agenda 11/5 1) grade free response questions 2) pass back test corrections and photosynthesis...
TRANSCRIPT
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Agenda 11/5
1) Grade free response questions 2) Pass back test corrections and photosynthesis quizzes3) Review for test using Big Idea Powerpoint4) Check out more review manuals – can stay at home,
have class set – will send some to Career Center and Library
5) Per. 6 inquiry
Homework Study for test tomorrow – focus on enzymes, cell
respiration, and photosynthesis (esp. lab concepts) but anything from 6-10 and prior tests is fair game.
Math questions are calculate mean, rates, and energy coupling
Note - Website updated with most recent Powerpoints
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Agenda 11/6
Cells and Metabolism Unit Test- Good Luck!!!Check gradeTurn in test corrections
Homework – Chapter 11 Notes and concept checks due Friday, Ch. 12
due next Tuesday
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Agenda 11/7
1) Standard Deviation calculations2) Cell signaling animations from online assignments
Homework – Chapter 11 Notes and concept checks (NOT 11.5) and
online assignments due FridayCh. 12 Notes and concept checks due next Tuesday Ch. 12 Online assignments due next WednesdayNOTE – MAKEUP TESTS WILL BE DURING CLASS
TOMORROW
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Agenda 11/8
Finish cell signaling – put it all together
Homework –
Chapter 11 Notes and concept checks (NOT 11.5) and online assignments due tomorrow
Ch. 12 Notes and concept checks due next Tuesday
Ch. 12 Online assignments due next Wednesday
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Cell signaling and Evolution
In yeast and bacteria, cell signaling is very similar to multicellular organisms
Yeast use it to find each other for sex Bacteria use it to aggregate as spores in
times of low nutrients
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Cell signaling has remained important in the microbial world. Myxobacteria, soil-dwelling bacteria, use chemical
signals to communicate nutrient availability. When food is scarce, cells secrete a signal to
other cells leading them to aggregate and form thick-walled spores.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.2 Fruiting body
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Can classify cell signaling based on distance
Paracrine = local ex:growth factors & NT’s
Endocrine = far, hormone travels in blood to target cells
Direct Contact – impt. in embryo dvpmt and immune system
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Three stages of cell signaling In reception, a chemical signal (ligand) binds to a
cellular protein, typically at the cell’s surface. In transduction, binding leads to a change in the
receptor that triggers a series of changes along a signal-transduction pathway.
In response, the transduced signal triggers a specific cellular activity.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.5
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Yesterday, we saw the different types of receptors - what were they? G protein-linked, tyrosine kinase, ligand-
gated ion channel, and intracellular
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A G-protein-linked receptor consists of a receptor protein associated with a G-protein on the cytoplasmic side. The receptor consists of seven alpha helices
spanning the membrane. Effective signal
molecules include yeast mating factors, epinephrine, other hormones, and neurotransmitters.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.6
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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Signal Transduction Pathways Right-click slide / select “Play”
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Signal Transduction
Protein kinases phosphorylate other proteins/enzymes which usually activates them (can deactivate though)
Have to have a way to turn off response -Protein phosphatases remove the phosphate group and inactivate the protein/enzyme to shut down the response
The balance of these 2 regulates the activities of the cell
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Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.11
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Second messengers (small, non-protein signal molecules that diffuse) – what were the 2 we saw yesterday? cAMP and Calcium ions (usually Ca++ low in cell)
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Certain microbes cause disease by disrupting the G-protein signaling pathways. The cholera bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, colonizes
the small intestine and produces a toxin that modifies a G protein that regulates salt and water secretion.
The modified G protein is stuck in its active form, continuously stimulating productions of cAMP.
This causes the intestinal cells to secrete large amounts of water and salts into the intestines, leading to profuse diarrhea and death if untreated.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Cell Response 3 examples from yesterday= glycogen
phosphorylation, microtubule formation, transcription factors
Signal amplification
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Wild type (with shmoos) Fus3 formin
Matingfactoractivatesreceptor.
Matingfactor G protein-coupled
receptor
Shmoo projectionforming
Formin
G protein binds GTPand becomes activated.
2
1
3
4
5
P
P
P
PForminFormin
Fus3
Fus3Fus3
GDPGTP
Phosphory- lation cascade
Microfilament
Actinsubunit
Phosphorylation cascadeactivates Fus3, which movesto plasma membrane.
Fus3 phos-phorylatesformin,activating it.
Formin initiates growth ofmicrofilaments that formthe shmoo projections.
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Figure 11.17
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Canine Ear Infection
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Fine-Tuning of the Response
There are four aspects of fine-tuning to consider
Amplification of the signal (and thus the response) Specificity of the response Overall efficiency of response, enhanced by
scaffolding proteins Termination of the signal
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Specificity The response of a particular cell to a signal
depends on its particular collection of receptor proteins, relay proteins, and proteins needed to carry out the response.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.18
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Rather than relying on diffusion of large relay molecules like proteins, many signal pathways are linked together physically by scaffolding proteins. Scaffolding proteins may themselves be relay
proteins to which several other relay proteins attach.
This hardwiring enhances the speed and accuracy of signal transfer between cells.
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 11.19
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Termination of the Signal
Inactivation mechanisms are an essential aspect of cell signaling
If ligand concentration falls, fewer receptors will be bound
Unbound receptors revert to an inactive state
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Build a Pathway Activity
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Last paragraph of Ch. 11
Let’s read it, then go on to Ch. 12 Mitosis figures, p. 232-233 and cell cycle figures from Bio
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Agenda 11/9 Finish Build a Pathway Cell cycle slides Mitosis Bioflix video and tutorials
Have book open to p. 232-233 I check Ch. 11 notes during this
Tests back – write your percentage on your test correction sheet
Homework- Ch. 12 Notes and concept checks due next Tuesday Ch. 12 Online assignments due next Wednesday
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The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase
• Mitosis
M phase
• Cytokinesis
cell membrane or cell wall
divides
growth
growth and preparation for mitosis
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The Cell Cycle
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Cell Cycle Regulation