APSIM Overview of crop growth and Phenology

John Hargreaves1, Balwinder Singh2, Perry Poulton1

1CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Australia; 2IRRI, Philippines

CIMMYT (Nepal) – March 18-22, 2013 ICRISAT (India) - March 25-29, 2013

!

•  Phenological development – stages: sowing to physiological maturity f(thermal time) – modified by stresses, photoperiod and vernalisation

•  Leaf development Leaf appearance and leaf area expansion (LAI) - f(thermal time) Potential growth - Solar radiation interception and transpiration – f(radn, avail SW)

•  Biomass production Water and nutrient (N & P) uptake – f(assimilate, ESW, N available, P available) N fixation – legumes Re-translocation of labile biomass and nutrients Limited by temperature, water and nutrient stresses Partitioning of DM & nutrients to organs (Grain, Leaf, Stem, Roots) – stage dependent

•  Leaf Senescence Age, frost, drought, light

•  Root development Depth, RLV, Root-water-extraction front

2

Growth

Phenology

Thermal Time APSIM-Wheat: Base=0, Opt=26, Max=34 APSIM-Maize: Base=0, 18, Opt=34, Max=44

APSIM_Oryza: Base=8, Opt=30, Max=42

APSIM-Sorghum: Base=11, Opt=30, Max=42

Phenology

Thermal Time APSIM-Cotton (OZCOT): Base=9 APSIM-Peanut: Base=9, Opt=29, Max=39

APSIM_Sugar: : Base=9, Opt=32, Max=45 APSIM-Millet: Base=10, Opt=33, Max=47

0

10

20

30

0 10 20 30 40

Ther

mal

Tim

e (d

eg d

ays)

Temperature (deg C)

Thermal Time

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40 50

Ther

mal

Tim

e (d

eg d

ays)

Temperature (deg C)

Thermal Time

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 10 20 30 40 50

Ther

mal

Tim

e (d

eg d

ays)

Temperature (deg C)

Thermal Time

0 5

10 15 20 25

0 10 20 30 40 50

Ther

mal

Tim

e (d

eg d

ays)

Temperature (deg C)

Thermal Time

Phenology

Developmental stages

MAIZE, SORGHUM STAGE NAME

WHEAT, PEANUT STAGE NAME STARTING PROCESSES ZADOK’S

EQUIVALENT Sowing Sowing Seed germination 0

Germination Germination Emergence, leaf initiation 5

Emergence Emergence Vegetative (P1) 10

End of Juvenile stage End of Juvenile stage Photoperiodism 10

Floral Initiation Floral Initiation / terminal spiklet

Spiklet initiation rapid stem growth

15 30

Flag leaf (Maize & Sorghum)

N/A – Internal in Wheat N/A - Peanut

Leaves stop appearing 60

Flowering Flowering (Pnut) Anthesis (Wht)

Setting grain numbers 71

Start of grain filling Start of grain filling Period of grain growth (P5) 87

End of grain filling End of grain filling Maturing 90

Physiological maturity Physiological maturity Grain moisture loss 93

Harvest ripe Harvest ripe

APSIM-Wheat, -Peanut, -Maize, -Sorghum

Phenology

Development stages

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE (DVS) STAGE NAME STARTING PROCESSES

0 Start of basic vegetative Vegetative growth (LAI, DM), water/N uptake

0.4 Start of photoperiod sensitivity

Photoperiod sensitivity

0.65 Panicle initiation Panicle formation

1.0 First flowering Grain filling

2.0 Physiological maturity

APSIM-Oryza

Phenology

Development stages

STAGE CODE STAGE NAME STARTING PROCESSES

1 Sowing Seed germination

2 Sprouting Emergence, leaf initiation

3 Emergence

4 Begin cane Vegetative growth (LAI, DM), water/N uptake

5 Flowering

6 End crop

APSIM-Sugar

Phenology

Development stages FRACTIONAL BOLL DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENTAL NAME STARTING PROCESSES

Sowing Seed germination

Emergence Vegetative growth

First square Reproductive development

Small squares (3.0-5.0 mm)

Medium squares (5.0-10.0 mm)

Large squares (>10.0 mm)

0.0 Flowering

0.07 Small bolls (<25 mm)

0.21 Medium bolls (25.0-37.5 mm)

0.33 Large bolls (37.5-42.5 mm)

0.55 Inedible bolls

1.0 Open bolls

APSIM-Cotton

9

   

   

For  up-­‐to-­‐date  events  and  news  on  APSIM,  visit  www.apsim.info    

 Ques;ons  on  APSIM?    Contact    apsim@googlegroups.com  

 Thanks!  

Appendix

Notes: DSSAT – APSIM differences

Notes – APSIM/DSAT diffs

Notes History: CERES-Maize – 1985

CM-Ken and CERES-VI 1987 AUSIM/APSIM design 1989 – scenarios, management, rotations & intercropping APSIM implementation – 1992 Next release – v7.5 in April APSIMX – in development – very much faster (10 times?).

Respiration – Lucerne (alfalfa) & Eucalypts All coefficients and parameters (and some functions) externalised

“ini” file in xml format – crop calibration & “cultivar” parameters

Generic plant – many crops (new generic plant – externalised functions)

BUT also external models plugged in and older modules Maize, Sorghum, Cotton (OZCOT), rice (ORYZA), Sugarcane

Common soil modules (Water – SoilWat/SWIM, Nitrogen, Phosphorus) Phenology – air temperature driven (not soil temperature)

Notes Rate of leaf emergence/appearance (Phylochron) is crop parameter not “cultivar” Recommend not change crop parameters without close collaboration of APSIM module scientist