Agenda 3/29 • Bell-ringer: What is one

benefit of genetic

engineering?

• Finish Gattaca (period ½)

• Gattaca writing

assignment brainstorm

• Wrap-up: What is one

downfall of genetic

engineering?

Agenda 3/30

• Bell-ringer: What would

happen if we were all

genetically identical?

• Work on essay

• Wrap-up: What trait do

you wish you had and

why?

Agenda 3/31

• Bell-ringer: What do

you think

biotechnology is?

• New seats (period 2)

• Biotechnology Notes

• Wrap-up: What is

selective breeding?

A Brave New World

What is biotechnology?

• Using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or new forms of organisms.

• Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

Selective Breeding

• Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits

• People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.

Agenda 4/5

• Bell-ringer: What is

one way in which

biotechnology can

help humans?

• Go over homework

• Collect Essays

• Notes

• Wrap-up: What is

gene therapy?

What are the benefits of

biotechnology?

• Medicine

• human

• veterinary

• biopharming

• Environment

• Agriculture

• Food products

• Industry and manufacturing

Human Medicine

• The study of pharmacogenomics can result

in the development of tailor-

made vaccines for people, more accurate

means of determining drug dosages,

improvements in drug discovery and

approval, and the development of safer

vaccines.

Human Medicine Cont’d

• Modern biotechnology can be used to

manufacture drugs more easily and cheaply,

as they can be produced in larger quantities

from existing genetic sources.

Genetic Testing

• Genetic diagnosis involves the process of

testing for suspected genetic defects before

administering treatment through genetic

testing.

• In gene therapy, a good gene is introduced

at a random location in the genome to aid

the cure of a disease that is caused by a

mutated gene.

New Vocab!

1. gene therapy

– any of several therapies involving the insertion of genes

into a patient's cells in order to replace defective ones

2. immunodeficiency

– a depletion in the body's natural immune system, or in

some component of it

3. pharmacogenomics

– the study of genes that code for enzymes that

metabolize drugs, and the design of tailor-made drugs

adapted to an individual's genetic make-up

Agenda 4/6

• Bell-ringer: What is

immunodeficiency?

• Any readings to hand

in from Friday?

• Notes

• Wrap-Up: Regents

review problems

Veterinary Benefits

• Improving the utility, nutritional value, and

safety of human food and animal feeds.

• Producing improved animal medicinal

products and diagnostic tool

• Benefitting and protecting public health,

animal health, and welfare.

• Enhancing host resistance to infectious

diseases and eliminating genetic-based

diseases.

Biopharming

• The production and use of transgenic plants

and animals genetically engineered to

produce pharmaceutical substances for use

in humans or animals.

• It often involves the insertion of gene

constructs derived from humans.

Biopharming Cont’d

• Genetic engineering is used to create plants

that can produce pharmaceutical proteins

and chemicals.

– Biopharm crops are virtually indistinguishable

from edible varieties

– Less expensive way to produce large quantities

of pharmaceutical chemicals and other potent,

biologically active substances

Pharmaceutical Companies

• Do not typically disclose the types of

chemicals that are being developed –

classified as “confidential business

information”

– Plants have been engineered to produced

contraceptives, growth hormones, blood

clotters, blood thinners, industrial enzymes,

vaccines, and diarrhea medicine

Agenda 4/7

• Bell-ringer: What is

biopharming?

• Work on pros/cons

for biotechnology

• DEBATE!!!

• Wrap-up: Practice

regents questions

Agenda 4/11

• Bell-ringer: List one

pro and one con of

bioengineering.

• Back work?

• Notes

• Begin GMO Lab??

• Wrap-up: What is a

benefit of

recombinant

bacteria?

Cut, Paste, Copy, Find…

• Word processing metaphor…

– cut

– paste

– copy

– find

Recombinant DNA (cut and paste)

• The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism.

• Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.

Recombinant Bacteria

1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid).

2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”.

3. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”.

4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria.

5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria.

6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria.

Grow bacteria…make more

(copy)

grow

bacteria

harvest (purify)

protein

transformed

bacteria

plasmid

gene from

other organism

+

recombinant

plasmid

vector

Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria

1. Bacteria can make human insulin or

human growth hormone.

1. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil

spills.

The DNA of plants and animals

can also be altered.

PLANTS

1. disease-resistant and

insect-resistant crops

2. Hardier fruit

3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified.

How to Create a Genetically

Modified Plant

1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene.

2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells.

3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes.

Uses of genetic engineering

• Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

– enabling plants to produce new proteins

• Protect crops from insects: BT corn

– corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn borer

(caterpillar pest of corn)

• Extend growing season: fishberries

– strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder

• Improve quality of food: golden rice

– rice producing vitamin A

improves nutritional value

Genetically modified organisms are

called transgenic organisms.

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

1. Mice – used to study human immune system

2. Chickens – more resistant to infections

3. Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat

4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

Desired DNA is

added to an egg cell.

How to Create a

Transgenic Animal

Green with envy??

Jelly fish “GFP”

Transformed vertebrates

Human DNA in

a Goat Cell

This goat contains a human

gene that codes for a blood

clotting agent. The blood

clotting agent can be

harvested in the goat’s milk.

.

Transgenic Goat

Dolly! – Cloning

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR (copy)

• PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA.

1. Heat the DNA so it “unzips”.

2. Add the complementary nitrogenous bases.

3. Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip” together.

Isolating a fragment of DNA

(find)

Steps Involved in Gel

Electrophoresis

1. “Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes.

2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel.

3. Bands will form in the gel.

4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person.

5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”.

Gel Electrophoresis

• This technology

allows scientists to

identify someone’s

DNA!

Crimesolving