agricultura y la ciudad communities and urban agriculture in havana, cuba
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Overview
Background History Reactions to the Crisis Benefits and Critiques
Framework Thomson/Freudenburger 2007
Case study Parque Metropolitano de la Habana
Long Term Sustainability Changing Cuban Economy Urban Planning
History
In the early 60’s the United Stated of America tried to crush the revolutionary spirit of Cuba with the most comprehensive trade embargo in history.
To survive Fidel Castro established powerful trade relationships to the Soviet bloc.
85% of Cuba’s trade was with the Soviet block
Agriculture imports included: 57% of Cuba’s caloric intake 80% of all proteins and fats
80% of all fertilizers and pesticides In 1989, Cuba ranked 11th in the Overseas
Development Council’s Physical Quality of Life Index, which includes infant mortality, literacy, and life expectancy.
History
In 1989 the Soviet block began to unravel Imports dropped by 73% This situation was intensified by:
the implementation of the Cuba Democracy Act of 1992
the signing of the Cuba liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act / Helms-Burton Act of 1996
tightened the existing trade embargo that prevented American or American-friendly countries from selling food or medicine to Cuba
Reactions to Crisis
A resurrecting of agriculture Began to transition from conventional, high-input, monocrop
intensive agriculture to smaller organic and semi organic farms
Agriculture transportation was reduced or eliminated due to the sacristy of oil.
Havana has a population of 2.5 million The post-Soviet crisis incited a massive popular response to
the shortage of food, first in the form of gardening in and around the home and then government action to convert all vacant lots to properties of food production.
This government effort was facilitated by the Cuban Ministry of Agriculture and more specifically, the Urban Agriculture Department
By 1998, there were over 8,000 officially recognized community gardens in Havana, cultivated by more than 30,000 people and covering approximately 30% of the available land.
Reactions to Crisis
Garden sites were established in close proximity to the gardeners’ households.
Land for gardens is obtained through the “Poder Popular” at no cost
Gardeners provided food for their families, gave a significant portion to childcare centers, hospitals, and needy community members, and sold the remaining produce for profit.
Many Urban areas now produce up to 60% of all Cuban vegetable production
Cuba has become practically the only country in the world to begin implementing a bio-logical pest control program on a national scale
Over 200 centers have been set up There are over 173 established vermicompost centers,
which produce 93,000 tons of natural compost a year using worms.
Benefits of Urban Agriculture
Availability of food In Havana production of fresh vegetables
and herbs has reached 150g and 200g respectively per capita per day.
Vacant lots are used productively 100,000 new jobs have been generated Rich variety of crops have become
available to communities This benefits the environment and promotes
a nutritional culture Empower People and build community
Critiques of Urban Agriculture
Conducting organic activities does not mean that they are sustainable
High irrigation demands Food Theft Insufficient research has been done on toxic
elements that may be present in leafy-green vegetables if crops are located in places with high motor-vehicle concentration
Smaller farms are less productive
Parque Metropolitano de la Habana
700 ha plot of “greenspace” within urban Havana
Surrounded by economically, culturally and racially diverse neighborhoods
Established “to create an ecologically, economically and socially sustainable park for the enjoyment of Havana’s residents” Create a “green lung” carbon sink for the city Provide an example of sustainable landscaping Promote economic development
Characteristics of the Resource Food and Nutrition
Agricultural Production Potential Soil Fertility
Nutrients Contamination
Water Climate Availability
Characteristics of the Community User Groups
PMH Agroforestry Farm Nguyen Van Trói Credit and Service
Cooperative Small lots used by individual producers
Characteristics of the Rules
Government support/regulation of urban agriculture projects Free use of unoccupied, government-owned
land for farming project Must fit government standards and
expectations Control of markets for sales
Credit and Service Cooperative Structure Local Economic Structure
Incentives
PMH Agroforestry Farm Consistant salary Environmental remediation Government support/resources
Nguyen Van Trói Credit and Service Cooperative Shared resources Provides source of credit for farmers
Small lots used by individual producers Few incentives to sustainable land use
Outcomes
Incredibly large, relatively efficient output of food for local consumption
Establishment of large urban green space Movement towards self-financing and
management Dependence upon government programs
Subsidy of supplies Production quota
Minimal Economic Incentive for Sustainability Failure to improve soils Limited Crop diversity
Outcomes Ctd.
Little Coordination Between Actors Multiple user-groups in a singular space
with specific goals and restrictions Is urban agriculture an appropriate
component of the park’s greater objectives?
Looking Forward • Sustainability Changing Cuban Economy
Renewal of imports Oil and chemical fertilizers/pesticides Effect of farming technique
Flight of workforce Increased availability of alternate
Urban Development and Farming Threatened agricultural land The role of urban farming in planning and
land management
Sources
Cruz, María Caridad, and Roberto Sánchez Medina. Agriculture in the City: A Key to Sustainability in Havana, Cuba. Ottowa, Canada: International Development Research Center, 2003.
Mougeot, Luc J. A. "Moving Between the Plan and the Ground: Shifting Perspectives on Urban Agriculture in Havana, Cuba." Agropolis: the Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. London [u.a.]: Earthscan, 2008. 153-86. Print.
WARWICK, HUGH. "Cuba's Organic Revolution." Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 16.2 (2001): 54. Academic OneFile. Web. 8 Apr. 2010.
Altieri, M., N. Companioni, K. Canizares, C. Murphy, P. Rosset, M. Bourque, and C. Nicholls. 1999. The greening of the "barrios": Urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values 16:131-140.