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Sangita Dubey Statistics Division, FAO
IICA 27, Panama City, 2 - 4 September 2015
Agriculture Cost of Production
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Objectives
Uses of cost of production statistics/Examples
Outputs and indicators/ Examples
Key methodological questions
Progress & achievements
Next milestones
Proposed Recommendations
Outline
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Objectives
Provide developing countries with relevant and implementable guidelines on the:
• Collection;
• Compilation; and
• Dissemination of CoP statistics
Internationally comparable statistics on agricultural CoP
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• Basis for economic analysis
• Basis for effective policy-making
• More efficient resource allocation
• Better program-targeting of farmers
Government level
• More efficient markets
• Better decisions by farmers (input use, commodity specialization etc.)
• Better decisions by input producers
Economic operator level
Uses of cost of production statistics
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• Morocco introduced a tax on agricultural activities. CoP statistics are essential to set tax rates, estimate distribution effects (winners, losers) and costs & benefits (to the treasury and economy).
Taxation
• India uses its annual CoP estimates as a basis to set the level of price support mechanisms for the different crops.
Price support schemes
• CoP estimates are one of the main information sources for the setting of EU direct subsidies within the Common Agricultural Policy.
Subsidies
• the EU started to compile a TFP index as one of the main indicators to evaluate the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Data on intermediate consumption and input costs are critical for such and indicator.
Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index
Uses of cost of production statistics Examples
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Outputs and indicators
Economy-wide
Crop/activity-level
Farm-level
• Agricultural GDP/Value-added
• Pollution cost abatement indicators
• System of Environmental-Economic Accounts for Agriculture (SEEA-Agri)
• Multi-factor productivity
• Technical coefficients (cost structure)
• Gross and net economic margins
• Farm income
• Household food security indicators
• Benchmarking indicators
• Best practices
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Outputs and indicators
Examples
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Imputed costs Non-cash costs Cash costs
Structure of costs – Philippines (2012)
Source: CountryStat /Philippines Statistics Authority
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Outputs and indicators Examples
Labor costs (share in total costs) – Philippines (2012)
Source: CountryStat /Philippines Statistics Authority
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Hired labor (in cash) Hired labor (in-kind)
Operator and family labor Exchange labor
Food expenses
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Outputs and indicators Examples
Economic profitability (Peanuts) – Philippines (2012)
Source: CountryStat /Philippines Statistics Authority
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140Pesos per Kg1997=100
Net returns (right scale)
Parity index (output prices / input prices)
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Outputs and indicators Examples
Cumulative distribution of Cost of milk operations, by US region, 2000
Source: Short (2004). Characteristics and Production Costs of US Dairy Operations.
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Main methodological questions
Combined effort
Collection of farm-level data
Sampling survey approaches
Typical farm approaches
Administrative information
Combination of data sources
TRADE-OFFS Costs of the program
Relevance and accuracy of the data
Representativity of the indicators
Data collection strategies
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CoP Dimensions & estimation of costs
Total costs = Variable costs + Fixed costs .
Cash Costs Capital costs
Purchased seed, feed fertilizers, etc. Depreciation costs and opportunity costs of
capital on owned machinery, buildings and
farm equipment Paid labour
Custom services (machinery, etc.)
Non Cash Costs
Farm overhead costs
Unallocated fixed costs
Farm – level taxes, permits licenses, etc.
Unpaid (family) labour Land Costs
Farm – produced inputs Land rents and imputed rents,
land related taxes Owned animals and machinery
… and what about joint inputs?
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Main methodological questions
Combined effort
Imputation of costs for inputs when
Inputs are produced on the farm (feed, manure, etc.)
Inputs are owned by the farm (family labor, land, etc.)
Payments are made in-kind
Information on costs is not available or usable
Estimation of costs
Principle Use of market prices for similar inputs
Question : what to do when markets for these inputs do not exist ?
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Main methodological questions
Combined effort
Farm-level costs need to be allocated to each activity/commodity when:
The farm produces more than one commodity
Inputs are jointly used by multiple activities
Allocation of costs
Multiple allocation methods
Based on area harvested
Questions : should costs be always allocated? What are the negative implications of these allocations?
Based on gross revenues, …
Based on econometric techniques
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Process and organization
Combined effort
Statistics Division of FAO
Friends of the Chair (group of experts)
National and international consultants
Country participants (NSOs, agriculture departments, etc.)
Project team
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Progress & achievements to date
2009 (AFCAS Ghana ) • Study of country experiences in cost of production and
price statistics; request to initiate work on CoP
2011 (AFCAS Ethiopia ) • 1st EGM on CoP with country case-studies (Mali, Zambia,
Ethiopia) • FAO mandated to: administer a global survey on country
CoP practices; prepare a Handbook on CoP statistics focused on developing countries
2012 • CoP included as research activity of the Global Strategy • APCAS Viet Nam : 2nd EGM on country practices in CoP;
presentation of an annotated outline of the Handbook
2013 • Literature review on CoP prepared by the EU-JRC • 3rd EGM in Rome: discussion of the first draft of the
Handbook and preparation of the field tests • AFCAS Morocco: presentation of the outputs and objectives
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Progress & achievements to date
2014 • APCAS Lao PDR: presentation of CoP outputs
and objectives • Testing CoP at country level: 3 Country Case
Studies: • Philippines: Overview of existing CoP
program • Colombia: test of Private sector Coffee CoP • Tunisia: development and focus group
testing of questionnaires for cereals, dairy, olives
• On-line publication of draft CoP Handbook/guidelines, for feedback
2015 • Final EGM on CoP Handbook and country case-
studies • Presentation to Global Strategy’s Scientific
Advisory Committee • Revisions to CoP Handbook and Case Studies
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Next milestones
• Publish CoP Handbook
• Public Country Case Studies
• Develop training materials
• Deliver regional workshops
• In Africa - led by African Development
• In Latin America and the Caribbean
2015
• Develop CoP module for AGRIS Future Opportunities
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Proposed Recommendations
It is recommended that:
1. Member states endorse the Agricultural Cost of Production Guidelines as recommendations for implementing and estimating Cost of Production statistics, and FAO continue production of CoP training materials.
2. FAO, in collaboration with a regional organization, deliver a Cost of Production workshop in Latin America and the Caribbean in the next year.
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For more information … … please contact
FAO Statistics Division Sangita Dubey (Senior Statistician/Team Leader): [email protected]
International Consultant Peter Lys (Canada): [email protected]