agriculture 2013
TRANSCRIPT
AGRICULTURE De Blij Chapter 11
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
TYPES OF ACTIVITIES
• Primary Activities
• Secondary Activities
• Tertiary Activities
• Quaternary/Quinary Activities
Extracting something from the Earth
Conversion of raw materials into products
Provide services
Specialized services in information and education
AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture – “the deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food and fiber”
• US - # farmers ↓ but farm output ↑↑ • Most Countries - Agriculture the primary occupation
Food Taboos
HUNTING AND GATHERING
• Farming only began 12,000 years ago
• Pre-Farming peoples relied on hunting and gathering
San people of Southern AfricaAinu people of Japan
The destruction of the buffalo ended the nomadic lifestyle of Plains Indians
Three copper-base Bronze Age (3,000 BC -1200 BC) edged weapons from Tell Abraq, U.A.E.
FIRST AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNeolithic Revolution
• First Agricultural Revolution (10,000 BC)– ↑ carrying capacity
→ to ↑ population – migration of farmers– First occurred in SE
and SW Asia – Later in Europe,
Africa & the Americas
Ziggurat (Ur, Iraq)
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY REGIONS OF DOMESTICATION
Primary RegionsCitrus–Rice–Tea–Sugarcane– Nutmeg
Southeast Asia
Rices–Sorghums–EggplantIndia
Lentils–Onions–GrapesMiddle East
Coffee– CottonEast Africa
Tomatoes–Chili peppersCentral America
Secondary Regions Peaches–Soybeans–Pears
China
Dates–Garlic–OlivesMediterranean
Yams–Kola nut–PeasEast Africa
Potatoes–Tomatoes–Pumpkin
South America
Pineapple–Tobacco–PeanutsSouth America
citrusRicestea
Sugarcanenutmeg
ricessorghumseggplant
pineappleTobaccopeanutspotatoes
Tomatoespumpkin
Yamskola nutpeas
DatesGarlicOlives
PeachesSoybeanspears
tomatoeschili peppers
Coffeecotton
LentilsOnionsgrapes
Karl Sauer proposed early agricultural hearths
ANIMAL DOMESTICATIONMay have begun 8,000 years ago
Pigs water buffalo chickens
SE Asia
Cattle Asian elephant?S Asia
goats sheep camelSW Asia
yak horse goats sheepCentral Asia
llama alpaca turkeyMesoamerica
guinea fowl (no livestock)Africa
SUBSISTENCE FARMING• Shifting cultivation: farmers
move when the soil becomes infertile– AKA slash & burn
agriculture; milpa; patch agriculture etc.
– Occurs in sparsely populated areas
• Small plot farming:– Subsistence agriculture– May sell a little at market– Impoverished tenant
farmers 100-200 million farmers do not raise cash crops – they are subsistence farmers
Subsistence Agriculture
SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Occurred in 1600s & 1700’s• Made food production
more efficient – Tools developed– crop care – harvesting improved – Selective breeding
• Europe’s population ↑• Industrial Revolution
enhanced these changes
Johann von Thünen (1783-1850)
• Author of The Isolated State• Assumes land is flat and soil is
uniform • Perishable and highly priced items
were grown nearest the town. • Further away from town, bulkier
and less expensive crops were grown.
• Furthest away were livestock farms
Why would von Thünen’s model…
Call for these to be grown closer to town
and these to be grown further from town
Land rents and transportation costs to market govern land usage
THIRD AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONThe “Green Revolution”
• Began in 1945• Emphasis on developing
world• Prevented famine in Asia, L.A. (not
Africa)
• Key Idea:– Experimental seed varieties (IR8 rice)– New farm techniques– equipment– Pesticides – fertilizers – By 1990’s: pest resistant rice with 3
growing cycles per year
Requirements for success– Cultural acceptance – middle class farmers – education– availability of credit– political stability – good transportation networks
Problems with the Green Revolution
• ↓ genetic diversity• soil erosion• water shortages• salinization• debt• Cancer (pesticides)• Class divisions
– Rural-urban migration
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
• Dates back to the 1970’s• Issue: Genetic engineering• Pest resistant foods could produce “super bugs”• Effects of inserted genes on people - Health risks?• GM foods embraced by China; rejected by Europe
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/List of GM Foods (2006)
hypoallergenic cat for pet lovers prone to allergies.
“Mr. Green Glow” has been engineered to
have fluorescent skin
Ailurophobic’s worst nightmare!
WORLD AGRICULTURE
CASH CROPS & PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
TodayCash crops a source of money for ‘periphery’Price dictated by ‘core’
Age of European colonization
Periphery (colony) raw materials “cash crop”
Core (Europe)manufactured goods
CASH CROPS & PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
Plantation agriculture: - “cash crops grown on large estates”Plantations found in Latin America; Africa; S. AsiaPlantation may be owned by multinational corporations
– United Fruit Corp. in Guatemala
Pineapple Plantation
CASH CROPS & PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
• Cotton Production– Southern US; China; Egypt;
India; Brazil….– 19th C industrialization led
to mass production• Luxury Products:
– Tea– Coffee
– the second most valuable commodity traded (oil first)
– Cacao– Tobacco
Gezira Scheme (Sudan)• One of the largest
irrigation projects at 8,800 sq. miles (about the size of NJ)
• Cotton culture
Rubber Plantation, Vietnam
Tea Plantation, MauritiusYour Coffee Dollar
Cote d’Ivoire
Logging & Landslides
Java, Indonesia
Haiti - Deforestation
Hundreds of fires burn in the Amazon rainforest in Peru (left) and Brazil (right). The fires are seen as red squares in this image taken by the Aqua satellite on the afternoon of September 1, 2003.
Slash & burn in the Amazon
Fair PriceFair Labor ConditionsDirect TradeDemocratic OrganizationsCommunity DevelopmentEnvironmental Sustainability
Afghanistan• The average gross income
from opium cultivation exceeded wheat—by as much as 27 times
COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK, FRUITS & GRAIN…
Dairying NE US and NW EuropeMixed livestock & crop farming E. US; W. Europe; Russia; S. AmericaLivestock ranching US; Canada; Mexico, Brazil; Argentina;
Australia
Rice US (leading producer); Thailand; Vietnam
Mediterranean Agriculture (olives, figs, dates..)
Mediterranean Europe; California; South Africa; Chile
Illegal Drugs Coca (Columbia, Peru, Bolivia); Heroin & Opium (South Asia especially Afghanistan)
92 Million 280 MillionUSPopulation
Organic Crops
AGRIBUSINESS
• Agribusiness: the transformation of farms in corporations– Concentrates agricultural activities– Example: Poultry farming
• Large scale hatcheries and feed mills• Farmers as managers• Important decisions made by the corp.
– (choice of feed; collection of birds…)
Open Range Farming
Feedlots
The Meatrix
EARLY HOUSING
• Larger communities leads to more complex housing
• Functional Differentiation– Building built for specific
purposes– Difference in quality
based upon wealth
Catal Hüyük
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS DETERMINE HOUSING
Stilt housing in a flood zone Yurt housing for nomadic people
Steeple roof for snow/rainIgloo illustrates use of available material
Great Plains lacks trees therefore settlers built “sod” houses
Housing in the Southwest
UNCHANGED TRADITIONAL HOUSES• Houses have not been
significantly altered in a century
• Can be modified but changes not borrowed from other cultures
• Usually in areas resisting foreign influence
Tower Houses of Sana’a, Yemen
UNCHANGED TRADITIONAL HOUSES
Indonesia
Africa Ireland
Germany
TRADITIONAL HOUSING IN US
• New England “saltbox”
• Mid-Atlantic style adapted from one room log cabin
• Southern houses usually reflect relative poverty; one story; porch & raised platform to vent heat
MODIFIED TRADITIONAL HOUSES
New building materials used or new elements added that do not fundamentally alter the structure
Modified South African “rondeval” home
MODIFIED TRADITIONAL HOUSES
MODERNIZED TRADITIONAL HOUSES
• Far-reaching modifications of floor plan and layout
• Only elements of the traditional
MODERN HOUSING
• Most common in US• Practicality;
hygiene; comfort most important
American ranch-style house
Suburbia: Aesthetically pleasing?
“Cubic houses” in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Zulu beehive house made out of grasses and brush
Houses can be categorized based upon their structure & materials
In the 1920’s the California Ranch moved east. Because of climate differences, this is an example of maladaptive diffusion
SETTLEMENTSHamlet • small (dozen) cluster of houses
Village• social stratification• differentiated building• 50% of world’s population live in
villages• May stress traditional values
Italian hilltop village
Dutch village
Chinese village Colombian Village
PATTERNS OF SETTLEMENT
Delineating land• Primogeniture: all land to eldest
male– Northern Europe & areas of
colonization– Leads to large estates
• Land divided among heirs– Southern Europe– Leads to small scattered plots– Cause of emigration
Cadastral system: shows property lines
• The metes and bounds system was the earliest form of surveying land.
• It used natural features to mark boundaries into irregular lots. • This system comes form Europe and was used along the eastern
seaboard of the US
Surveying Land• The rectangular
survey system was adopted in the US as part of the township and range system designed to spread settlement across the country.
• Also seen in Canada
Map of Kansas counties showing the influence of the rectangular survey system
Town in South Dakota
• French influence on land Survey
• Long Lot Survey system found in Canada, Louisiana and Texas