8:30 Moving from Food Security to Food and Nutrition Security Overview of the current status of food security and major

policy issues .. The rationale for nutrition sensitive agriculture

9:30 What is a quality diet? Where do dietary guidelines come from? Exercise: What does the Global Burden of Disease Index help

us understand? 10:45 Break 11:15 Exploring Affordable Diets

Cost of Diet approach Exercise: What foods would you choose?

13:00 End of session

Agenda for Today..

11 July 2018

Moving from Food Security to

Food and Nutrition Security

Ju

ly, 2018

Jan W. Low, Principal Scientist International Potato Center Manna Center, Tel Aviv, Israel 11 July 2018

Food security "exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” World Food Summit 1996

What is food security?

FAO defines the four pillars of food security as: availability, access, utilization, and stability

Focus on producing and delivering food… Governments tend to focus on key staples

Food Security in the Wake of Rising Anti-Globalism 2017 Year of Contrast

Global economic recovery on track in advanced and several emerging economies

But global inequality still increasing Since 1980, income of richest 1% grown twice as much as

bottom 50%.. Global hunger increased after nearly a decade of prolonged decline.

Number of undernourished people globally rose from 777 million in 2015 to 815 million in 2016.

Driven by persistent conflicts, exacerbated by climate shocks. Global food prices remained relatively high for most of 2017, largely

driven by higher prices of meat, dairy, and sugar, Anti-Globalism on the rise

USA--- out of Trans-Pacific, Climate Change, no joint declaration at WTO..

But world trade grew by 3.6% (vs 1.3 in 2016) Global Policy continued to shift to sustainable food system

approaches Source: IFPRI 2018 Global Food Security Report

Conceptual Framework for Food System

Source: HLPE. 2017 Nutrition and Food Systems

Increased National Commitments to Nutrition

2017 was a dynamic year.. G20 leaders committed to the sustainable use of water in food and

agricultural production at the 2017 Agriculture Ministers’ Conference in Berlin

G7 Agriculture Ministerial Meeting focused on protecting farmers’ incomes from market crises, natural disasters, and climate change

Global Nutrition Summit galvanized governments and donors together to pledge US$640 million in new funding China issued a new National Nutrition Plan for 2017–2030 that sets

nutrition and health goals for anemia, stunting, and breastfeeding for 2020 and 2030.

India launched its National Nutrition Strategy, which commits to ensuring that every child, adolescent girl, and woman attains optimal nutritional status by 2022.

Several (Ghana, Nigeria, India) reconfirmed commitment to ending hunger (SDG2)

Lots of excitement about innovations in information and communication technologies, especially through mobile phones, together with open access data can put vital information in the hands of farmers.

Does the Rising Anti-globalism provide an opportunity to think of radical reform?

Food is the cornerstone for reducing global poverty and improving nutrition.

But dysfunctional food systems also contribute to rising obesity and hunger and to environmental degradation. Encourage fair trade Support rural development (food environment as well as

supply) Invest more for research & innovation in food systems Make more policies based on solid evidence

Out of the 155 million stunted children globally, 122 million live in conflict areas, and conflicts continue to displace people—the number of forcibly displaced people doubled between 2007 and 2016, to about 64 million people.

How should trade be managed? Brings choice, more diversity, reduced supply volatility Can have negative impacts on health and environments

Increase in Number of Products Traded and/or Number of Product Suppliers Over Time

Source: IFPRI 2018, p. 24

How to maximize the benefits of international investments while minimizing the risks?

Investments in own-farm 3 times the amount of all other sources of ag investment Foreign investment should be part of well-defined national food security strategy..

1970 1990 2013

Africa food supply quantity (ton/capita/year) 0.46 0.49 0.59

Imports into Africa, tons (share of total domestic food supply) 11 (7%) 42 (15%) 123 (21%)

Non-staples (% in total)… includes potato 79 (50%) 148 (52%) 320 (55%)

Asia food supply quantity (ton/capita/year) 0.37 0.43 0.65

Imports into Asia, tons (share of total domestic food supply) 70 (9%) 176 (13%) 507 (18%)

Non-staples (% in total)… includes potato 348 (46%) 762 (56%) 2053 (74%)

LAC food supply quantity (ton/capita/year) 1.57 1.67 2.02

Imports into LAC, tons (share of total domestic food supply) 15 (3%) 42 (6%) 107 (9%)

Non-staples (% in total)… includes potato 310 (69%) 536 (73%) 937 (76%)

Source Reardon et al. 2018 Agricultural Systems

Reliance on Imports for Domestic Food Supply and Degree of Diversification to Non-Staples

Global governance of food and nutrition security needs to have a higher political profile and decision making authority Policy and governance issues related to food and nutrition security are becoming

more complex Need for diplomacy and security interventions to prevent hunger in conflict-

and war-affected zones Triple Burden of Nutrition –each burden requires simultaneous attention

but different policy responses Need to address production constraints and environmental risks Deal with contested positions on fair and free trade, risks of market and

price volatility, food industries’ international roles, and the protection of food safety

Global governance: governing relationships that transcend national frontiers, including global rules, norms, and standards, that is, “the rules of the game” Improve food and nutrition security for humanitarian reasons Address market and institutional failures

Key principles for sound international governance of public goods are legitimacy combined with accountability, effectiveness, and inventiveness. Potential tools include: Agreed upon goals or standards; signed

agreements, voluntary guidelines, organizations with mandates, etc. Suggests Governing Platform for International Food, Nutrition, and Agriculture

Example:

Large-scale mergers and acquisitions with potential to cause global impact by reducing

competition—for example, the Syngenta/Chem China and Monsanto/Bayer mergers or the Amazon/Whole Foods and Google/WalMart partnerships—should be

scrutinized not only in the countries of their headquarters with developing country

voice…

Africa sustaining growth, but urgent need to build more resilient food systems..

Governments committed to ag receiving 10% of public expenditures, but only 5 countries achieved 2008-2016… Launched annual scorecard in January 2018

Very affected by conflict and climate change; levels of poverty & undernourishment high Dependence on exports of primary commodities (oil, cocoa, wood) leaves it vulnerable

to global price fluctuations Over ½ of foreign direct investment goes to 5 countries (Nigeria, Angola, Ghana, Ethiopia,

Egypt) Urgent need to make agriculture more nutrition-sensitive and incluside

South Asia– land of contrast and high variability in food security

In 2017, South Asia became fastest growing region; 7.1% GDP growth expected in 2018 Highly vulnerable to climate change & price inflation; most had natural calamity in 2017 Penetration of global food chains is changing nature of food systems quickly..

Intra-regional trade only 5%; Ag share of FDI inflow is only 3% in India 2 out of 5 stunted children live in So Asia; 15% of underfives are wasted.

Bangladesh– implementing National Nutrition Policy that is lowering stunting % India- launching Nutrition strategy and mission in 2017; has many on-going programs &

three year budget of $1.4 billion; reforming public distribution using digital technologies Nepal– Right to food in 2015 constitution; reduced stunting--56% (2001) to 26% in 2016

India has been slow to make the transition from food security to a broader integrated nutrition security

Green revolution (focus on wheat and rice) was a pathway for growth Inadvertently crowded out coarse grains, millets & pulses in some areas

Food policy continued to focus on calories, not child stunting & micronutrient malnutrition & the emerging challenge of overweight Long support to minimum support prices for farmers AND Food access for poor consumers thru public distribution system (PDS)

Price fixation has constrained ability of farmer’s to diverse into other crops Two nutrition programs: Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

and the Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) have become conduits for the

provision of subsidized grain.

The prices of pulses, fruits, and vegetables have not come down like

those of the staple grains. Harder to include more in the diet.

Spends 1.7% of GDP on nutrition or asset related initiatives

In 2001, become mandatory to provide school launch

Concentrated investment in Punjab and Haryana

Urgent need to look beyond calories..

Consider cash transfer approach.. More choice on which foods

Pilot showed that food security did not decline… continue to

debate

Some argue include coarse grains (biofortified millet) and pulses in

UNICEF Framework for Undernutrition

Alternative options are often debated about how to address hidden hunger….

Nutrition specific interventions: are those that address immediate and some intermediate causes of malnutrition (especially caring for children)

Nutrition sensitive interventions: are interventions of

other sectors that incorporate nutrition objectives

Growing Interest in How to Get Other Sectors Aware and Contributing to Improving Nutrition

Key Pathways for Agriculture to Influence Nutrition Outcomes

(1) food access from own-production; (2) income from the sale of commodities produced; (3) food prices from changes in supply and demand; (4) women's social status and empowerment through increased access to and control over resources; (5) women’s time through participation in agriculture, which can be either positive or negative for their own nutrition and that of their children; and (6) women's health and nutrition through engagement in agriculture, which also can have either positive or negative impacts, depending on exposure to toxic agents and the balance between energy intake and expenditure.

Recent Review of Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture Projects

Source: Ruel et al. 2018 Global Food Security 17:128-153

Evidence is strong for all programs that aimed to increase household access to nutrient-rich foods. There was positive impact on household and child dietary diversity (where studied) and on the consumption of animal-source foods or fruits and vegetables (when targeted).

Impacts on micronutrient intakes were also found in studies that measured dietary intake though a 24-h recall. These results were achieved in diverse settings and through a variety of

program models including biofortified vitamin A–rich OFSP, gender-sensitive EHFP, livestock and dairy value chain programs, and a fruit and vegetable solar market gardens irrigation program.

Evidence more limited for impact on stunting and micronutrient status OFSP work showed impact on vitamin A status and diarrhea Enhanced homestead gardens with chickens on child hemoglobin and

anemia in Burkina Faso (Olney et al., 2015) and Nepal (Osei et al., 2017) Dairy value chain platform to distribute micronutrient-fortified sprinkles or

yogurt targeted to young children also documented impacts on anemia (Osei et al., 2015) and hemoglobin (Le Port et al., 2017)

Good evidence for positive impacts on BMI and diets of women

Always Thinking Through a Nutrition Lens…

Thanks for Your Attention

For more information on biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato: Visit: www.sweetpotatoknolwedge.org

Understanding Healthy Diets…

Political and economic drivers.. Food, Agriculture and Nutrition Policies

Only 83 countries have food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs)

Global guidelines on burden of disease linked to evidence on helpful and harmful behaviors related to non-communicable diseases..