more than double the level of the low-income countries.
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• Czech republic:Czech republic:
- more than 37,5 % of inhabitants older
than 40 have total plasma cholesterol
above 6.2 mmol/L
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TGCH
apoB
TGCH
apoB
CH
apoB
CH
apoB
Atherogenic lipoproteinsAtherogenic lipoproteins – – produced by liverproduced by liver
VLDL IDL LDL sd LDL
AntiatAntiathherogenerogenic lipopoteinsic lipopoteins - trapped by liver- trapped by liverCH
apoA-I
transport CH from tissuestransport CH from tissuesHDL
transport CH to tissues
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Atherogenic potential of LDL & HDL
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
220 160 100
85
65
45
25
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
HDL- choles
terol
(mg/dL)
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We can: to decrease LDL-C
intake cholesterol in diet
resorption in our GIT
synthesis of CH in liver and tissues
catabolism of CH in liver
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We cannot: to increase HDL
synthesis of HDL - ?
degradation of HDL - ?
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• statins
• fibrates
• resins
• nicotinic acid
• ezetimib
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Zdroje cholesterolu
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StatinsStatins
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STATINSSTATINS
• most mammalian cells can produce cholesterol
• cholesterol biosynthesis is a complex process involving more than 30 enzymes
• early attempts to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis were disastrous ‒ triparanolriparanol,
which inhibits a late step in the pathway, was introduced into clinical use in the
mid-1960s, but was withdrawnwithdrawn from the market shortly after because of the
development of cataractscataracts and various cutaneous adverse effectscutaneous adverse effects. These
side effects were attributable to tissue accumulationaccumulation of desmosteroldesmosterol, the
substrate for the inhibited enzyme.
• HMG-CoA reductaseHMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) is the rate-limiting rate-limiting
enzymeenzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway
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STATINSSTATINS• In the 1970s, the Japanese microbiologist Akira Endo first discovered natural
products with a powerful inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase, including ML236B (compactincompactin) in a fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum. Although no HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor has been shown to have useful antimicrobial activity, the possibility that an agent that inhibited the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway could have useful lipid-lowering properties was quickly appreciated by Endo and others.
• In the rabbit, monkey, and dog, compactin was shown to lower plasma shown to lower plasma cholesterolcholesterol.
• The prototype compound compactin was developed by Sankyo, and was shown to be highly effective in reducing concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol in the plasma of patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.
• In 1978, Alberts, Chen and others at Merck Research Laboratories found a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase in a fermentation broth of Aspergillus terreus ‒ they named their discovery mevinolin and later named officially as lovastatinlovastatin.
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Hargreaves et al., 2005
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STATINSSTATINS
• inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzymA reductase
• depl. of CH in liver -LDL receptors - uptake LDL ch.• AS plaques stabilization• decreased total mortality• I: isolated hypercholesterolaemia, comb. dyslipidaemia• ADRs: increased liver enzymes, myopathy,
rhabdomyolysis• lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin,
atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, (cerivastatin)
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The effect of statins on lipids
HDL-C5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35-20 ‒ 55%
5
- 5 ‒ 30%
LDL-C
TGch
ange
(%
)
+ 0 ‒ 12%
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• effect on vessels: NO, PGE2 & PGI2, improved ED - ( vasospastic activity)
• effect on AS plaque: inhibition of oxidation of LDL-C, plaque stabilization
• effect on the activity of inflammation: activity of cytokines (CRP, TNF-, IL-1, IL-6,…)
• antithrombotic effect: activation of thrombocytes, fibrinolysis potentiation (NO, PGE2 & PGI2, PAI-1)
Extralipid effects of statins
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STATINS
simvastatin & lovastatin
- intermediately effective, shorter eff.
- metab. via CYP 3A4
fluvastatin & pravastatin
- low risk of D-D interactions, flu metabolized via CYP2C9
atorvastatin-highly effective, even on high TG, low toxicity
- metabolized via CYP3A4 & P-gp
rosuvastatin & pitavastatin
- most effective, not substrates for CYP
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Vývoj statinů
3CH
HO
OH
O
CH3
CH3
3CH
Simvastatin
O
O
HOPravastatin
O
H3HC
HO
H3CH
CO2Na
O
OH
HOCO Ca++
2
Atorvastatin
OHC
HN
O
N
FF
N
Fluvastatin
HO CO2 Na
OH
HO CO2 NaOH
F
N
CH3 O
HO
OHH
O
CH3
CH3
3CH
Lovastatin
O
OI. generace
2. generace 3. generace
Cholstat®
cerivastatin
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FK profiles of statinsROSUVASTATIN ATORVASTATIN SIMVASTATIN FLUVASTATIN
metab. CYP3A4
CYP2C9
NO
NO
Y
NO
Y
NO
NO
Y
important metabolites
NO Y Y NO
elimination dual ren./hepat. hepataldual
ren./hepat.dual
ren./hepat.
hydrophilicity Y NO NO NO
hepatoselect. Y Y Y Y
biol. availability 20% 14% <5% 21%
half-life (hrs) 19 14 1,9 2,7
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-60
-40
-20
0
rosuvastatin atorvastatin simvastatin 1 10 20 40 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 mg
dec
reas
e of
LD
L-C
in (
%)
1. Prescribing Information for CRESTOR. AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE. 2. Data on file, DA-CRS-02.3. Jones et al. Am J Cardiol. 2003;93:152-160.
STATINS – influence on LDL-C
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0
2
4
6
8
10
STATINs – influence on HDL-C
1 10 20 40 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 mgrosuvastatin atorvastatin simvastatin
incr
ease
of
HD
L-C
(%
)
Jones et al. Am J Cardiol. 2003;93:152-160.
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-60
-40
-20
0
STATINs ‒ influence on mortality & morbidity (sec. prophylaxis)
4S HPS LIPID CARE
total mortality
CV mortality
MI
stroke
%
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Inhibition of CH resorptionInhibition of CH resorption
phytosterolsezetimib
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EzetimibEzetimib
inhibition of a specific transportation system, NPC1L1 (Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein) on the surface of enterocytes
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aver
age
chan
ge in
L
DL
(%
)
placebo(n=52)
+5ezetimib 0.25 mg(n=47)
ezetimib
1 mg(n=49)
ezetimib
5 mg(n=49)
ezetimib10 mg(n=46)+4.3
-20
-10
0
-9.9* -12.6*
-16.4*
-18.7*
Bays H et al. Clini Ther 2001 Aug: 23 (8);1209-30 * P<0.05 vs placebo
The effects of ezetimib in monotherapy (12 wks)
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-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
atorva-atorva-80 mg80 mg
ezetimibezetimib +atorva-+atorva-
80 mg80 mgatorva-atorva-10 mg10 mg
ezetimibezetimib+atorva-+atorva-
10 mg10 mg
aver
age
chan
ge
in L
DL
(%
)
-16
-7
-37
-54
-61** P<0.01 combination versus statin
Ballantyne, Circulation
The effects of ezetimib in combination with atorvastatin
-´53*
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Inhibitors of bile acids Inhibitors of bile acids resorptionresorption
pryskyřice
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RESINS
• blocked reabsorption of BA in intestine
conversion of CH into BA - LDL rec.
• synergism with statins
• ADRs: constipation, flatulency, nausea, vomiting
• cholestyraminecholestyramine (low tolerance, interactions with absorption
of concomitantly administered drugs)
• colesevelamcolesevelam (better tolerance, low risk of interactions)
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Increase levels of HDLIncrease levels of HDL
pryskyřice
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FIBRATESFIBRATES
• derivatives of fibric acid
• stimulation of PPAR-alpha, thus expression of genes for apolipoproteins A-I, A-II a C-III, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and thus decrease of VLDL (rich on TAG) and increase of HDL
• I: hyperTAGemia, low HDL, combined dyslipidemia
• ADRs: cholelithiasis, GIT (nausea, diarrhea), rhabdomyolysis
• fenofibrat, ciprofibrat
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-60
-40
-20
0
20
FIBRATES: sec. prevention, DM)
FIELD BIP VA-HIT ACCORD
total mortality
CV mortality
MI
stroke
%
* * *
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nicotinic acid (niacin)- lipolysis inhibition in adipose tissue - synthesis of VLDL, LDLI: combined dyslipidaemiafix. combination with laropiprant (anta PGD2 – flushes reduction)
Nicotinic acid
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The influence of niacin on lipidogram
HDL-C
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-13%
5
-32%
LDL-C
TG
chan
ge (
%) +
12%
10
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"...it may one day be possible
for many people to have their
steak and live to enjoy it too"
• Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism (1985)