AGRICULTURE AND MAN

KOD KURSUS: PRT 2008

KREDIT: 2( 2+0 )

DR. KHALID M.NOR

EVALUATION

• 1. ATTENDANCE…………….5.0%

• 2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)……...20.0%

• 3. QUIZ 2 ( 9TH WEEK)………20.0%

• 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH WEEK)..........20.0%

• 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT…..35.0%

• TOTAL…………….100.0%

EXECUTION

• 1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader )

• 2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th week.

• 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week.

• 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.

OBJECTIVES

• 1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3

• 2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3

• 3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD ETC….ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2

OBJEKTIF

CIVILIZATION( PERANAN )

SUSTAINABILITY(PENGURUSAN )

ECONOMY(KEPENTINGAN )

A&M: OVERVIEW TOPICS

(9) DEVELOPMENTIN MALAYSIA

INNOVATIONS& CHALLENGES

ECONOMICS

SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTUTE

(5) GENETICRESOURCES

BASICRESOURCES

REVOLUTION

EVOLUTION

(1) INTRODUCTION& SCOPE

TOPICSTOPICS

SYNOPSIS

Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & SCOPE

DEFINITION

IMPORTANCE

DOWNSTREAMPROCESSING

SYSTEMS&

PRACTICES

DEFINITION

• Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services.

IMPORTANCE

• 1. EMPLOYMENT.• 2. SURVIVAL.• 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ).• 4.FOOD SECURITY.• 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF

AGRIC. WASTES.• 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative )

• “ NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE”

SYSTEMS, PRACTICES & DOWNSTREAM

• SYSTEMS & PRACTICES• 1. SUBSISTENCE FARMING• 2. COMMERCIAL FARMING

• DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING:• 1. FOOD PROCESSING• 2. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

CHAPTER 2: EVOLUSI PERTANIAN

EVOLUSI PERTANIANEVOLUSI PERTANIAN

PRE-HISTORIC

UTILIZATION OF…….

VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS…..

N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC.

INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS

INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES

GLOBAL AGRIC. EVOLUTION

• 1. Started between 850-1650

• 2. Large scale farming started by Sumerians.

• 3. Improvements: Rotations + Scientific methods + germplasm transfer + machines labour + mechanisation + food processing ( rudimentary )

AGRIC. IN MIDDLE AGES( 500-1500 A.D )

• KEY FACTORS OF EVOLUTION:

• 1. Irrigation system

• 2. Scientific approach

• 3. Incentives.

• 4. New crops and plant species.

• 5. New cultivation techniques.

MODERN AGRIC. EVOLUTION

• 1. Started in 1950s

• 2. Characteristics: Yield per land unit increased many times more + improvement in agric. Practices + rapid rise in mechanization + speed and scale + efficiency + quality improved.

• 3. Beginning of Green Revolution ( 1940s and 1960s )

UTILISATION OF HUMAN………BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Started with Human and Animal labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +……genetic engineering etc.

VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS

• TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE:• 1. Ecosystem fully utilised & waste recycle• 2. Food production= art & craft. Knowledge &

skill handed orally.• 3. Food= survival=enough=sustainable.• 4. No machinery• 5. Control of pests & disease culturally• 6. Natural resources capitalised• 7. Organic husbandry & Native varieties.

• MODERN AGRICULTURE:

• 1. Scale: Intensive & massive

• 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive

• 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread

• 4. Employment : knowledge & skills

• 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt.

• 6. Professionalism : no taboos.

NOMADIC & SEDENTARY AGRIC

• NOMADIC ( Characteristics )• 1. Short term• 2. Virgin soil / hill slopes• 3. Customs & taboos• 4. Yield: poor• 5. Fertilizer : minimal• 6. Disrupt ecosystem eg: flood• 7. Biodiversity lost thru. clearing

INFLUENCE OF

• RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu

• LIFESTYLES :

• 1. Valentine’s Day

• 2. Convocations

• 3. Mother’s Day……etc.

• 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.

CHAPTER 3: REVOLUSIPERTANIAN

REVOLUSI PERTANIAN

FAKTOR PENYEBABFAKTOR PENYEBAB CIRI-CIRICIRI-CIRI

BATASAN SUMBER HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT

PERTAMBAHANPENDUDUK

KIMIA & BIOAGEN

KEPELBAGAIANPRODUK

PERTANIAN PERSIS

MESRA ALAMMIKANISASI &

OTOMASI

KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI BIOTEKNOLOGI

ENAKMEN & SKIM

CAUSAL FACTORS

• Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev.• 1. Limitation of fertile land.• 2. Labour shortage• 3. Balance of trade• 4. Population increase• 5. Need for diversity of products• 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly• 7. Technological advances.

CHARACTERISTICS

• 1. High yield & resistant

• 2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents

• 3. Precision agriculture

• 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn

• 5. Agric. Biotechnology

• 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.

CHAPTER 4: SUMBER ASAS& PERSEKITARAN

SUMBER ASAS & PERSEKITARAN

SUMBER ASASSUMBER ASAS PERSEKITARANPERSEKITARAN

IKLIM ZON ARGOEKOLOGI

AIR IMPAK IKLIM

TANAH PENCEMARAN

SUMBER MANUSIARACUN PEROSAK &

NITRAT

BASIC AGRIC. RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT

1. CLIMATE : TROPICS + TEMPERATE + TUNDRA + DESERTS.

2. WATER : RAIN-FED & IRRIGATION.

3. SOIL : TYPES & PROFILES ( RELATES TO NUTRIENTS CYCLE )

4. HUMAN RESOURCE: AGRICULTURE CANNOT OPERATE WITHOUT WORKFORCE.

ENVIRONMENT

• GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES:• (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND • (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS• IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:• (1) GLOBAL WARMING• (2) DESERTIFICATION• IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN• (2) HEAVY METALS

PESTICIDES & NITRATES

• PESTICIDES: • EXCESSIVE AFFECTS HEALTH &

REDUCE BIODIVERSITY.

• NITRATES:• CAUSES EXCESSIVE ENRICHMENT OF

WATER ( EUTROPHICATION )..ALGAE GROWTH..OXYGEN DEFICIT..KILLING OFF AQUATIC LIFE.

CHAPTER 5: SUMBER GENETIK

UBAHAN GENETIK &PEMULIHARAAN SUMBER

GERMPLASMA &DIVERSITI

ASAL & TABURANTANAMAN

ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION OF CROP PLANTS

• CENTRES OF CROP ORIGIN:

• 1. MESOAMERICA

• 2. ANDES & SOUTH AMERICA

• 3. SOUTHEAST ASIA.

• 4. CHINA

• 5. AFRICA

• 6. SOUTHWEST ASIA.

GERMPLASM & BIODIVERSITY

• GERMPLASM = DNA• BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VARIABILITY

AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS= BIODIVERSITY. THREE ASPECTS=

• (1) GENETIC (2) SPECIES (3) ECOSYSTEM/ HABITAT.

• SIGNIFICANCE: (1) HEATHY FUNCTIONING (2) ECONOMIC BENEFITS (3) AESTHETICS.

GENETIC RESOURCE APPLICATIONS

• IMPROVEMENTS: (1) YIELD (2) PEST & DISEASE RESISTANCE (3) ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE (4) GREEN REVOLUTION.

• GENETIC RESOURCES:(1) WILD RELATIVES (2) WEEDY RELATIVES

• (3) PRIMITIVE CULTIVARS/LANDRACES (4) MODERN CULTIVARS (5) ADVANCE BREEDING LINES (6) GENES FROM OTHER SPECIES.

GENETIC VARIATIONS AND CONSERVATION

• GENETIC VARIATION: ALL GENETIC VARIATION ORIGINATES FROM MUTATION.

• TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION:

• (1) IN SITU (2) EX SITU

• LOSS OF GENETIC RESOURCES:

• (1) DOMESTICATION (2) DESTRUCTION (3) EXTINCTION.

CHAPTER 6: PERTANIAN LESTARI ( SUSTAINABLE AGRIC)• 1. PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI• ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)• 2. PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR• ( ENVIROMENTAL CONSERVATION)• 3. FAEDAH SOSIO-POLITIK• ( SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS )• 4. PERANCANGAN & KEPUTUSAN• ( PLANNING & DECISION MAKING )

SA: INTRODUCTION

• 1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN

• 2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT

• 3. MODELS & APPROACHES

• 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM

• 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN

• 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF

CAPABILITY:

• SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES:

• FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF

• MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY

• AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY

• INDEFINITELY

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• 1. RESOURCE-CONSERVING

• 2. SOCIALLY-SUPPORTIVE

• 3. COMMERCIALLY COMPETITIVE

• 4. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND

MODELS

• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL :• (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND

CHEAP• (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION +

WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL + MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER “FARMERS”+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)

MODEL: ECOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES

REFERS TO AS:

NATURAL, ORGANIC, LOW-INPUT, ALTERNATIVES, REGENERATIVE, HOLISTIC, BIODYNAMIC, BIOINTENSIVE, AND BIOLOGICAL

FARMING SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM (SS)

• VISION:• SS SHARE A VISION OF FARMING WITH

NATURE, AN AGROECOLOGY THAT (1) PROMOTES BIODIVERSITY (2)RECYCLES PLANT-NUTRIENTS (3)PROTECTS SOILS FROM EROSION (4) CONSERVE & PROTECT WATER (5)USES MINIMUM TILLAGE

• (6) INTEGRATES CROPS&LIVESTOCK• (7) + PROFITABLE + GOOD QUALITYOFLIFE

SS PRACTICES

• SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES:

• 1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM

• 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET

• 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ?????

• GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE

• OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)

SS OBJECTIVES

ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION

SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• 1) ECONOMIC PROFIT is necessary• 2) INCOME OPPORTUNITIES:• 2.1= ALTERNATIVES CROPS• 2.2= MIXED CROPS• 2.3= INTEGRATING PLANTS &

LIVESTOCKS• 2.4= CONTRACT FARMING• 2.5= NICHES/ SPECIALITY/GREEN ETC.

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (EXPECTED OF MODEL)

• 1. FINANCE & SAVING INCREASE

• 2. DEBT DECREASE

• 3. LESS RELIANCE ON SUBSIDIES

• 4. PROFIT YEAR AFTER YEAR

• 5. EXTERNAL PURCHASE OF FEED AND FERTILIZER DECREASES

SS: ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION

• IT INVOLVES KEEPING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN GOOD CONDITION, VIZ:

• 1.EFFECTIVE ENERGY FLOW

• 2. WATER CYCLE

• 3. MINERAL CYCLES

• 4. VIABLE ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS.

SS: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ( DIAGRAM )

ECOSYATEMDYNAMICS

ENERGYFLOW

WATER CYCLE

MINERALCYCLE

• ENERGY FLOW (NON-CYCLICAL )

• ILLUSTRATION: MEAT

POULTRY

CORN

SUN

• WATER CYCLE• ILLUSTRATION

RAIN

OCEAN &LAND

CLOUD

• MINERAL CYCLE:• ILLUSTRATION

ANIMALSMANURE

SOIL

CROPS

• ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS• INDICATORS:• 1. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS & ANIMALS,

ABOVE & BELOW GROUND:• 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY• 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY• 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY• ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )

• DIVERSITY: PRACTICES & EFFECTS

• ILLUSTRATIONS:

• 1. INTERCROPPING= INCREASE

• 2. CROP ROTATION= INCREASE

• 3. COVER CROPS = INCREASE

• 4. MONOCROPPING/ TILLAGE/ HERBICIDE/ INSECTICIDE =DECREASE

SS: SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS

• BENEFITS IN TERMS OF:

• 1. FOOD SECURITY

• 2. LAND TENURE

• 3. GOOD HEALTH

• 4. MAINTAINING THE FABRIC OF RURAL COMMUNITIES

• ( IT INVOLVES= KEEPING MONEY CIRCULATING+ QUALITY OF LIFE )

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE( PLANNING & DECISION )

• MANAGING THE THREE (3) OBJECTIVES SIMULTENOUSLY

• CONCEPT OF:

• HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT WITH KEY CHARACTERISTIC REFERRED TO AS FEEDBACK LOOP = PLANNING- MONITORING-CONTROLLING- REPLANNING.

CHAPTER 7: ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL DEV.

• 1. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRIC. TO MAL. ECONOMY / SUMBANGAN KPD. NEGERA

• 2. INTERNATIONAL TRADE / PERDAGANAN ANTARABANGSA

CONTRIBUTION…..

• INTRODUCTION:• SYSTEM: DUALISTIC

PLANTATION

40 HA.+SINGLE CROPMGT: SYSTEMATICMODERN TECHHIRED LABOUR

SMALLHOLDER

0.4 – 4 HA.

MIXED & MONO.

PRODUCTION LOW

LIMITED TECH.

MGT: DISORGANISED

• PURPOSES ( OF PRIMARY COMMODITIES)

• 1. EXPORT EARNINGS

• 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS

3. NAP PROGRAMS ( NEXT SLIDE )

• NAP PROGRAMS:

• EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION (1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE

• (2) INCREASE EXPORT

• (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES

• AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ?

• 1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM

• USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO

• USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )

• LAND UTILIZATION ?

• INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA ( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 )

• OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.

• FOOD COMMODITIES ?

• SELF-SUFFICIENT IN:(2005 )

• FRUITS

• PORK

• POULTRY

• EGGS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AGRICULTURE

• 1) OVERALL TRADE SURPLUS:

• 2002 EXPORT=USD 7375 MILLIONS

• 2002 IMPORT =USD 4300 MILLIONS

• 2) STILL FOOD-DEFICIT:

• 2000 IMPORT =USD 3.0 BILLIONS

CHAPTER 8: INNOVATIONS & CHALLENGES

• 1. RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES / PENYELIDIKAN & TEKNOLOGI

• 2. FUTURE CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE / CABARAN MASADEPAN

RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY

• 1. OIL PALM• 2. RUBBER• 3. COCOA• 4. PADI• 5. LIVESTOCK• 6. FISHERIES• 7. HORTICULTURES• 8. BIOAGENTS• 9. PRECISION AGRICULTURE

FUTURE CHALLENGES

• 1. LABOUR

• 2. PRICE

• 3. CROP CHOICE

• 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY

• 5. RESOURCES

CHAPTER 9: APPROACHES TO AGRIC. DEV. IN MALAYSIA

• 1.NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICY / DASAR PERTANIAN NEGARA ( NAP )

• 2.EDUCATION, R&D INSTITUTES, AND EXTENSION SERVICES/ PENDIDIKAN, R&D DAN PEGEMBANGAN

• 3. LEGISLATION , POLICY AND STANDARDS / PERUNDANGAN & PIAWAIAN

POLICY=NAP

LEGISLATION& STANDARDS

EDUCATIONR&D, EXTENSION

NATIONAL AGRICULTURALPOLICY ( NAP )

STRATEGIC APPROACHES:

(1) AGROFORESTRY APPROACH

(2) PRODUCT-BASED APPROACH

NAP 3 : PLAN OF ACTION

• 1.2.1: ENHANCE FOOD SECURITY & COMBATING INFLATION

• 1.2.2: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY

• 1.2.3: PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

• 1.2.4: ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORT

• 1.2.5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEV.

EDUCATION, R&D &EXTENSION

EDUCATION,R&D,

EXTENSION

EDUCATIONEDUCATIONUNIV., COLLEGESUNIV., COLLEGES

VOC, INST.,VOC, INST.,TRAININGS.TRAININGS.

R&DR&DPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR

&&PRIVATE SRCTORPRIVATE SRCTOR

EXTENSIONEXTENSIONTOT FROM MARDITOT FROM MARDIBY DOA, MADA,BY DOA, MADA,

KADA, LKIM ETC.KADA, LKIM ETC.

LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS

PESTICIDEACT1974

CODEXSTANDARDS

GAP, BMP,SLAM, SOM

GFP,HACCP

FISHERIES ACT1985 FORESTRY

ACT1984

WILDPROTECTION

ACT1972

QUARANTINEACT1976

ENVIRONMENTQUALITY ACT

1974

POISONACT1952

FOODACT1983

AGRICULTURE & MAN

•THANK YOU

•SALAM SEJAHTERA

•THE END