aggression. definition focus on harm not pain can cause pain cause pain in order to help intent is...
TRANSCRIPT
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aggression
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definition
focus on harm not pain
• can cause pain cause pain in order to help
• intent is crucial
• So….
• Intentional, with aim to cause harm or pain with no benefit to target
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Physical aggression
• Different from most behaviors
• most can express
• explain arousal, explain behavior
• sex and aggression restricted
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sex
• Cannot always express impulse
• rules about expression
• when, where, with whom
• penalties for breaking rules
• but
• healthy, normal, acceptable
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Aggression
• Also restricted
• but not normally acceptable
• not healthy
• not generally allowed
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Two questions
• What causes aggressive feelings?
• what causes them to be expressed?
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Why the impulse?
• Evolution
• yes, helpful but
• for women as well as men
• for almost all animals
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innate
• Seems to be part of human nature
• boys more than girls?
• Physical vs. verbal
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Problems of studying
• Real-world studies
• laboratory problems– cannot allow real aggression– cannot use strong stimuli– physical aggression rare– hard to generalize
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Frustration-aggression
• Frustration - anger, aggressive feelings
• less or none when justified
• does not always produce actual aggression
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cues
• Leonard Berkowitz
• guns serve as cues - maybe
• Situation elicits or discourages - yes
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Guns and murder
• Yes, a correlation
• not necessarily due to cue
• mostly ease of killing
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Learning aggression
• Yes, affected by rewards/punishments
• also by imitation, social pressure, etc.
• But….
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abusive parent produces aggressive child?
• most not also abusive
• many abusive parents were not abused
• so connection is not clear
• link is pretty weak and best
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Father-absent families
• More juveniles in trouble with the law
• yet fathers are the violent ones (usually)
• so might expect more aggression
• main factor is poverty and lack of attention
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Conclusion - what matters
• Being physically abused minor factor
• quality of family life
• attachment, attention
• parenting in general
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Corporal punishment??? - con
• Why hit kids and no one else?
• Not effective - has reverse effect
• makes angry
• kids model and become aggressive
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Corporal punishment?? - pro
• Parents in unique position
• no evidence of bad outcomes
• is effective in preventing behavior
• parents are people also
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also
• Cultures differ in acceptance
• how child perceives is crucial
• may matter more when not accepted
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Sub-culture
• Extremely important
• criminal, gangs, macho, etc.
• Vs. education, cooperation, moral
• by society or parts of society
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But remember
• Even in “bad” neighborhood
• some are aggressive - some are not
• even in “good”neighborhood
• some are aggressive - some are not
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Catharsis
• Acting reduces feelings? Yes
• mainly when against cause of anger
• and this reduces aggression - probably
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vicarious
• Watching reduces feelings - rarely
• maybe when cause is the one being harmed
• then it may reduce aggression
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Pornographyand
aggression
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More porn but less violence
• More explicit pornography
• Violent sexual crimes declined
• if porn causes violence,
– why has it declined?
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Experimental research
• Very difficult - weird situation
• demand
• equating the programs
• one or two programs???
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Real-world research
• Magazines and rape - wrong!
• Macho culture
• most explicit not related
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Use by offenders
• Marshall - yes they use more
• all others - no, either same or less
• and may use to reduce urge
–and prevent crime
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• Erotica almost always reduces aggression
• no evidence of actual aggression
• desensitization?? To porn yes...
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Ethics?
• Informed consent
• what is the rationale
• maybe just permission
• debriefing removes it
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TV violence and aggression
• Aggressive kids watch more TV violence
• small correlation - .1 to .3
• only 1% to 10% of variation
• so a relatively minor factor
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Method - not so easy
• Measuring tv viewing
• measuring aggressiveness
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They are correlated
Must ask why?
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experiments
• Hard to measure aggression in lab
• why is this program being shown?
– Gives permission to be aggressive?
– Endorses the program?
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Field studies
• Measure TV violence and aggression at time one
• measure again later
• look for effect
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If TV causes aggression
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
age 6 age 10 age 16 age 25
low
moderate
high
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If no causal effect
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
age 6 age 10 age 16 age 25
low
moderate
high
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Video games
yes – correlation
Is it causal?
Hard to study
Experiments unrealistic
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Explain the correlation
• Personality - some are aggressive
• they act aggressively and like violent media
• same as with boys and girls
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Social explanation
• Single parents, poor family
• lack attention and other activities
• they are less happy - more aggressive
• they have less to do - watch more tv etc.
• they are monitored less - more violent tv