Prepared by Dr. Irene Kadzere-Forichi

For ZIS Grade 12 Economics Class

6 Feb 2012

SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN

AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA

15 countries in

SADC

• Maize/corn

• Wheat

• Small grains

• Sugarcane

• Cotton

• Fruits

• Vegetables

• Tobacco

• Potatoes

• Sweet potatoes

• Cassava

• Plantation crops e.g.

tea

http://www.liv.ac.uk/~kempsj/projects.html#top

http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/images/Livestock_MIS.jp

g

http://www.newcastle-

staffs.gov.uk

Basic Indicators Malawi South Africa ZimbabweTotal population (thousands), 2009 15263 50110 12523

Total adult literacy rate (%), 2005-2008* 73 89 91

Primary school net enrolment/attendance (%), 2005-2009* 91 87 90

% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, urban 95 99 99

% of population using improved drinking-water sources 2008, rural 77 78 72

% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, urban 51 84 56

% of population using improved sanitation facilities 2008, rural 57 65 37

Estimated adult HIV prevalence rate (aged 15-49), 2009 11 17.8 14.3

Orphans, Children (aged 0-17) orphaned due to all causes, 2009, estimate (thousands) 1000 3400 1400

Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, male 87 96 98

Youth (15-24 years) literacy rate, 2004-2008*, female 85 98 99

Number per 100 population , 2008, phones 12 91 13

Number per 100 population , 2008, Internet users 2 8 11

Life expectancy, 1970 41 53 55

Life expectancy, 1990 49 61 61

Life expectancy, 2009 54 52 46

GNI per capita (US$), 2009 280 5770 a

GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1970-1990 -0.1 0.1 -0.4

GDP per capita average annual growth rate (%), 1990-2009 0.5 1.2 -1.9

Average annual rate of inflation (%), 1990-2009 28 8 62

% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008* 74 26 -

Source:

http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/stats_popup13.html

SELECTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Angola 15.9 16.3 16.8 17.3 17.8

Botswana 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8

DRC 63.7 65.8 68.1 70.4 72.8

Lesotho 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Madagascar 19.2 19.7 20.2 20.8 21.3

Malawi 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.5 15.9

Mauritius 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Mozambique

19.9 20.6 21.2 21.8 22.4

Namibia 2 2 2.1 2.1 2.1

Seychelles 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

South Africa 47.4 47.9 48.7 49.3 50

Swaziland 1 1 1 1 1.1

Tanzania 37.5 38.3 39.5 40.7 42

Zambia 11.8 12.2 12.5 12.9 13

Zimbabwe 12 12 12.1 12.2 13.5

SADC Region

248 253.8 260.3 267.1 277

248

253.8

260.3

267.1

277

230

235

240

245

250

255

260

265

270

275

280

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Po

pu

lati

on

(m

illi

on

s)

SADC National SADC Aggregated

Population

Source, SADC

Steady increase in

urban population

and

decline in rural

population

Source: Southern African Development Community, 2012

RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Angola

Botsw

ana

DRC

Leso

tho

Mal

awi

Mau

ritius

Moz

ambi

que

Nam

ibia

South

Afri

ca

Swaz

iland

Tanza

nia

Zambi

a

Zimbab

we

SADC

Gro

wth

(%

)

2008 2009 2010

Fig 2: SADC – Inflation, 2008-2010

Source, SADC

:

Source: Rugube, 2011

Source: Rugube, 2011

Source: Rugube, 2011

AGRICULTURE AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Up to 80% of the population in SADC

depends on agriculture

Crops

Livestock

GDP contribution (see figure below)

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0914.pdf

FACTORS LIMITING ATTAINMENT OF

AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL IN THE REGION

Poverty – limited use of external inputs such as fertilizers, poor asset base e.g. Animals for land preparation

Technological limitations

Gender imbalance in access to production resources and decision making

Policy limitations

Limited/lack of financing or access to credit by smallholder farmers

Limited technical know-how/capacity

Limited access to information

Poor access to markets

Poor infrastructure – roads, rail, air, ports, storage facilities, etc

High postharvest losses on farm, in transit to markets, during marketing

Limited diversity of crops/livestock

Climatic challenges – floods, droughts, variability in rainfall

High land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc)

Disease pandemics – human

Pests and diseases outbreaks – and implications on output, qulity and marketability

Conflicts/unrest

Low investments into agricultural resach and development

Land Degradation

Source, ACT

Source: IFPRI, 2004

Source: Rugube, 2011

Low investments into

agriculture

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0M

aiz

e Y

ield

(to

nn

es p

er

hecta

re)

Botswana

Lesotho

Malawi

Mozambique

South Africa

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Source, FAO STAT

Poor Crop

SOME POSSIBLE WAYS TO ADDRESS THE CONSTRAINTS

Development and promotion of suitable technologies

Empower women – address gender disparities and mainstream issues such as HIV/AIDS

Promote policies that are more favourable to smallholder farmers including subsidies as appropriate

Improved credit access or financing of rural farming interventions

Improved access to quality inputs

Capacity building including information generation, networks and communication

Support to establishment of sustainable market linkages

Infrastrucre development including local level storage facilities and handling and processing zones

Reduce postharvest losses – improve onfarm storage etc

Diversify production and support COMMERCIALIZATION OF SMALLHOLDER FARMING

Increase productivity

Climate mitigation through e.g. small scale irrigation

Building up the asset base for the poor – e.g livetsock

Social protection measures

Addressing soil and land degradation problems (erosion, siltation, salinity, deforestation etc) –intergrating agroforesty

Smallscale agroprocessing initiatives – value addition

Increased public and private sector invetsments into agricultural research and development

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Qu

an

tity

(to

nn

es)

Major sources

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

To

tal

Va

lue

('0

00

US

$)

Selected imports by Malawi - 2009

$81 million of wheat imported in

2010, a 23% rise from 2009

Source: FAO STAT, 2012

SUPPORTING VULNERABLE FARMERS TO

INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Recovery from emergencies/disasters, risk

reduction and mitigation

• Access to inputs and market linkages (e.g. Contract farming)

• Improved production techniques

• Mitigation to disastsers - diversification, conservation

farming techniques, local seed production, small scale

irrigation, gardening

• Small livestock projects including pass on-schemes

• Control of pests and diseases

• Improved postharvest handling

Most common method of planting under smallholder farming

CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE

Conservation agriculture (CA)

can increase maize yields by up

to 200%

Source: ACT and FAO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Febr

uary

Mar

chApr

il

May

June

July

Aug

ust

Sep

tembe

r

Octob

er

Nov

embe

r

Dec

embe

r

Janu

ary

timing of field preparation

perc

en

t o

f p

lots

CF basins plow

Source: Haggblade and Tembo (2003)

Conservation agriculture can help farmers to prepare their

fields and plant on time

Practicing various forms of

crop mixtures/rotations under

CA help to improve soil health

and diversiy food

Source, ACT

AWARENESS AND CAPACITY

BUILDING REQUIRED AT ALL

LEVELS

Training of agricultural

extension workers

Capacity building – practical sessions for farmers

Awareness and training among farmers and extension

staff

Source, ACT and GART

Increasing awareness among policy

and decision makers

Source, FAO and ACT

More research on

the farms

AGROFORESTR

Y

CAN AGRICULTURE HELP SADC COUNTIRES TO

DEVELOP?

http://www.sarpn.org/documents/d0000393/index.php

Most are pre-dominantly agricultural based

Food dominates agricultural trade

Enhanced agricultural trade could help to fight poverty

promoting regional integration

increasing economic growth and welfare.

The World Bank estimates - 10% increase in crop yields could reduce by 9% the proportion of people surviving on less than $1 per day.

IFPRI: Increased farm incomes (by $1) can significantly increase rural incomes (by between $0.5 and $1.5)

MALAWI AS AN EXAMPLEOF AGRICULTURE-BASED

ECONOMIC GROWTH

2005 -launched an improved seed and

fertilizer voucher subsidy programme

targeted at the vulnerable households

Increased maize yields observed – see

earlier graph

Positive balance on maize supply – surplus

exported

Malawi Agricutural Value and GDP

65109 122 108 116 113 153

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1980-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-2005 2006 2007 2008

GD

P G

row

th (

%)

Gro

ss P

rod

uc

tio

n V

alu

e (

mil

lio

n U

S$

)

Gross Production Value of food (million US$)

Gross Production Value of Tobacco (million US$)

GDP Growth

Source: FAO STAT; SADCAccording to NEPAD CAADP report, Malawi is among the

countries allocating more than 10% of their annual budgets

to agriculture

Source: http://www.nepad.org,

Malawi is one of the countries reported to be allocating more than 10% (2007 CAADP

report)

GLOBAL TRADE AND AFRICAN SMALLHOLDER

FARMERS – OBSTACLES FACED IN COMPETING

WITH WESTERN COUNTRIES

Quota system

More border restrictions – exporting as a country rather than as region – compare e.g. with EU

Competitiveness – costs of production

Subsidies in developed countries which may render their goods cheaper than those from developing countries

Quality standards of produce is lower

Exporting primary or semi processed products

Trade policies – need for regional trade policies to conform to a global economy

SADC countries are members of other regional trading block, such as COMESA - overlaps in trade policies

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f e

xp

ort

(%

)

Yr 2000

Yr 2007

General exports from the SADC

Region

Source: Negasi 2009

IFPRI, 2004

MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

Goal 5: Improve maternal health

Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All sources of information used

All organizations and projects that I have

worked for and with

THANK YOU