Agenda Thursday, 9/25/08

Type Louisiana Purchase Article Start 8.3 on page 278 Preamble Presentations Tomorrow!

The Election of 1800 John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney ran for

the Federalist Party Democratic-Republican were represented by

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. Candidates did not travel around like today. Adam’s stated Jefferson was pro-French

radical. Also, they argued Jefferson was too interested in science and philosophy and wanted to destroy religion.

Democratic-Republican newspapers responded that Adams wanted to crown himself king.

Election continued.

Democratic-Republicans insisted that was his reasoning for the Alien and Sedition Acts.

1800 Election Jefferson and Burr had won 73 electoral votes to

Adams 65 and Pinckney 64. Who won the election? Why?

The House of Representatives were deadlocked for days. Finally, Jefferson won on the 36th vote.

Twelfth Amendment

The election marked the first time that one party had replaced another in power in the United States.

The problems with the voting system led Congress to propose the Twelfth Amendment.

The Twelfth Amendment created a separate ballot for president and vice president.

Jefferson’s Policies

Jefferson was less formal than his predecessors, and he wanted to limit the powers of government.

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address A major theme of Thomas Jefferson’s

inaugural address: limited government and protect civil liberties

Marbury v. Madison Republicans now controlled the presidency and

Congress, Federalist dominated the federal judiciary. Federalist legislators passed the Judiciary Act of

1801 shortly before their terms of office ended. This act created 16 new federal judgeships that

President Adams filled with Federalist before leaving office. These judges became known as “midnight judges” Justice Marbury named as the Justice of the peace did not

receive documentation until Adams left office. New secretary James Madison refused to deliver Marbury

his documentation Jefferson argued that the appointment of the midnight

judges was not valid.

Marbury v. Madison

John Marshall – a Federalist appointed by John Adams was the chief justice of the United States. Jefferson and Marshall disagreed about many political

issues. When Marshall agreed to hear Marbury’s case Jefferson

became very upset. Marbury v. Madison – a case that helped establish

the Supreme Court’s power to check the power of the other branches of government. The law that Marbury’s case depended upon was,

therefore, unconstitutional.

Judicial Review

Denying Marbury’s request the Court avoided a direct confrontation with Jefferson’s administration.

Most importantly the case of Marbury vs. Madison helped to establish the Court’s power of judicial review, the power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

The Louisiana Purchase Spain controlled both New Orleans and Louisiana.

Region stretched west from the mighty Mississippi River to the Great Rocky Mountains.

Spain found it impossible to keep Americans out of the territory.

“You can’t put doors on open country,” stated the foreign minister of Spain.

Under a secret treaty Spain agreed to trade Louisiana to France.

In 1802, just before handing over Louisiana to France, Spain closed New Orleans to American shipping.

Napoleon and Louisiana

France was led by Napoleon Bonaparte, a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe. He wished to rebuild France’s empire in North America. Use Haiti as supply base. Enslaved Africans had revolted and freed themselves

from French rule. Napoleon sent troops but they were defeated. The defeat ended his hopes of rebuilding a North

America empire.

Jefferson Buys Louisiana

France was at war with Great Britain, and Napoleon needed money for military supplies. Talleyrand offered to sell all of Louisiana (Do

you remember Talleyrand from the XYZ Affair)

Napoleon hoped that a larger United States would challenge Great Britain.

Louisiana Purchase

On October 20, 1803, the Senate approved the Louisiana Purchase agreement, which roughly doubled the size of the United States.

Napoleon boasted, “I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride.”

Explorers Head West

President Jefferson wanted to learn more about the people and land of the West.

He also wanted to see if there was a river route that could be taken to the Pacific Ocean.

Pike’s Exploration

In 1806 a young army officer named Zebulon Pike was sent on another mission to the West. He was ordered to find the starting point of the Red

River. Spanish cavalry arrested him and suspected him of

spying. After being released, he praised the opportunity for

doing business with the Spanish in the Southwest.

Ch. 8 sec 3The Coming of War

Sailing across the ocean during the 1800s was very dangerous for American merchants. Storms Pirates

As a result the United States sent the USS Constitution and other large war ships to end the conflict with pirates.

http://www.atpm.com/13.04/new-england/images/USS-Constitution.jpg

Violations of Neutrality Both France and Great Britain passed law to

prevent American merchants from trading with the other.

French and British navies captured many American merchant ships and search them for weapons.

Britain began stopping and searching American ships for sailors who had run away from the British Navy, forcing the sailors to return to British ships.

Sometimes U.S. citizens were captured by accident.

Impressment, or the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or Navy, despite American protests.

Embargo

In late 1807 Congress passed the Embargo Act. The laws essentially banned trade with all foreign countries.

American ships could not sail to foreign ports. American ports were also closed to British Ships.

Embargo Act

The effect of the law was devastating to American merchants. Without foreign trade, the U.S. lost enormous

amounts of money. The embargo damaged Jefferson’s

popularity and strengthened the Federalist Party.

Non-Intercourse Act

Fin 1809 Congress tried to revive the nation’s trade by replacing the unpopular act with the Non-Intercourse Act.

This new law banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies. The law was no more successful than the

Embargo Act.

Conflict in the West

British supported Native Americans who were clashing with American settlers in the West.

Native Americans in the Old Northwest Territory continued to lose land.

Many Native Americans protested the settlers arrival because they had not agreed with the Treaty of Greenville.

Conflict Over Land

British agents from Canada began to arm Native Americans.

British wanted to slow American expansion.

Rumors of British activity in the Northwest Territory quickly spread, filling Americans with fear and anger.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief, had watched angrily as Native Americans were pushed off their land.

A brilliant speaker Unite

William Henry Harrison watched Tecumseh’s activities with alarm.

                           

1810 In 1810 Tecumseh

met face to face with Harrison.

He urged Tecumseh to follow the Treaty of Greenville.

Tecumseh replied, “The white people have no right to take the land from Indians, because Indians had it first.

Tecumseh vs. Harrison

Tecumseh traveled to the south to ask the Creek nation to join his forces.

Harrison attacked during his absence. During the battle Harrison remained calm and

collected. During the all-day battle, Harrison’s soldiers forced the

Indian warriors to retreat and then they destroyed Tecumseh’s village.

U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh and his followers in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Tecumseh fled to Canada.

Call for War Americans were inflamed

with Britain because they believed Britain had encourage Tecumseh.

Several young members of Congress – called War Hawks by their opponents - took the lead in calling for war against Britain.

They saw war as the only answer to the British insults.

Declaring War

Republican James Madison was elected in 1808. He faced the difficulty of continuing an unpopular trade war begun by Jefferson.

He spoke to Congress and blasted Great Britain for their conduct.

Congress declared war. Madison would serve as

commander and chief during the War of 1812.

List two events which led the United States to declare war on

Britain.

War of 1812

Early Battles

Was not a quick and easy war. British had hundreds of ships. The U.S. at this time

had only 20 ships. Most of the British navy’s ships, were scattered

throughout the world. When the United States would defeat the British in

one-on-one duels the American morale would increase and the British would be embarrassed.

The Americans hoped their early sea victories could be followed up by an overland invasion of Canada.

Planned Attacks Three attacks were planned – from Detroit, from

Niagara Falls, and From up the Hudson River valley toward Montreal. British seized Ft. Detroit with the help of Tecumseh State Militia would not fight on foreign soil.

Oliver Hazard Perry was able to build a small fleet of war ships and defeat the British on Lake Erie.

With American control of Lake Erie, William Henry Harrison marched his army into Canada.

The Battle of the Thames River in October 1813 ended British power in the Northwest.

Tecumseh died during the fight, which dealt a blow to British and Native American alliance.

The Creek War Creek Indians angry with white settlers took up arms

in 1813. They attacked Fort Mims on the Alabama River,

destroying the fort and killing close to 250 people. As a result, the commander of the Tennessee militia,

Andrew Jackson, gathered about 2,000 volunteers to move against the Creek Nation. They attacked the Creeks along the Tallapoosa River

The Treaty of Fort Jackson signed in late in 1814, ended the Creek War and forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of land.

Great Britain on the Offensive

British sent more troops and President Madison was forced to flee Washington D.C. when British forces broke through American lines.

The British set fire to the White House, the Capitol, and other government buildings.

Next they traveled to Fort McHenry and shelled the fort for 25 hours.

The Battle of New Orleans British commanders hoped to capture the city and thus

take control of the Mississippi River. Andrew Jackson Commanded the U.S. forces around

New Orleans. His troops were a mix of regular soldiers, two battalions of free African Americans, a group of Choctaw Indians, state militia, and pirates led by Jean Lafitte.

Some 5,300 British troops attacked Jackson’s forces. They were caught in an open field and they were cut down. More than 2,000 British were killed or wounded.

The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a hero and was the last major conflict of the War of 1812.

Effects of the War

The Treaty of Ghent had been signed in Belgium on December 24, 1814, which ended the War of 1812.

Slow communication at the time meant that Jackson did not know that the Treaty had been signed.

Consequences – feelings of patriotism, broke morale of many Native American groups, and manufacturing improved for Americans after the war.