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Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework based on Gamification
FBK Software Engineering Seminars
18 May 2017, Trento - Italy
Luca Piras
University of Trento, Trento - Italy
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 2
▪ Acceptance Requirements and Gamification Research:
▪ European Projects:
o PACAS (http://www.pacasproject.eu/)
o VISION (http://www.visioneuproject.eu/)
▪ ERC Project: Lucretius (http://www.lucretius.eu/)
Who are we?
Paolo Giorgini, John Mylopoulos, Elda Paja, Mattia Salnitri and Luca Piras
Software Engineering, Formal Methods and Security Group
Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science
University of Trento (Italy)
Roberta Cuel and Diego Ponte
Department of Economics and Management
University of Trento (Italy)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 3
What is this seminar about?
▪ How to support the requirements analyst in analyzing and designing
software systems that can be really be accepted and used by users
▪ Supporting the requirements analyst in executing a Systematic
Acceptance Requirements Analysis
▪ Acceptance Factors & Acceptance Strategies
▪ Human Behavior, Cognitive Science, Psychology, Organizational Behavior
▪ We should analysis and design software systems according to (and
considering) those aspects
▪ Incentive Mechanisms
▪ Gamification
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 4
Why do we need this?
▪ Systems are important for people
▪ People are fundamental for systems (above all, for the ones that highly depend on the human contribution)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 5
Process A
• Machine
Process B
• Human
Process C
• Machine
The Software Acceptance Problem
Process D
• Machine
Process D
• Human
Process E
• Group
Process F
• Machine
Goal 1
Goal 2
▪ Success Factors:
o Acceptance
o Motivation
▪ Methodologies for analyzing and designing software systems
have to consider those new factors
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 6
Acceptance and Gamification Research
Holistic
Acceptance
Requirements
Framework
Requirements
Engineering
+
Human Sciences
Organizational
Behavior,
Mechanism
Design
Theories
MAF:
Motivational
Antecedents
Framework
[Simperl ’13,
Tokarchuk ’12]
Agon:
Acceptance
Requirements
Framework
Human Behavior,
Cognitive Science,
Psychology
+
Technology
Acceptance
Models
[Piras RE’16]
Comparison Integration
Guidelines
L. Piras, E. Paja, R. Cuel, D. Ponte, P. Giorgini and J.
Mylopoulos, “Gamification Solutions for Software
Acceptance: A Comparative Study of
Requirements Engineering and Organizational
Behavior Techniques”, in 11th IEEE International
Conference on Research Challenges in Information
Science (RCIS), IEEE, Brighton (UK), 2017.
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 7
Outline
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 8
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Outline
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 9
Acceptance, motivation, behavior change
▪ Speed limit
▪ Environmental respect
▪ Attention and
collaboration
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 10
How to motivate people? Gamification
▪ The Speed limit problem
▪ The speed camera lottery:
o Stockholm (Sweden), 2010
o Game
o Fun road signs
o Honest drivers are rewarded by speeders’
fines
▪ Visual feedback
▪ Unpredictability and Curiosity
▪ Potential achievement
▪ Avoidance of potential loss
Video above: https://youtu.be/iynzHWwJXaA
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 11
How to motivate people? Gamification
https://youtu.be/iynzHWwJXaA
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 12
Points
Badges
Leader
boards
▪ Gamification concepts:
o Core:
o Advanced:
• Levels, paths, challenges,
stories, feedback, progress, …
▪ “The use of game design elements in non-game contexts” [1]
Gamification
▪ Success cases:
▪ Case studies:
[2] [3] [4] [5]
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 13
▪ Time-consuming
▪ Not automatized
▪ High-costs -> Expensive
▪ Complex:
▪ Which gamification concepts should I use?
▪ Which parts are to be gamified?
▪ How could I put together gamification concepts?
▪ Which are the best practices/design patterns?
Gamification Engineering
Computer
Scientists
Psychologists
Sociologists
▪ Heterogeneous
professionals:
▪ How could I motivate
particular kinds of
Users/Players?
…Incentive Mechanisms
User Characterization and
Psychological Factors
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 14
Requirements Engineering and concepts,
techniques from other fields▪ Objective: to help the analyst in conducting a systematic acceptance
requirements analysis
▪ Focus: Requirements Engineering
▪ Concepts from other fields -> Human Behavior, Psychology,
Organizational Behavior, etc. -> for individuating:
o Acceptance Factors
o Acceptance Strategies
▪ By extensively analyzing gamification,
behavioral, cognitive, psychological,
social/economic studies [2], [3], [11]–[15],
we derived context variables relevant
for acceptance and gamification.
▪ Tools able to consider these context
variables
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 15
Gamification Frameworks
Analysis
Design
Development
Agon: an Acceptance
RequirementsFramework
[Piras RE ‘16]
MobilityGamification
Engine [Kazhamiakin
ISC2 ‘15]
Enterprise Gamification
Platform [Herzig ’12]
Service Oriented
Gamification Platform
[Sripada ’16]
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 16
▪ Our contributions:
o 1. compare the 2 frameworks concerning their methodology, theories and
variables -> Comparison
o 2. merge the 2 in a holistic framework -> Preliminary Guidelines for
integration
Candidate Frameworks
▪ Agon [Piras RE’16]: an Acceptance Requirements Framework -> Human
Behavior and Psychological perspectives
▪ MAF [Simperl ’13, Tokarchuk ‘12]: the Motivational Antecedents
Framework -> Organizational Behavior perspective
Agon
MAF
[Piras RCIS’17]
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 17
Outline
Case Study
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 18
The Doodle-like Meeting Scheduler Exemplar
▪ Main objective: obtain favorite dates for scheduling a meeting by using
Doodle
▪ Target Users: professors
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 19
Main Elements
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 20
Case study
Using Agon, an Acceptance
Requirements Framework
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 21
▪ Agon (in Greek Αγων) means “game” or “competition”, as in Olympic Games
(Ολυμπιακοι Αγωνες)
Agon: An acceptance requirements framework
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 22
Agon: An acceptance requirements framework
The framework offers a metamodel
of acceptance requirements,
gamification solutions and the links
in-between
▪ Acceptance model – considers
psychological factors and how to
address them
▪ Tactical model – links
acceptance problems to
gamification solutions
▪ Gamification model – describes
gamification solutions along
multiple dimensions, e.g., user
profiles, gaming concepts, best
practices/guidelines
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 23
Agon: An acceptance requirements framework
▪ Framework characteristics:
o generic
o flexible
▪ Multiple solutions:
o Gamification
o Serious Games
o Tangible Incentives
o …
▪ Current focus:
Gamification
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 24
The Models
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 25
▪ https://pirasluca.wordpress.com/home/acceptance/
▪ Goal Modeling techniques (NFR Framework) [L. Chung, B. Nixon, E. Yu, and
J. Mylopoulos ‘12]
▪ Acceptance model – encompasses several models from the literature:
o Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT),
o the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2),
o the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA),
o the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB),
o the Combined TAM and TPB (C-TAM-TPB),
o etc.
▪ Gamification model:
o point systems (i.e., experience, redeemable, skill, karma, reputation and
training points), badges, leader–boards, levels, paths, gamified training (i.e.,
suggestions, tricks, tours, tutorials, training paths), gamified market (i.e.,
rewards and market policies of redeeming, making gifts, purchasing), game
roles, powers, unlockable powers, etc.
o best practices/guidelines
Metamodels
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 26
▪ https://pirasluca.wordpress.com/home/acceptance/
▪ Tactical model:
captures alternative tactics for fulfilling acceptance requirements by using
gamification requirements; provides our framework with enough flexibility
to add alternative solution models (serious games model, tangible
incentives model, …)
▪ Context model - User Context Model and Context Dependant Rules:
critical user dimensions, adopted from the literature [6], [9], [17], [18], that
in the real life make difference in the way of people reacting to acceptance
and gamification techniques
Metamodels and the context model
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 27
Metamodels and the context model (2)
https://pirasluca.wordpress.com/home/acceptance/
▪ Statistics: 270 goals, 376 relationships (refinements,
operationalizations, positive/negative contributions, …)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 28
An example
Instance
Layer
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 29
User Context Model
▪ Extension of the [Orsi and Tanca ‘11] notation and framework
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 30
User Context Model
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 31
User Context Model
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 32
User Context Model and Context Dependent Rules
▪ The kind of game offered greatly depends on the intended user group, e.g.,
young, technology-savvy users prefer very different games than elder
technology-adverse ones …
▪ We model context using an extension of the [Orsi and Tanca ‘11] framework.
In that framework, contexts are defined along several dimensions.
▪ Our extension consists of allowing dependency rules between different
context points
Example from the
acceptance model
Example from the
gamification model
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 33
The Systematic Acceptance Requirements
Analysis
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 34
Case study: using Agon, an Acceptance
Requirements Framework
System
Psychological Strategies
Incentive Mechanisms
Gamification
Model
User/Player Model
User Characterization
Gamified
System
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 35
▪ Base system Requirements modeling
▪ Acceptance requirements elicitation and analysis
▪ Context characterization
▪ Context–based analysis of acceptance requirements
▪ Acceptance requirements refinement and selection of high-level
incentive mechanism requirements
▪ Context–based operationalization via incentive mechanism
(gamification) requirements
▪ Domain-dependent instantiation of incentive mechanism
(gamification) requirements
Case study: using Agon, an Acceptance
Requirements Framework
Gamified Solution
https://pirasluca.wordpress.com/home/acceptance/
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 36
Base system requirements modeling
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 37
Initial Requirements Model (1)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 38
Initial Requirements Model (2)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 39
Acceptance requirements elicitation and
analysis
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 40
Acceptance Requirements
▪ We represent them as quality requirements [FengLinLi14].
▪ meaning that N% of intended users (Participants) shall use the set of
functions (Functions)
▪ To define acceptance requirements it is needed to identify, among all the
functions of the software, the ones that:
o cannot be fulfilled automatically just by IT procedures;
o need human contributions;
o the human has to be to stimulated, engaged to carry out the activity.
▪ Such a requirement can be operationalized by a gamification mechanism
to be selected by taking into account the intended users, the user context
and other parameters.
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 41
Acceptance Requirements for the case study
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 42
Context Characterization
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 43
Context Characterization
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 44
Context–based analysis of acceptance
requirements
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 45
Context–Based Reasoning over Acceptance
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 46
Context–Based Reasoning over Acceptance
▪ Examples:
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 47
Acceptance requirements refinement and
selection of high-level incentive mechanism
requirements
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 48
Requirements Selection
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 49
Context–based operationalization via
incentive mechanism (gamification)
requirements
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 50
Context–Based Reasoning over Gamification
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 51
Context–Based Reasoning over Gamification
▪ Examples:
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 52
Domain-dependent instantiation of incentive
mechanism (gamification) requirements
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 53
Gamified Operationalization
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 54
Gamified Operationalization
▪ Examples:
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 55
Case study
Using MAF, the Motivational
Antecedents Framework
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 56
Case study: using MAF, the Motivational
Antecedents Framework
▪ Analysis
▪ Mechanism Design Theories; analyst’s expertize and experience
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 57
Case study
The gamified meeting scheduler in a
nutshell
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 58
Case Study: the gamified meeting scheduler in a
nutshell
▪ Acceptance Requirement:
▪ Main solution elements:
▪ Tour:
▪ Improve Perceived Ease of Use -> Improve System Perception by IT -> Provide
Tours
▪ Propose Tour Before Compiling
▪ Set Skip The Tour
▪ Badges
▪ First Compiling Badge
▪ Second Compiling Badge
▪ …
▪ Leader-board (First Doodle compilers LB)
▪ Redeemable points (Win 100 RP points)
▪ Gamified market (Real rewards; Redeemable policies)
▪ …
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 59
Comparison Results
Outline
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 60
Comparison results
▪ Our comparison covers:
o 1) the context variables used by each framework;
o 2) how acceptance and gamification concepts and best practices
are captured and supported by the two frameworks;
o 3) the analysis supported by each framework for each of the
gamification phase.
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 61
Context variables
▪ Disjointed variables
▪ Concept overlaps
▪ Hidden aggregated concepts (e.g., complexity of the task, individual
aspects VS. social aspects)
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 62
Comparison of analysis
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 63
Integration Guidelines
Outline
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 64
Preliminary guidelines for the integration
▪ Starting from Agon and including MAF concepts
▪ For the integration, we envision the following activities:
o 1) design of a common context model;
o 2) collection of psychological strategies and gamification best
practices;
o 3) translation of collected elements in Context Dependant Rules
(CDRs) and application of them in Agon models;
o 4) intra–model and inter–model revision for the entire framework to
ensure balance and coherence
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 65
Evaluation
Outline
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 66
▪ 2 Preliminary Qualitative Evaluations:
o (H1) Agon and its methodology can support experts (Table below);
o (H2) Agon and its methodology can support non-experts (Table below).
Evaluation
▪ Non-experts:
o Doodle-Like Meeting Scheduler
o 2 hours of Gamication introduction (individual);
o 2 hours of introduction on Acceptance (individual);
o gamication exercise without using Agon (individual);
o 2 hours of Agon introduction (individual);
o gamication exercise by using Agon (individual);
o comparison of the 2 experiences with an interview
(individual).
▪ Experts
o Real Case Study
o PACAS European Project Platform
▪ Results:
o H1 and H2 validated
o Clear guidance
o Useful suggestions at
each different layer
o Ready-to-use
gamification design
(structure)
o …
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 67
▪ 4 students
▪ Theses on Gamification of:
o A Decision-Making platform for Air Traffic Management (ATM)
(PACAS European Project http://www.pacasproject.eu/)
o Privacy Platform (VISION European Project
http://www.visioneuproject.eu/)
o Mobility Platform
o Children Independent Mobility (CIM) Platform
Heterogeneous Case Studies
Software Acceptance and Gamification
Case Study
Comparison Results
Integration Guidelines
Evaluation
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 68
Conclusions
Outline
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 69
▪ Acceptance through gamification by considering human
factors (other relevant fields)
▪ Most relevant variables for acceptance and gamification
▪ A systematic acceptance requirements analysis
▪ Candidate frameworks
▪ Case study
▪ Comparison of the frameworks and methodologies
▪ Preliminary guidelines for integration
▪ Evaluation with Experts and Non-experts
▪ 4 Heterogeneous case studies (4 students)
Conclusions
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 70
▪ On-going:
o Integration
o evaluation (PACAS European Project, Vision European
project, students, case studies from heterogeneous fields)
▪ Future work:
o Conclude the integration
o additional dimensions/characterizations
o alternative operationalizations for acceptance
requirements
o adaptive gamification solutions
On-going and Future work
SE-Seminars Agon: an Acceptance Requirements Framework Based on Gamification – [email protected] 71
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References (3)
Thanks for your attention
Luca Piras
University of Trento, Trento (Italy)
https://pirasluca.wordpress.com/home/acceptance/