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Ministry of Agriculture & Land Reclamation US Agency For IntI. Development Agriculture Policy Reform Program Reform Design and Implementation

Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation

AGRICULTURE POLICY REFORM PROGRAM

Reform Design and Implementation Unit (RDl) USAID CONTRACf NO. 263-C·()()'97-OOOOS-OO

Report No. 87

APRP Reform Design and Implementation Unit

Development Alternatives Inc. Group: Office for Studies & Finance. National Consulting Firm Development Associates. Cargill Technical Services. The Services Group. Training

Resources Group. Purdue Universities. University of Maryland

Promoting the Propagation of "True-to Type" Grape

Planting Stock

Prepared by: Susan Nelson-Kluk, Grape Certification Consultant, University of

California, Davis Dr. Assem Shaltout, Faculty of Agriculture Ein Shams University

Dr. Ahmed ElObeidy, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Lawrence Kent, RDI, APRP Rich Magnani, RDI/APRP

Dr. Mohamad Zaki Gomaa, RDIIAPRP

December 1999

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

A. INTRODUCTION .............•... ; ................ ~ ..•............•........................................••....•...• 1

B. CAUSES CONTRIBUTING TO MISIDENTIFICATION ...................................... 2

B.l. No LEGAL PENALTY FOR SELLING MISIDENTIFIED PLANTS •.••...•.....•..•..•..•...•••.•.••.•.••. 2

B.2. INADEQUATE NURSERY RESOURCES •.•••.•.•••.•.•.••.•..••......................•.•••••.•.•.•..•..•..•.•.••• 3 B.3. PROBLEMS WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW V ARIETIES. ...•.••••••••••..•..•....•..•..•..••••••• 3

C. RECOMMENDATIONS ..•..•••....•............•............•.•........•.......................•..•.....••••..•••.• 3

C.I. CREATE A MODEL CONTRACT AND ARBITRA TION SySTEM .•..•.................•..•.•..••.•.•..•.• 3 C.2. SUPPORT THE GOVERNMENT'S LONG-TERM PLAN TO CREATE A GRAPEVINE

FOUNDATION COLLECTION AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAM .•.•..................••.•....•.....•.•..•.•..• 4 C.3 . CREATE A GRAPE VARIETY AUDIT PROGRAM ...•......•.•....•.•...••••..•......•.......•.•...•.•..•.••.• 5

C.4. REVIEW FACILITIES AND PROTOCOLS FOR MAINTAINING GRAPE VARIETY IDENTITY

DURING QUARANTINE ..••.•.............••••••••••...•..•...............•....•.....•.•••.••.••.........•..•.••.•••••••.••.•. 7

C.5. UTILIZE THE IN VITRO OPTION FOR INTRODUCING NEW V ARIETIE8. ....•..•..•..........•.•.... 7 C.6. RESPECT BREEDER'S RIGHTS TO PRIVATELY OWNED VARIETIES .•......•••••••••.......••••.•.• 7

D. IMPLEMENTATION •...•..•...........................•••.••.••••.•.•......•................•...................... 7

D.l. MODEL CONTRACT AND ARBITRATION SYSTEM ....................••••••.•...•....•......••.•••••.•.•. 7

D.2. GRAPEVINE FOUNDATION COLLECTION AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAM ...•.•••.••....•.•. 8 D.3. GRAPEVINE VARIETY AUDIT PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION •...•....•...•.......•••.••.••.•..•.•. 8 DA. REVIEW FACILITIES AND PROTOCOLS FOR MAINTAINING GRAPE VARIETY IDENTITY

DURING QUARANTINE ................•••••.•••...............................••..•••...........•.....•..•••••..••.•..•.•..•. 9 D.S. UTILIZE THE IN VITRO OPTION FOR INTRODUCING NEW FOREIGN VARIETIES ••..•.••.•.•.• 9 D.6. RESPECT BREEDER'S RIGHTS TO PRIVATELY OWNED V ARIETIE8. ••••...•....•..•...•••••..•.•.• 9

E. OTHER CROPS ......................................................................................................... 10

E.I. MODEL CONTRACTS AND ARBITRATION ..••.•••••••••••••.••.•...........••...••••••.••...•..•.•••••.•••. 10 E.2. CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS ............•.•....•.•....•.•........................•..•..••..•.•....•.......••.•.•. 10 E.3. VARIETY AUDIT PROGRAM •••••..•..•...•....•.............•••••••••••••.•..•..•..•......•••••••..•..•.•..•.•.• 10 EA. INTRODUCTION OF NEW V ARIETlES. ..•........••••••••.•••••.••••.•...••..•...•......••••••.•.....•....•.••• 10

F. CONCLUSION •.......•..............•••••.••......................•.....•.•••.•.•..•..•.................•.•..•••..•..•.• 10

APPENDIXES

Appendix A: List of People Interviewed and Places Visited during the Project Appendix B: Draft Protocol for HErA Grapevine Variety Audit Program Appendix C: Current Regulations for the California Registration and Certification

Program

c

Appendix D: Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identify Grape Varieties Appendix E: Draft Model Sales Contract Appendix F: Advantages of California Certified Stock Appendix G: Draft Schedule for Implementing the BElA Grapevine Variety Audit

Program Appendix H: Private Tissue Culture Labs

Acronyms

APRP ATUT ELISA ESAS GOE GTZ

HEIA RDI RT-PCR USAID

Agriculture Policy Refonn Project Agricultural Technology Utilization and Transfer Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay Egyptian Seed Association Government of Egypt Gennan Technical Assistance Program (Deutsche Gesellschaft Fur Technische Zusammenarbeit) Horticultural Export Improvement Association Refonn Design and Implementation Unit, APRP Reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction United States Agency for International Development

Executive Summary

In Egypt, nurseries selling planting stock for fruit trees and vines occasionally mix and confuse varieties. This confusion and misidentification of varieties is particularly acute for grapevines - many growers complain that the planting stock they buy from nurseries is often misidentified, i.e., not "true to type." This problem represents a serious and costly problem in Egypt and it requires both short-term and long-term solutions. This paper focuses on addressing the problem for grapevines.

In the long-term, the government or a non-governmental organization must establish a virus-tested, true-to-type foundation collection and an associated certification program. This is an expensive, technically complex and administratively demanding endeavor that will require many years to establish. However it is needed to deal comprehensively with both virus and variety misidentification issues.

In the short-term, two practical measures can be taken to deal with the variety misidentification issue. The first is a model contract system that would facilitate arbitration in cases of variety disp)ltes between nurserymen and their grower clients. The second is an upgrading of the current Quality Assurance Program operated by the Horticultural Export Improvement Association to integrate a variety audit component. Such a component would use visual inspections of nurseries to ensure implementation of a protocol designed to reduce variety mixing at- the Mother Block and nursery levels.

While these short-term measures will not solve the more challenging virus problems, they will help to reduce levels of variety misidentification, and this will be of great service to Egypt's grape growers.

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock Page I

A. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this assessment is to help develop a policy that will promote the production of "true-to-type" nursery plants for fruit trees and grapevines.

This assessment was initiated because many growers have complained that nursery plants for fruit trees and grapevines are frequently misidentified. Growers choose varieties for their ripening times and fruit quality, in an effort to target specific export markets. In some cases, growers may invest energy and resources in their vineyards and orchards only to discover, two years later, that they were given the wrong type of planting stock. Off-type fruit from misidentified plants cannot be marketed as planned.

Correcting mistakes is expensive because of the high cost of establishing vineyards and orchards. The ground must be prepared by adding manure or compost and installing irrigation infrastructure. For vineyards, expensive trellising systems must also be erected. After planting, it takes several years to produce the first saleable crop, and the returns generated during the first few crop years are only adequate to repay the initial investment. Profits usually don't start to accrue until after five years or more. If it is discovered, two years after planting, that there was an identification error in the planting stock, the grower has to decide whether to remove the plants and start over or to accept a lower rate of return over the life of the vineyard or orchard. Improving trueness-to-type of nursery planting stock could therefore significantly help the horticulture industry.

After a preliminary analysis of the scope of this assessment, a decision was made to narrow the focus to grapevines for several reasons. Firstly, variety mix problems have occurred most often in the propagation of grapevines, according to the Horticulture Export Improvement Association (HEIA). At least 19 of the 103 HEIA members have received tnisidentified grapevines. Secondly, table grapes have been identified as the #1 crop for export potential by the USAID-funded Agricultural Technology Utilization and Transfer (A TUT) program. It is particularly important to produce correctly identified fruit for sale in foreign markets. Thirdly, it is important to develop methods for propagating true-to-variety grapevines before grape rootstocks are widely used here. If grape rootstocks are misidentified, it will take much longer to discover errors and so greatly increase the amount oftime and money lost. After a program is successfully established for grapevines, the system can be expanded gradually to cover other fruit crops.

There are about 160,000 feddan of table grapes planted in Egypt - 60,000 feddan in the Delta and 100,000 feddan in the former desert areas. About 2,000-3,000 feddan of grapes are planted per year at a rate of between 700 and 1000 vines per feddan. Domestic government and private nurseries produce grapevine nursery stock. There are currently three large private nurseries that each produce 200,000 to 1,600,000 vines per year. There are also three medium-sized, private nurseries that each produce between 50,000 and 100,000 vines per year and many small private nurseries that produce less than 10,000 vines per year. The government nurseries combined production is in the range of 50,000 to 100,000 vines per year.

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock Page 2

Vineyards are planted almost exclusively with dormant, own-rooted cuttings. Rootstocks are not currently used, although some growers and researchers are considering testing rootstocks because of their potential benefits in resistance to nematodes and salinity. Nurseries charge between 40 piasters and 1.5 LE per dormant own-rooted cutting. The price varies according to the variety.

A study to investigate the problem of incorrectly identified grape nursery stock has been conducted by a team of specialists including Dr. Assem Shaltout, Faculty of Agriculture Aim Shams University, nursery owner and nursery consultant; Dr. Ahmed ElObeidy, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University; Lawrence Kent, agribusiness specialist, Rich Magnani, agribusiness specialist; Dr. Mohamad Zaki Gomaa, agricultural economist; and Susan Nelson-Kluk, grape certification consultant, University of California, Davis. This team toured private, university, and government nurseries and farms. We also met with government officials, HEIA members and staff, other nurserymen, and growers to discuss the problem and gather information to use in formulating a solution. A list of people interviewed is given in Appendix A.

The team identified several causes contributing to variety mixing in grapevines and formulated six main recommendations to help solve the problem.

B. CAUSES CONTRIBUTING TO MISIDENTIFICATION

There are three major causes contributing to variety misidentification in grapes:

B.1. No legal penalty for selling misidentified plants Many of the people interviewed for this project were concerned about the lack of laws requiring that nurseries sell correctly identified plants. Growers said that they are afraid that nurseries that sell misidentified plants, either because of negligence or mismanagement, face no direct negative consequences or penalties.

The Under Secretary of State for Horticulture confirmed that no laws currently exist requiring that grapevines or fruit trees sold by nurseries be correctly identified. He does not anticipate creating a law of that kind until the government is able to provide diseasefree and correctly identified grape materials to public nurseries as part of a certification program. He plans to create a foundation plant service for plants and a grape certification program, but it may take up to ten years.

Most nurseries are not currently using written contracts when they sell grape plants. Agreements between buyers and sellers are usually informal and verbal. This fact, coupled with the lack oflaws on this issue, means that there is no formal way to resolve problems with grape nursery sales. HEIA does provide informal arbitration services to its members, and these services have been used successfully to resolve a number of the misidentification cases to date. However, the people involved in disputes are often close business associates and friends. It is uncomfortable and difficult to resolve complex,


expensive problems using the existing loosely-defined processes. Most people who met with the team were in favor of creating a model contract system to fonnalize and depersonalize the dispute resolution process.

B.2. Inadequate nursery resources None of the specific cases of misidentified grapevines we investigated appeared to be intentional, according to the growers interviewed. Most were the result of variety mixes, unknown to the nurserymen, in commercial vineyards that were used as sources of propagation wood. All the growers interviewed said they had been compensated by the nurseries for misidentified grape materials purchased. The nurseries, therefore, appear to be conducting business in good faith but lack the infonnation and resources to consistently provide true-to-type plants. Nurserymen interviewed were interested in a program to help them improve trueness-to-type (see Appendix B for recommended nursery protocol).

B.3. Problems with the introduction of new varieties Careful attention to preserving trueness-to-type is especially important when new varieties are introduced to the country for the first time. In these situations, a small amount of bud wood is multiplied many times, so any mistakes have wide-reaching effects.

Several interviewees raised concerns about the possibility of grape variety mixing during the government quarantine retention period. When donnant cuttings are imported, the materials remain in GOE quarantine for at least two years while tests and inspections are conducted. Since we did not visit any quarantine facilities we have no first hand knowledge of quarantine procedures that would lead to variety mixing.

Many of the cases of misidentified vines reported to the team involved grape varieties that may have been introduced from unauthorized sources to avoid paying royalties to breeders for intellectual property rights. When local nurserymen and growers avoid their royalty responsibilities, breeders become reluctant to bring new varieties into the country. Work is in progress to develop intellectual property policy in Egypt, but no laws have been implemented yet. Meanwhile, growers often do not have access to correctly identified source materials for new varieties, and breeders are discouraged from quickly sharing infonnation about newly developed varieties.

C. RECOMMENDATIONS

The team developed six major recommendations to improve variety identification:

C.l. Create a model contract and arbitration system The team recommends creating a model contract that clearly defines the amount of liability, in the case of variety misidentification, as well as other responsibilities of the grower and nurserymen. The contract would also specify an organization, chosen jointly

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock

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by the buyer and seller, to provide mediation and arbitration services if disputes are not resolved by the contract.

The amount of nursery liability specified in Nursery-Grower contracts should partially compensate growers for the cost of establishing the vineyard in addition to the cost of the original plants. Costs for establishing a vineyard range between 2,000 and 10,000 LE per feddan depending on the type of trellis system used. Of that amount, about 1,000 LE is the cost of the plants. According to the growers interviewed, fair compensation for misidentified vines would be about 2,000 LE per feddan. They considered this fair, even if the grower had invested more, because part of the investment (trellising, fertilizer and compost) would be reusable.

Nursery-Grower contracts would also be useful to define arrangements for delivery or pick-up of plants. Due to the lack of refrigeration facilities, growers must be prepared to plant shortly after grapevines are dug from the nursery row. The contract can specifY whether the grower will pick up the plants or the nursery will deliver them. The contract can also specifY the date when the plants will be dug from the nursery and then picked up or delivered to the grower. The contract should specifY the amount of notice required if the grower or nursery wishes to change the delivery date and the percent of allowable offtype plants, as well as price and payment terms.

C.2. Support the government's long-term plan to create a grapevine foundation collection and certification program A voluntary certification program that guarantees correctly identified grapevines was one of the options suggested in the terms of reference. Foundation collections and certification programs are used in France, Italy, Germany, and California to reduce disease and regulate trueness-to-type.

Certified materials in foreign programs must originate from foundation collections of disease-tested true-to-type mother vines usually maintained by state agencies. Thus the creation of such a foundation collection program is a prerequisite for the creation of a true grape certification program.

Candidates for foundation collections are tested extensively for disease using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), Reverse-ttanscription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), herbaceous, and field indexing methods prescribed in regulations governing the programs. Diseased candidates are treated to eliminate disease using tissue culture and/or high temperature procedures. Treated candidates are re-tested to confirm that the disease was eliminated. Candidates are also checked for trueness-to-type using visual inspections conducted by international variety experts. Biochemical methods are sometimes used to characterize the variety identity of foundation materials. Candidates that are negative for disease, and confirmed to be true-to-type, advance to foundation status.

All foundation status grapevines are kept in an area designed to protect the vines from becoming infected by soil or air-borne diseases. Grapevines in the foundation collection


are regularly re-tested and inspected for disease. Well-trained plant pathologists and sophisticated laboratories are needed to provide this high level oftechnical oversight for foundation stock. Propagation materials from the foundation collection are multiplied by private nurseries to produce enough certified stock for commercial vineyard needs. Certification program inspectors monitor nurseries to insure that procedures prescribed to prevent disease infection and variety mixing are followed.

The Foundation Plant Materials Service of the University of California recently constructed greenhouse, screenhouse, headhouse, laboratory, cold storage, and office facilities for the California grape foundation collection. These facilities and the equipment cost about $4,000,000. Copies of the regulations used to govern the California Grapevine Registration and Certification Program are included in Appendix C.

The grape foundation collection and certification program planned by the Undersecretary of Horticulture in Egypt is similar to the programs in California and other countries. The program will provide a good solution to misidentification problems in the long run, and will benefit the industry by reducing disease in grape nurs.ery stock. However, it Villi take many years and much funding to create such a foundation collection and certification program

C.3. Create a grape variety audit program The team explored the idea of an interim, short-term program to help improve truenessto-type without addressing the more complicated disease control issues.

Such a variety audit program is feasible because the commercially grown table grapes in Egypt can be distinguished by simple visual inspections of the phenotypic characteristics ofleaves, vines, and fruit. Biochemical techniques for identifying grapevines can also be used when visual inspections are not conclusive (see Appendix D). Descriptions of at least 26 imported and II local table grapes in Egypt have been published. I Also, an

analysis of current grape nursery practices has shown that the amount of variety mixing can be reduced by teaching nurserymen protocols for maintaining trueness-ta-type and implementing a simple variety audit system to confirm adherence to prescribed protocols.

The team therefore recommends an audit program for grape variety identification based primarily on visual observation. Rationales for different features of the program are sununarized below. Detailed protocols and agreements for the proposed program are given in Appendix D.

a. Purpose and limitations: The purpose of the program will be limited to improving trueness-to-type in grape nursery stock.

I See "Grape Activity Annual Report" of 1982 and 1983 (in English) and "Basics ofImproving the

Cultivation and Production of Grapes and the Varieties of Modern Table Grapes" (in Arabic) by the Ministry of Agriculture and University of California Agricultural Systems Project, USAID-Egypt.

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock

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b. Voluntary participation: Although variety mixing is a problem, the nursery industry is providing an important service to the emerging table grape export industry. Given the importance of maintaining the integrity of this industry, changes are best implemented on a voluntary basis, to minimize disruption. The grape variety audit program should also be flexible enough to allow participating nurseries to choose to produce all or just a portion of their grape plants under the auspices of the variety audit program. This will facilitate smooth transitions into the program by individual nurseries. Voluntary participation will also motivate managers of the program to make it successful, so as to attract more participants.

c. Protocol summary: Most nurseries currently cut budwood from commercial production vineyards to propagate new vines. These vineyards frequently include off-type vines, which result in the propagation of misidentified vines. The first step in the protocol will therefore be to identify vineyards used as budwood sources and inspect each vine for trueness-to-type when they are fruiting. Off-type vines will be removed and each correctly identified vine will be permanently labeled with the variety name. A map showing the location, variety name, date identified and person who identified the vines will be created. Buffer zones between different varieties will be created to prevent variety mixing. Vineyards meeting these standards may be enrolled as "Mother Blocks" in the Variety Audit program. Each enrolled Mother Block will receive an identification number. Cuttings harvested from enrolled Mother Blocks will be identified with a tag indicating the variety name and Mother Block number. Callusing of cuttings before planting in Nursery Blocks will be supervised. Enrolled Nursery Blocks will be inspected to confirm that all cuttings planted came from enrolled Mother Blocks, buffer zones exist between different varieties, labels are used to identify varieties in the field, any off-type vines are removed and records are maintained. Inspectors will also supervise digging and labeling of dormant plants with the variety name, nursery name and Mother Block source. Tags used in the Variety Audit program should include a distinctive Variety Audit logo.

d. Requirements for participation: As many nurseries as possible should join the variety audit program. Therefore, the program should be open to all nurseries that are willing to meet its standards. It should be explained and widely advertised to encourage as much participation as possible by placing ads in trade journals and association newsletters. Workshops about the program should be held, and program representatives should make private visits to nurseries.

To become a participant in the variety audit program, nurseries must sign an agreement promising to follow all the protocols prescribed by the program. Successful candidates must also facilitate the inspection of various farming and nursery operations designated in the protocols.

Program participation may be terminated for failure to comply with any of the terms of the agreement or protocols. An appeal process to review terminations should be established and used upon request of the parties involved.


e. Program inspectors: Trained inspectors will be needed to supervise critical steps in the protocol procedures. Training should consist ofteaching the rationale and importance of all steps in the protocol. An international grape variety expert (ampelographer) should be hired to teach all inspectors grape variety identification methods. This ampelographer could help check all Mother Blocks for variety correctness the first year of the program, in addition to training inspectors.

Program supervisors should occasionally audit inspector's work to assure a high performance standard

f. Program funding: No new funding has been identified for a variety audit program; therefore, it should be conduced on a fee-for-service basis. Attention should be given to advertising the value added to vines by the Variety Audit logo so that nursery and Mother block owners will be able to charge higher prices and offset these costs.

CA. Review facilities and protocols for maintaining grape variety identity during quarantine Given concerns about variety mixing during quarantine, it may be helpful for the government to conduct a review of the procedures used during quarantine to maintain variety integrity though strict labeling, management, and record keeping. The results of the review could be used to implement any necessary reforms to enhance transparency, quality, and reliability in quarantine services.

c.s. Utilize the in vitro option for introducing new varieties Quarantine laws have recently been changed to allow for the direct importation of in vitro (sterile culture) grape materials. The possibility of importing insects, bacteria or fungus contaminants is greatly reduced with in vitro materials. Using this method also provides for more direct access to source materials and so minimizes the opportunities for variety identification errors.

C.6. Respect breeder's rights to privately owned varieties Develop a method for recognizing and respecting the intellectual property rights of grape breeders. By respecting international breeders' variety rights, Egyptian nurserymen and growers can reduce the level of variety mixing and confusion. Honoring agreements with breeders will improve future access to correctly identified source materials for propagation purposes. Fostering good relations with breeders will also facilitate faster access to information and propagation materials, which are likely to be privately controlled, for new varieties in the future.

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock Pages

D. IMPLEMENTATION

D.I. Model contract and arbitration system An organization that serves both growers and nurseries should implement this recommendation by producing and distributing model contracts for the use of nurseries and growers. HEIA's membership includes both grape growers and nurseries that need this service, and HEIA already operates an arbitration service that has been used to settle disputes over misidentified grapevines in the past. HEIA would therefore be a good organization to provide model contracts.

The draft contract in Appendix E should be reviewed by a committee of growers and nurseries and then checked by a sales contract attorney before a final fonn is produced for distribution. HEIA should also educate growers and nurserymen about the advantages of using a model contract.

Both HEIA and the Egyptian Seed Association (ESAS) are planning to offer arbitration services in the future, and both are willing to serve as arbitration bodies for their members and for non-members using the model contract. The HEIA system is already in place, but it will need to be modified to accommodate non-members. ESAS has plans in progress to offer formal mediation and arbitration services in the near future, but they also need to make some additional accommodations for non-members. Both organizations should develop a mechanism to automatically refer to court all arbitration decisions that are not implemented within a specific time period.

We recommend that both organizations continue to develop and implement plans for offering arbitration services to members and non-members. In this way, people using the contract will have a choice of arbitration services. Providing this choice will increase the use of the model contract because nurseries and growers can jointly select the body that they feel will be the most objective.

D.2. Grapevine foundation collection and certification program Creating a foundation collection of virus-tested, true-to-type grape plants and a grapevine certification program to monitor the multiplication of foundation stock is a highly technical endeavor, as described in section C.2. The Central Administration for Horticulture is currently cooperating with German Technical Assistance (GTZ) to create this type of foundation stock and certification program for citrus trees. After the government establishes such a service for citrus and learns from the experience, it will be in a good position to establish a similar collection and service for grapevines.

In the meantime, HEIA should raise awareness among grape growers and nurserymen about the hazards of planting diseased grapevines and the importance of supporting the government's efforts to create virus-tested, true-to-type foundation stock. A document explaining the advantages of certified grape stock is given in Appendix F.


D.3. Grapevine Variety Audit Program implementation HEIA is in a good position to implement a grapevine variety audit program because it already operates a Quality Assurance Program to ensure the achievement of fruit quality standards required for export markets. HEIA has a team of24 inspectors that work on this program. One of their responsibilities is to 'make sure that the fruit for export is labeled with the correct variety name. One indication ofthe success of this program is a recent contract to provide quality assurance inspections for all fruit shipped to one European grocery store chain.

The team recommends expanding the Quality Assurance Program to include Grape Variety Auditing. This would involve training the Quality Assurance inspectors to also inspect grape nurseries operations and propagation wood sources according to the protocols given in Appendix D. The exact number of inspectors required will depend on the number of nurseries that emoll in the program; however, it is anticipated that HEIA's existing team of inspectors will be sufficient to implement the program, at least for the first few years. If necessary, HEIA has the resources to hire more inspectors later.

Other resources needed to implement a Variety Audit Program include: • transportation for inspectors, • some kind of machine to make permanent plant identification labels, • a logo by which emolled materials can be recognized, • semi-permanent labels preprinted with a HEIA variety audit logo to label emolled

cuttings and planting stock, • a computer and label printer to add the variety name, increase-block number, and

number of cuttings to each label, • a grape variety expert (ampelographer) for 4-6 weeks when the fruit is ripe to

- create a key for inspectors to identify grape varieties, - teach variety identification methods to inspectors, - check Mother Blocks for the first time for trueness-to-type.

A draft schedule for implementing the Variety Audit Program is given in Appendix G.

D.4. Review facilities and protocols for maintaining grape variety identity during quarantine The government is probably best able to conduct this review. RDI may be able to assist in this process. It might also be helpful to have someone involved in quarantine visit the grape quarantine program at the University of California Davis Foundation Plants Materials Service, where facilities and procedures for grape quarantine and certification work have recently been upgraded.

D.S. Utilize the in vitro option for introducing new foreign varieties Some growers and nurserymen interviewed were aware of the in vitro option but they are not using it because they are not familiar with international sources of in vitro plants. They also lack training and facilities needed to move grape plants from test tubes to soil after receiving them. A few commercial tissue culture labs that offer these services are therefore given in Appendix H. HEIA should raise awareness of these services.


D.6. Respect breeder's rights to privately owned varieties It would be helpful to send a representative from the Egyptian grape industry to visit some of the important table grape breeders around the "world to establish a working relationship with them. This would include working out methods to make sure that any royalties are paid. Some table grape breeders to visit are: Antonio Calo, Conegliano Italy; Angel Gargulio, Argentina; and David Ramming, United States Department of Agriculture, Fresno California, USA.

E. OTHER CROPS

Most of the recommendations for improving trueness-to-type in grapevines are also applicable to tree crops, with minor modifications.

E.I. Model contracts and arbitration The model contract and arbitration system designed for grapes could also be used for trees. The grower and nurseryman would just have to reach agreement ahead of time about the amount of compensation due to the grower in the case of misidentified trees. That amount would then be specified in the contract.

E.2. Certification programs Certification programs that control disease and trueness-to-type represent the best longterm approach for improving grape and tree nursery stock. The GTZ and the government of Egypt are currently implementing a project to create a foundation collection of citrus trees. A French program is soon to begin a similar project focusing on stone fruits.

E.3. Variety Audit Program The principals outlined for the grape variety audit program are directly applicable to tree crops. Checking the plants that serve as sources of budwood and taking precautions that mixes do not occur in the propagation process is key. However, the feasibility of using visual inspections to identifY mother trees needs to be investigated for each crop specifically. More sophisticated biochemical methods such as DNA analysis may be needed to identifY some crops.

E.4. Introduction of new varieties All of the points in the earlier sections about introductions of new grape varieties are also directly applicable to new varieties of tree crops.

F. CONCLUSION

The misidentification of grapevine varieties in Egypt is a serious problem reqniring both short-term and long-term solutions. In the long-term, the government or a nongovernmental organization must establish a virus-tested, true-to-type foundation collection and an associated certification program. This is an expensive, technically

Promoting the Propagation of "True to Type" Grape Planting Stock Page II

complex and administratively demanding endeavor that will require many years to establish. However it is needed to deal comprehensively with both virus and variety misidentification issues.

In the short-term, two practical measures can be taken to deal with the variety misidentification issue. The first is a model contract system that would facilitate arbitration in cases of variety disputes between nurserymen and their grower clients. The second is an upgrading of the current Quality Assurance Program operated by BElA to integrate a variety audit component. Such a component would facilitate inspections of nurseries to implement a protocol designed to reduce variety mixing at the Mother Block and nursery levels.

Appendix A: People Interviewed and Places Visited Page 1 of2

Members of the Industry: Hussein EI Aguizy, President, EI Aguizy Industries Kelly Harrison, Chief Training Officer, Kelly Harrison Associates, Technical advisor to

. HEIA (past chiefofparty for RONCO Consulting Corporation, ATU1) Mohamed Ayman Korra, vice chairman ofHEIA also owner of Pearl Nursery Kaheled Hegazy, General manager Hegazy Farms Osama. Mohamed, Pearl Nursery Heshan Mohamed, EI-Agha Farm, km 105 Desert Road Dr Mohamed Adel EI Ghandour, EI Sherouk Farm or Egypt Green Farm Said Fathy, Sherine Farm Eng. Nagah, Concrete Nursery Eng. Mohamed Taha Diab, PICO

Government and Donor representatives Mr. Mohamed Nour, Coordinator Project Management Unit, Agricultural Policy Reform

Project Dr Werner Gassert, Director Citrus Improvement Project, GTZ Dr. Alvaro Azancot, A TUT Table grape specialist Eng. Fawzy Z. Shaheen, Under Secretary of Agriculture, Head of Central Administration for Seed Administration Dr. SeifEI-Deen A. Sari EI-Deen, Director of Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C. Dr. Diaa EI-Din EI Rays, Fruits and Post Harvest Coordinator, ATUT Eng. Ibraheem Sheta, Undersecretary of Horticulture Dr. Ghbriel Farag, Agriculture Research Center, Horticulture Research Institution,

Grape Division, Ministry of Agriculture Eng. Badr, Barley Island, Barag (Government nursery)

University Dr Aida M Allam, Professor of Horticulture at Minufiya University Dr Mohamed Fayek, Chairman of the Department ofPomology, Cairo Univeristy Dr. George Stino; Dept ofPomology, Cairo University Dr. Aluned Kelani, Dept of Pomology, Cairo University, Head of Grape Group at A TUT Eng. Abdel Kader, Cairo University Nursery Dr. Abdelal Regazi, Mansoura University

Grower Associations Amr EI Tonsy, Executive director Horticultural Export Improvement Association (HEIA) Engineer Amr Rizkana, Quality Assurance Program Manager for HEIA Hani EI Koleny, deputy executive director HEIA, technical coordinator Medhat EI Miligy, HEIA coordinator for grapes Mr. Yehia EI-Ghorab, Egyptian Seed Association

/~

Appendix A: People Interviewed and Places Visited Page 2 of2

Places visited as part ofthe project:

El-Agha Farm Cairo University Nursery Pearl Nursery ShaItout Nursery El Sherouk Farm or Egypt Green Farm and Nursery Concrete Nursery Government Nursery at Barley Island (Barag) Farm at the Monastery of Saint Macarius Nursery at the Horticulture Research Institute Harned Fahmy Farm

Appendix B: Draft Protocol for HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program Page I of 9

Draft Protocol for HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program

I. Disclaimer of Warranties and Financial Responsibility

All the provisions in HEIA-Nursery/Grower Agreement shall apply to this program

II. Defmitions

I. "Applicant" means any person or legal entity whose variety audit application has been submitted but not yet accepted by HEIA.

II. "Audited Cuttings" means cuttings harvested from Enrolled Mother Vines.

III. "Audited Planting Stock" means grapevines propagated in a Nursery Block.

IV. "Canceled" means enrollment status is permanently withdrawn from grapevine(s) entered in the program and these may no longer be used as a source ofHEIA audited grapevmes.

V. "Common Stock"means propagative materials from grapevines not enrolled in the program.

VI. "Enrolled" means that HEIA has approved a Mother Vine, Mother Block, or Nursery Block that has been propagated, planted, inspected and documented in accordance with the provisions of this program to serve as a source of Audited Cuttings or Audited Planting Stock.

VII. "Grapevine" means a rooted grape plant.

VIII. "HEIA" means the Horticulture Export Improvement Association.

IX. "HEIA Approval" means written consent from HEIA.

X. "Mother Block" means a planting of enrolled mother vines that are maintained according to the protocols.

XI. "Mother Vines" means enrolled grapevines eligible to serve as sources ofHEIA audited grape cuttings.

XII. "Notify" means communicate information in writing, in person, by phone, by FAX or by Email.

XIII. "Nursery Block" means a planting of grapevines propagated from Audited Cuttings and maintained according to the protocols outlined here.

Appendix B: Draft Protocol for HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program Page 2 of 9

XIV. "Off-type" means different from the variety listed on the application for emollment

xv. "Participant" means any person or legal entity who has submitted a variety audit application that has been.accepted by HEIA

XVI. "Suspend" means emollment is temporarily withdrawn from emoIled grapevines in a Mother block or Nursery planting

XVII. "True-to-type" means the same as the variety shown on the map submitted with the application for emollment

m. General Provisions The purpose of the program is limited to improving Trueness-to-type in grape nursery stock. Participation in this program is voluntary and may be withdrawn at the option of the participant. The participant shall annually sign and file a participant agreement/application provided by HEIA designating the vines to be emoIled and acknowledging the responsibilities of participation in this program. HEIA or its . authorized agents shall conduct approvals, supervision, inspections, tests, determinations, and emollment.

IV. Program Responsibilities

I. Responsibilities of Mother Block Participants

1. Selecting vineyard(s) to serve as Mother Block(s).

2. Submit an application to HEIA by 15 April each year to emoIl a Mother Block for the first time or to re-emoIl Mother Vines in an existing Mother Block. Provide information about any treatments used that will affect fruit quality on the application. Include a map for each Mother Block showing: i. Owner/company name ii. Mother block location iii. Mother block number (if already assigned by HElA) iv. Total number of grapevines v. For each vine show the variety name, row number, vine number (vine location

within the row), and records for any HElA variety inspections previonsly conducted for the vines

vi. Describe any type of treatments used that will affect the ripening date or fruit quality such as Dormix, girdling, hormone sprays, leaf removal, or shoot positioning.

3. Maintain permanent labels on all emolled Mother Vines indicating the variety name and Mother block number


4. Annually provide HEIA with a list of all Mother Vines which have been removed from enrollment in the preceding year, reason for the removal, and specific location of vines before removal.

5. Use propagation, farming and sanitation practices as required as described in section VI.

6. Notifying HEIA at least two weeks before planting vines, removing vines, or harvesting budwood.

7. Remove grapevines in the Participant's Mother Block(s) which have been canceled or identified as off-type by HEIA.

8. Maintain records for all Audited Cuttings sold by participants between nurseries and to growers including: i. disposition of such stock (name and address of customer) ii. date sold iii. type of material ( cuttings) iv. amount of each variety v. Mother Block source(s)

9. Facilitate HEIA inspections

10.Pay all costs associated with fulfilling the responsibilities of the participant.

II. Responsibilities of Nursery Block Participants

1. Selecting exact location for Nursery Block(s).

2. Selecting location for callusing and notifying HEIA of that location.

3. Notifying HEIA at least two weeks before burying vines for callusing, digging vines from callusing, or digging grapevines from nursery plantings.

4. Submit an application to HEIA by I February to enroll a nursery block in the program. Indicate on the application:

i. location of nursery ii. varieties to be planted iii. number of cuttings of each variety to be planted iv. mother block source(s) for all cuttings to be planted v. the date the nursery will be planted

5. Within two weeks after planting the Nursery Block create a map and send a copy to HEIA showing:

i. Location of the Nursery Block ii. Number of nursery rows in the Nursery Block

I~

Appendix B: Draft Protocol for HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program Page40f 9

iii. Approximate number of cuttings/row iv. Name of variety planted in each row v. Mother Block source of cuttings

6. Physically identifY the grape variety name of the cuttings in each row in nursery plantings.

7. Remove grapevines in the Participant's Nursery planting(s) which have been canceled or identified as off-type by HEIA.

8. Maintain records for all Audited Planting Stock sold by participants between nurseries and to growers including: vi. disposition of such stock (name and address of customer) vii. date sold Vlll. type of material (planting stock) ix. amount of each variety x. Mother Block and Nursery Block sources

9. Facilitate HEIA inspections

II.Pay all costs associated with fulfilling the responsibilities of the participant.

III.Responsibilities ofHEIA 1. Maintain records for all Mother Blocks and Nursery Blocks.

2. Conduct all required inspections.

3. Process applications from applicants and/or requests for records in a timely manner.

4. Inspect grapevines in Mother Blocks and Nursery Blocks in accordance with the provisions of this protocol.

5. Assign a number to each Mother Block and Nursery Block to identify it.

6. Provide a permanent label for each Mother Vine confirmed true-to-type.

7. Provide tags to identify Audited Cuttings and Audited Planting Stock produced by participants.

8. Suspend enrollment for Mother Vines, grapevines in Nursery Blocks, Audited Cuttings and/or Audited Planting Stock suspected of being off-type or out of compliance with the terms of this Protocol.


9. Cancel enrollment for Mother Vines, grapevines in Nursery blocks, Audited Cuttings and/or Audited Planting Stock that are determined to be off-type or out of compliance with the terms of this Protocol.

1O.Develop delimitation, re-qualification or cancellation standards for suspended stock.

11. NotifY participants of suspension or cancellation of Mother Vines, grapevines in Nursery Blocks, Audited Cuttings and/or Audited Planting Stock.

12. Enforce suspension or cancellation of Mother Vines, grapevines in Nursery Blocks, Audited Cuttings and/or Audited Planting Stock.

V. Eligibility Requirements

1. Mother Block eligibility requirements.

1. All grapevines in the block must be confirmed true-to-type.

2. All proscribed separations between varieties in the block and between any adjoining blocks must be used to help avoid variety mixing.

3. All grapevines in the block must be maintained according to the protocols proscribed in this article.

II. Nursery block eligibility requirements.

1. All cuttings used to plant the block must be Audited Cuttings.

2. All proscribed separations between varieties in the block and between any adjoining blocks must be used to prevent variety mixing.

3. All grapevines in the block must be maintained according to all the protocols proscribed in this article.

4. All grapevines in the Nursery Block must be true-to-type. Any off-type vines must be removed.

5. Audited planting stock may stay in a Nursery Block no longer that 2 years.

IlL Audited cuttings

1. Cuttings harvested from a Mother Block according to protocols are eligible to be labeled Audited Cuttings.

2. Audited Cuttings shall be tied in bundles and identified by a label showing the variety name and Mother Block source.


3. Eligibility of cuttings without labels will be canceled.

IV. Audited Planting Stock

1. Grapevines dug from Nursery Blocks, according to protocols, are eligible to be called Audited Planting Stock.

2. Grapevines with Audited planting stock status shall be tied into bundles and identified with a label showing the variety name, nursery name, mother block and increase block sources.

3. Eligibility of bundles of Audited Planting Stock without labels will be canceled.

VI. Planting, Location, and Maintenance Requirements

I. Mother blocks

I. Mother blocks shall be separated from vineyards not enrolled in the program by at least 15 meters to help avoid the mixing of Audited cuttings with Cormnon stock.

2. Different varieties of Mother Vines shall be separated from each other by at least 6 meters to help avoid mixing varieties when Audited Cuttings are harvested.

3. Clearly visible permanent labels provided by HEIA showing the variety name shall be used to physically identify each vine. The labels shall be maintained in the vineyard in good condition.

II. Nursery blocks

6. Only Audited cuttings will be eligible for planting in a Nursery block

7. Different varieties in Nursery blocks will be planted in separate rows and the space between rows planted with different varieties will be at least 2.5 meters wide.

8. Clearly visible labels will be maintained showing the variety name and Mother Block source for all plants in the nursery block. Special attention shall be given to maintaining labels in the places where varieties change.

III.All Nursery and Mother Blocks shall be kept in good growing condition and pests shall be kept under effective control. Any grapevine found to be Off-type shall be removed.

IV. AIl Mother block and Nursery block plantings will be in Egypt.


VTI. Inspection Procedures Except as otherwise provided, inspection procedures described in this section will be made by HEIA or its authorized agents and shall be conducted at times determined as suitable by HEIA. Additional inspections and tests other than provided in this section may be required by HEIA .

I. Mother blocks

1. An initial inspection of vineyards that are Mother block candidates will be conducted to: i. Check each vine for Trueness-to-type when the vines are producing fruit and

no more than 2 weeks before the fruit is harvested. ii. Check for required separations between Mother Block(s) and vineyards

planted with common stock. iii. Check for required separations between different varieties within Mother

block. iv. Confirm that a map of the vineyard provided by the applicant is accurate.

2. After the initial inspection, Mother blocks will be inspected annually before fruit is harvested to: i. VerifY that required separations between Mother Blocks and vineyards

planted with common stock are maintained. ii. VerifY that required separations between different varieties within Mother

Blocks are maintained. iii. VerifY that every Mother Vine is identified with a label provided by HEIA

showing the variety name iv. Recheck Mother Vines for Trueness-to-type. v. VerifY removal of vines reported to be removed. vi. Inspect replanted vines for Trueness-to-type. vii. Confirm that the map of the Mother Block is kept accurately updated by

the applicant.

3. The harvest, bundling, and tagging of Audited Cuttings will be supervised.

II. Nursery blocks

1. Planting of Nursery blocks will be supervised to verifY that: i. Only audited cuttings are used to plant the block by confirming that all

cuttings come from bundles with HEIA audited tags. ii. Required separations between Nursery Block(s) and vineyards planted with

common stock are created. iii. Required separations between different varieties within the Nursery Block are

created iv. Accurate labels are used to identifY the variety name(s) and Mother Block

source(s) of the audited cuttings planted in the block v. An accurate map of the Nursery Block is created.


2. During the active growing season the Nursery Blocks will be inspected for offtype vines.

3. The digging, bundling, and tagging of Audited Planting Stock will be supervised.

VITI. Refusal, suspension, or cancellation of Mother Blocks or Nursery Blocks I. Emollment may be suspended or emollment approval refused for grapevines in

Mother Blocks and/or Nursery Blocks if there is suspicion that any of the following apply: I. The requirements of this protocol have not been met. 2. The grapevines are Off-type. 3. Source materials for emolled blocks are Off-type. 4. Nonpayment of participant fees.

II. Emollment may be canceled or emollment approval refused for grapevines in Mother blocks and/or Nursery Blocks if it is determined that any of the following apply: 5. The requirements of this protocol have not been met. 6. The grapevines are Off-type. 7. Source materials for enrolled blocks are Off-type. 8. Nonpayment of participant fees.

IlL Disposition of suspended and canceled grapevines I. Suspended grapevines in a Mother or Nursery Block may be retained in the

planting. 2. Suspended grapevines must be clearly identified and written records maintained. 3. Cuttings or plants from suspended vines in Nursery blocks or suspended Mother

Vines are.considered Common Stock. They may not be labeled with HElA . audited tags.

4. Canceled grapevines in a Mother or Nursery Block must be removed in a timely manner.

5. Grapevines in a Mother or Nursery Block canceled due to nonpayment offees are considered common stock but need not be removed.

IV. Reinstatement of suspended grapevines 1. Emollment of suspended grapevines in a Mother or Nursery Block may be

reinstated ifHEIA determines that suspension is no longer necessary.

IX. Application and Fees

I. Mother Block Applications I. An.application shall be submitted for the acceptance of any. Mother block by May

I in the year for initial enrollment 2. To retain emollment applications for Mother blocks must be resubmitted by May

I (??) each year 3. A map of the Mother block as described in section IV. A. 4. should accompany

the application

Appendix B: Draft Protocol for HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program Page 90f 9

4. Any other infonnation requested by HEIA shall be furnished by the applicant 5. A separate application shall be submitted for each Mother block

II. Nursery Block Applications ,I. ,An application shall be. submitted for the acceptance of any Nursery block by 1

February in the year it is to be planted. 2. A map of the Nursery block as described in section IV shall b submitted no later

than 2 weeks after planting the Nursery block. 3. A separate application shall be submitted for each Nursery Block planting site.

III. Fees Fees established by this article are payable for the work done and are for the purpose of defraying expenses incurred in providing the Grape Variety Audit service.

1. Application fees will be paid by the participant in advance of any work done.

2. A late fee for application may be charged to the applicant is application is submitted after deadlines given '

3. Fees paid for services not rendered shall be refunded to the participant. The amount refunded may be prorated based on the direct costs incurred by HEIA in providing audit services.

4. Fee for inspection of mother vines will be LE __ I mother vine! year.

5. Fee for inspection of Nursery blocks will be LE __ I feddanl year.

,,-6.· Hourly-rate, for'additional work LE __ /hour with a LE_' __ "rninimum per locality.

·endix C: Current regulations for the California Registration and Certification Program

stATf Of CALIfORNIA

DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

Pest Exclusion/Nursery Services 1220 N Street Sacramento 95814

REGULATIONS FOR REGISTRATION AND CERTIFICATION OF GRAPEVINES

AS AMENDED EFFECTIVE JANUARY 30, 1984

N&SS 17B. 1-6

Grapevines or grapevine plantings may be register'ed as root-stock and topstock sources for the propagation of nursery stock when inspected and tested for virus diseasea and. other pests by procedures outlined in this article. Nursery stock grown from these registered sources may be certified. Participation in this program shall be voluntary • .

3024. The provisions of Section 3069 shall.apply to this article.

3024.1. Definitions.

(a) "Virus-infected" means infected by a graft transmissible disease listed in Section 3024.3(a)".

(b) "Index-tested" means tested for specific graft. transmissible diseases using indicator plants as specified in Section 3024.3(a).

(c) "Off-type" means different from the variety which is registered in the foundation block.

(d) "Registered" means that a grapevine in a foundation block or in an increase block has qualified as a propagative source by ~eeting the inspection and testing required in this article.

(e) "Foundat ion b lock" means a plant ing of grapevines propagated from indexed sources and maintained by the University of California in which each vine has been registered to serve as a source of foundation stock.

(f) "Increase block" means a planting of grapevines, established ~ith stock from a foundation block, which serves as a propagation source for the production of California Certified Grape Nursery Stock.

(g) "Foundation stock" means planes t..hich have been produced in a foundation block.

(h) "Registered stock" means plants which have been produced in an increase block.

(i) "Progeny vine" means a v ine propagated from a rootstock and/ or a top-stock source that is indexed and is intended for planting in a foundation block.

(j) "Cal ifo rnia Cert Hied Crape Nursery Stock" means vines, rooC ings, cutting., grafts, or buds taken or propagated from foundation or registered stock and certified in accordance with the provisions of this article.

3024.2. General Provisions. Participation in this program i. voluntary and may be withdrawn at the option of the applicant. With the exception of the foundation block, registration, certification, approvals, and supervision shall be conducted by the Department.

Indexing tests and inspection. performed by the University of California on original source vines followed by visual inspections of vines from each subsequent planting in the participant's approved planting sites form the basis for certification by the Department.

(a) Responsib ility of the University of California. The University of California sha~l be responsible for the selection of source vines, index-tes~ing, trueness.to varietal identity, and disease status of the. foundation stock. .

The University shall notify all current participants in the registration and certification program ..men foundation stock ..nich participants are using is found to be disease infected.

for: (b) Responsibility of Applicant. The applicant shall' be responsible

(l) The selection of the location and the proper maintenance of a planting being grown under the provisions of this article.

(2) Maintaining the identity of all nursery stock entered in the pr?gram.

(3) Submitting the application for certification.

(4) Farming and sanitation practices.

(5) Notifying tt:e Department at least one week 1n advance of the harvesting as to 'Alen it witl commence.

(6) Placing the informacion required on each certi fication tag furnished by the Department.

(J) Ma inta ining records, on an inventory sheet provided by the department, of the cere i ficat ion tags used and the stock produced and so Id.

(c) Location of Plantings. Each planting shall be located in an area ..mere contamination by soil-borne virus diseases of grapes from drainage, flooding J irrigat ion or ocher means is not 1 ikely co occur.

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Each planting shall be located at least 100 feet from any land on which grapl!vin~::f h .... vt: grown within the p!l!lt ((:n yt:.:lr~, ~nd shall bt: in d.

location approved by the Department; The lOO-foot distance may be waived provided stock planted within the 100-foot area is foundation, registered, or certified stock.

Treatment to el iminate soil-borne peSts in a manner approved by and under supervision of the department may be required.

(d) Maintenance of Plantings. Any planting entered in chis program shall be kept in a thrifty growing condition, aad pests shall be kept under intensive control. Suitable precautions shall be taken in cultivation, irrigation, movement, and use of equipment and in ocher farming practices to guard against spread of soil-borne pests to plantings entered in this program .

, The Department shall be notified in advance of the planting, replant

ing, graft ing, budding J rebudding, pruning, remov"al or nursery stock, or removal of vines in any planting entered in this program in order that necessary insp~ctions may be made or approval granted before the work is done.

Any plant found to be off-type shall be removed from any plant ing.

Nursery stock, including cuttings, produced under the provisions of this article shall be stored, heeled-in, or calloused in media, beds, or storage areas approved by the Department. The Department may require such treatment as may be necessary to protect against infection or infestation with pests.

(e) Eligibility for Planting. (1) In a Foundation Block. To be acceptable for planting in a foundation block, a plant shall be foundation stock, or its rootstock and top-stock sources and the plant itself shall

. have been inspected and tested and not found to be v irus- infec ted or offtype, as provided in Section 3024.3(a) and (f) of this article. The index readings shall have been completed within 24 months, or the plant shall have an equivalent known history approved by the Department.

The plant shall hav~ been protected from possible virus infection in an approved manner from the time it was originally propagaced uncil it LS

planted in a foundation block.

(2) In an Increase Block. Foundation stock shall be acco>ptable for planting in an increase block. When approved by the department, propagating wood from a field planted permanent increase block may be planted in the same increase block co increase its size or be used as replacements.

(3) In a Nursery Planting. Foundation or registered stock shall be acceptable for planting or propagation in a nursery planting for certification. Vines in a field nursery planting for certification which are 12 months old or less from time of propagation may be used as a supplement.a1 source of cuttings for production of additional certified stock a fter inspect ion and approval by the Department.

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3024.3 Inspection and Testing Procedu~es. Inspeccion and testing procedures presccibed in this article may be made by (he University of California, the Uniced Scates Department of Agriculture. or the Department, and shall be conducted in a manner and .:It cimes detennined by the Department as suitable.

(a) Testing Progeny Vines. (1) The parent rootstock and top-stock sources of a progeny vine for ~hich registration is planned and registered foundation vines for retescing shall be index-tested by using the specific indicator plants for the diseases as scated in the following table:

Indicator Plant

St. George grapevine

Cabernet franc, LN-33, or Mission grapevine

LN-33 grapevine

Chenopodium sp.

Disease

Fan leaf degeneration, fleck, asteroid mosaic t stem-pieting, and corky bark

Leafroll

Corky bark and leafr,;ll

Crape deC I ine (yellow ve in) and/or fanleaf degeneracion

(2) Propagating wood to produce the progeny vines for a foundation block shall be taken from the parent rootstock and top-Stock sources in the same growing season that tissue is taken from the parent sources for indexing. The progeny vines shall be visually inspected at least twice each growing season prior co planting in a foundat ion block.

(b) Inspec t ion. (1) In a Foundat ion Block. At leas t two visual inspections of each vine shall be made by University personnel each growing season.

(2) In an Increase Block. shall be made each year prior to tht: Vlnes.

At least one visual inspection the removal of fruit, if any, from

(3) In a Nursery Plancing. At least one visual inspection shall be made of grapevines in the nursery rOUe tn addition, nursery stock shall b" inspe.·ted at the time of digging.

To be eligible for certification or for approval as registered stock, nursery stock shall noc r~main in the nu~sery row more than two growing seasons.

(4) Additional inspections or C~sts may be ~equired if seasonal conditions or other factors tend to obscure disease symptoms or make adequate inspection impo·· .. i.ble, or wh~n virus infection is suspected or disease symptoms may c~ masked in a particular var.iety. When indelC-testing is required, the indicator plants in subsection (a)(l) shall be used to tesc for rhe discases indicated rher~in.

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(el Registration or certification of grapevines entered 1n this program. is based on index-testing to detect specific diseases as seated 1n

subsection (a)(I).

In the event a graft-transmissible disease is detected in the registered foundation vines by index-testing, registration shall be suspended on all vines, including foundation, registered increase blocks and cert Hied plantings. In addition, the participant shall notify in ~riting all recipients of the nursery stock from suspended vines that a graft-transmissible disease has been detected and reported by the University af California. The registration or certification of the nursery stock of the suspended vines will be reinstated upon receipt of an agreement by each grower and/or seller that all invoices, sales slips, and certification tags will clearly specify the virus disease present. This agreement shall be filed with the Department prior to the reregistration or certification of nursery stock produced from suspended vines. Records shall be kept by the seller and/or grower of all saies transactions of nursery stock produced from suspended vines and a copy of the records shall be submitted to the Department. .

Certification of infected stack propagated from suspended vines shall be limited to propagation units already processed to produce nursery stock.

(d) Refusal of Approval or Cancellation of Registration or Certification. Registration Or certification may be refused or cancelled for any plants or planting if:

(1) The requirements of this article have not been met.

(2) Any vine in the planting is found virus-infected ~ith a soil-borne virus.

(3) The plant 1S off-type.

(4) Any vine in the planting is found infected "'ith any of the transmissible diseases listed in subsection (a)(l) that is not kno\ofO to be soil-borne un)ess such vine is removed under supervision.

(5) It is determined that a registered foundation block vine or registered increase block vine is cC'snsmissible disease-infected and the plants propagated from such source also are liable to be infected.

(6) The pest cleanliness requirements for nursery stock in Section 3060.2 of the nursery inspection regulations, have not been meC.

3024.4. Application and Fees.

(a) Application. The applicant shall furnish information requesced and shall give his consent to che Department to take plants from any plsnting for inspect ion or test ing purposes. An appl icat ion shall be submitted for the acceptance of any planting and for subsequent inspections, approvals, regiscraclon or certification therein, and it may be refused

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unless made sufficiently in advance of time of planting to pennit the department co establish the origin of the stock, co determine the suitability of the location, and co supervise any treatment Chat may be required.

(b) Fees. Fees established in this article are payable in advance of the ,",ark to be done, and are for the sale purpose of defraying expenses incurred in the inspection, approval, registration, and certification procedures herein provided, and are not to obtain any right or privilege.

(1) No fees shall be charged the University of California or the United States Department of Agriculture for registration or for the inspection and testing of vines provided there shall be no expense to the Department other than for observ.ation of the inspection and testing required in the ar.tide, and for the keeping of records. When the procedures prescribed in the article are conducted by the University of California, or by the United States Department of Agriculture, they shall not be less than provided in this article, and ~he Department shall be notified each year of the grapevines to be entered or· continued in the program.

(2) The Department shall establish a schedule of fees for services provided in this article.

(3) Refunds. Fees paid for services that are not rendered shall be refunded to the applicant.

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2ft

Appendix D: Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identify Grape Varieties, Page I of 4

Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identify Grape Varieties

Dr. Ahmed EIObeidy Cairo University Consultant for the Reform, Design, and Implementation Unit

Lawrence Kent Reform, Design, and Implementation Unit Agricultural Policy Reform Project

Introduction

Vineyard owners in Egypt who purchase rooted cuttings from nurseries often complain about variety misidentification - the variety they pay for may not be the one they receive. This confusion is made possible by the difficulty of distinguishing varieties visually in a nursery of rooted cuttings (which often are leafless).

The difficulty of visual evaluation of morphological characteristics in the nursery has resulted in a demand for alternative techniques. The analysis of isozymes represents one alternative, however, its utility is restricted by the often insufficient polymorphism for unambiguous identification for individual cultivars the case of fruit species.

A second alternative - DNA fingerprinting - is more promising as a reliable technique for cultivar identification. DNA fingerprinting encompasses new techniques based on DNA markers and polymerase chain-reaction (PCR). The vines of each cultivar have identical fingerprints. but the vines of different cultivars yield different banding patterns.

Fingerprinting Techniques

Fingerprinting techniques include restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSR).

The detection of RFLPs depends on natural variation in the base sequences of DNA between individuals. These differences are detected by cutting DNA into pieces with restriction enzymes, which are DNA endonuleases isolated from various micro-organisms. Each restriction enzyme recognizes a specific sequence of bases and cleaves DNA within or near the recognition site. The restricted DNA is run on a gel to separate the DNA fragments by size. The DNA is denatured. transferred to a supporting membrane (Southem blotting"). and hybridized with a probe fragment of DNA that has been labeled in some way. The autoradiography is used to visualize the hybridizing fragments. When this procedure is done with the DNA of two individuals. differences in the size of the DNA fragments that hybridized to the probe may become apparent. These differences may be due to one or more base pair changes

Appendix D: Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identif'y Grape Varieties, Page 2 of 4

that have altered a restriction site in one individual, or they may be due to larger differences in DNA sequence.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers are generated from genomic DNA under conditions similar to those used in standard polymerase chainreaction, except that single, short (usually 10 bases long) primer of arbitrary sequences is used at a low annealing temperature. Several loci may be detected per primer and no prior knowledge of target DNA sequence is required.

Microsatellite DNA sequences consist of a series of tandemly arranged repeats of short nucleotide sequences are often spread throughout the genom and represent many different loci. At each locus, alleles may be represented by variable numbers of tandem repeats. Thus, a single probe homologous to the consensus sequence may simultaneously reveal variability at many loci, yielding a DNA fingerprint of a cultivar.

Using Genetic Fingerprinting to Identify Grapevines

Recently, grape cultivars have been sucessfully characterized and identified using DNA markers in laboratories in California, France, and elsewhere. The varietal identity of a specific grapevine is verified by comparing its DNA profile to the profile of an authentic reference profile.

To use this technique, leaf samples of a variety are collected and the DNA is extracted. The profile of the DNA is generated by analyzing specific regions of the DNA using microsatellite DNA markers. The results are then compared with reference DNA profiles previously developed from material known to be correctly identified (or from reference profiles already established by other scientists) .

This procedure can be conducted using either microsatellite DNA markers or the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Microsatellite DNA markers are preferred because these markers are now internationally accepted as the most reliable and objective technique for grape varieties. One advantage of using microsatellite DNA markers in grapes is that specialists anywhere in the world can easily compare their results without the need to exchange DNA or plant material.

Using Genetic Fingerprinting to Identify Grapevines in Egypt

Genetic fingerprinting for grapevines is a new approach that is not yet used in Egypt, although most of the equipment is available and the expertise is being developed. D"r. Ahmed EIObeidy of Cairo University has succesSfully experimented with the RAPD technique on the Superior and Early Superior grape varieties. Results are promising but not yet fully reliable (see attached sample picture of DNA bands of a grapevine).

The primary problem is the unavailability of reliable DNA reference profiles for the major grape varieties cultivated in Egypt. These DNA reference profiles

Appendix D: Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identify Grape Varieties, Page 3 of 4

must be developed in a reliable and accurate manner before fingerprinting can be used for varietal identification. Once the prOfiles are established, the best Egyptian laboratories should be capable of using DNA fingerprinting to identify varieties with a high degree of accuracy.

The Plant Pathology Research Center of the ARC, for example, currently offers DNA fingerprinting services ·using RAPD techniques for 120 LE per sample. This price implies that the tool is most likely to be useful in cases where:

• A dispute arises between a nursery and a client over variety identity and scientific evidence is required to identify the variety accurately (by testing a sample of the population in dispute).

• A nursery needs to test a random sample of a specific lot of rooted cuttings to prove the identity of the variety to a client, either at the nursery's initiative or at the client's request.

• Morphological characteristics are inadequate to identify a mother vine and additional evidence is needed to increase reliability.

Next Steps

The first step to make fingerprinting useful for grapevines is the creation of reliable DNA reference profiles for the major grape varieties cultivated in Egypt. This can best be accomplished through a cooperative research project, not to exceed one year in duration, between Egyptian specialists and American scientists experienced in this field. This may require carrying some sample plant material or DNA from Egypt to the U.S. for testing. American specialists in this field include:

• Dr. C. Meredith, Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

• Dr. A. T. Bakalisnsky, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Oregon State University, Wiegand Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-6602

• Dr. S. Arulsekar, Deparrnent of Porno logy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616

• Dr. O. Lamikanra, Center for Viticulture Science, Florida A&M University, Tallahessee, FL 32310

Once the reference profiles are established, the following laboratories in Egypt should be capable of testing sample material and comparing it to the references to allow varietal identification:

• The Genetic Engineering Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University

• The Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center

• The Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center.

3/

Appendix D: Using Genetic Fingerprinting Techniques to Identify Grape Varieties, Page 4 of 4

Figure 1: Result of Experimental Use of RAPD Technique to Distinguish between Early Superior and Superior Grape Varieties

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Appendix E: Draft Model Sales Contract Page 1 of4

SALES AGREEMENT

This agreement is made this ___ day of _______ in the year of , by and between "Seller" .,----::--'

located at address:

and ______________ "Buyer" at address: _______ _

Whereas the Buyer desires to purchase from the Seller and the Seller desires to sell grapevine nursery stock to the Buyer; now therefore the parties agree as follows:

1. The Seller will provide the following Nursery Stock:

Quantity Description (variety name Price/unit Total price & cutting or rooted vine)

2. The Buyer agrees to pay the Seller at the Seller's business the total amount of _-,-....".,=" due and payable as follows:

i. LE concurrent with execution of this agreement; ii. LE on or before ; and iii. The balance plus any additional charge is due on or before 30 days after

delivery or pick up of Nursery Stock.

3. The availability date is estimated to be . The Seller agrees to give the Buyer at least 15 days notice if Seller wishes to change this date.

4. III The Seller agrees to deliver Nursery Stock to buyer at above address on availability date

Or (Check one) • The Buyer agrees to pick up Nursery Stock on availability date.

5. For the purpose of this agreement Off-Type means a variety different from that shown in item #1 of this sales agreement.

6. Seller warrants that the Nursery Stock supplied to Buyer and described in item #1 will be no more than __ % Off-Type.

Appendix E: Draft Model Sales Contract PageZof4

7. If the amount of Off-Type materials exceeds % then the Buyer may choose to accept one of the following as compensation from Seller:

i. Free replacements for each misidentified cutting or plant or ii. LE lFeddan planted with materials mixed at the rate exceeding

-:--=-~%. The Seller will pay this amount within days of when the Seller was notified of the mix.

8. The Seller makes no warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the productiveness, freedom from defects or disease, resistance to disease, or fitness for a particular purpose regarding the Nursery Stock described in this contract. The Nursery Stock is being sold "as is."

9. In no event except for item # 6 and #7 above will the Seller be liable for any special incidental or consequential damages based on breach of warranty, breach of contract, or negligence. Damages that the Seller will not be responsible for include but are not limited to: loss of profits, revenue, and/or use of the vines/fruit; planting and cultural costs; delay or downtime; and claims of third parties including purchasers of fruit. Buyer agrees that Buyer's sole and exclusive remedy and Seller's sole and exclusive liability for any breach of any provision of this .agreementshaU be to provide substitute or replacement vines 01: cuttings or at the sellers option, to refund the purchase price without further responsibility. Buyer has accepted these restrictions on its right to recover consequential damages as part of the bargain with Seller. Buyer realizes and acknowledges that the price of the materials described in item # I would be higher if Seller were required to bear responsibility for Buyer's damages.

IO.Buyer agrees to make a full and complete inspection of material described in item # I within 48 hours of receipt. Buyer's failure to deliver a written claim to Seller within 48 hours shall be deemed irrevocable acceptance of the materials and an admission by Buyer that the vines fully comply with all terms and conditions in the agreement except as provided in items 6 and 7. Upon return of defective vines, Seller will promptly replace any defective vines or, at the Seller option, promptly refund the purchase price.

II.8eller shall have no liability for a delay or failure to deliver any Nursery Stock if such delay/failure is due to conditions beyond reasonable control of Seller including, but not limited to, frost, hail, wind, heat, pests, pesticides, fungicides, viruses, other acts of God, strikes etc. However, Seller will furnish as many units of each variety as ordered as it can reasonably deliver and price will be reduced to reflect actual Nursery Stock delivered. However, Buyer shall have the option to acquire the balance of any undelivered Nursery Stock in the following year at the same price set forth herein.

12.Upon receipt of materials by Buyer the title and risk of loss shall pass to Buyer.

Appendix E: Draft Model Sales Contract Page 3 of4

13.IfBuyer cancels this agreement for reasons other than default by Seller, Seller shall retain the deposit and all progress payments received prior to cancellation in addition to all other legal and equitable remedies. Seller is not required to locate another buyer for Nursery Stock but if Seller does locate another buyer and if a sale occurs and Seller actually receives payment which exceeds the agreement price plus all additional expenses (including without limitation, cost ofloearing another buyer, accruing interest, attorney fees, extra delivery cost, etc.) then Seller will refund to Buyer any funds which exceed agreement price plus additional expenses. Not withstanding the above, Seller shall be entitled to retain all payments advanced by buyer until such sales proceeds are received and all expenses calculated. Any refund shall be without interest and shall not exceed amount actually paid by Buyer.

14.These provisions constitute the entire agreement between Buyer and Seller and may not be altered or modified, except in writing and executed by Buyer and Seller.

IS.Waver by either party ofa breach by other party of any term hereof shall not be considered a waiver of any other term or any subsequent breach of the same term.

16. This agreement shall be binding upon.the heirs, representatives, successors and assigns of the parties hereto.

17.AlI notices hereunder shall be in written form and shall be deemed received either when delivered personally or three (3) days after deposit into mail, postage prepaid at the address set forth or upon receipt if delivered by any other means of written communication.

I8.Time is hereby expressly declared to be of the essence hereunder.

19.Each party acknowledges and agrees that this agreement has been negotiated and . prepared jointly by each party and that in the event of ambiguity, it shall not be construed against either party, but rather each term herein shall be given a reasonable interpretation.

20.Finance charge ofl.S% per month (18% per year) will be charged for all amounts unpaid thirty (30) days from due date.

21. The Buyer and Seller agree that any disputes regarding this contract will be resolved by an arbitration process administered by

22. Three copies of this contract will be signed and issued, one copy each for Buyer, Seller, and arbitration body.

Appendix E: Draft Model Sales Contract Page4of4

The undersigned have read and agreed to the tenns and conditions set forth above.

Seller: Buyer:

signature signature

print name print name

title title

date date

cannot guarantee that all procedures proscribed by regulation have been followed for stock labeled with registered or certified tags.

5. What additional information should I ask the nursery to supply for the certified slock I plan to purchase?

Growers can overcome some of the weaknesses of the certification program by taking a few extra precautions when buying Slack. In addition to requiring California Certification tags, ask your nurseryman the following questions:

a. What registered increase block did the rootstock and scion material for these plants come from?

b. What are the FPMS selection numbers for the rootstock and scion material used to produce these plants?

c. When were the sourCe increase blocks planted?

The purpose of these questions is to establish a clear trail from the Foundation Vineyard at FPMS to the material to be purchased. If any gaps appear in this record, there is greater risk in using the material.

6. Can noncertlfied material be as good as certified stock?

Possibly.

Growers could privately conduct the same type of indexing, treatment and inspection procedures FPMS uses to qualifY a selection for the Certification Program and produce their own equivalent material. Costs for duplicating these procedures privately. however. could be prohibitive.

Material that has been propagated from currently registered certified stock with good nursery practices. sometimes called "first generation" or "as good as certified" material, should also have the sam. health and ro status as certified stock. Information needed In order to make this determination would include:

..3: ...• ' Up·to-date informadon about which FPMS selections

~

b. The history of the mother vine ptanting site·· if fanleaf·infected vines have been planted in the site in the last 10 years dIe material could be infected with fanleaf.

c. Accurate information about rootstocks used, replants made, and/or graftwood used for topworklng vines in the source vineyard .. was it certified also?

By collecting this information, a grower could reproduce part of the procedure employed by CDFA to certifY grape stock. In addition, it would be imponantto ensure that there is a clear budwood trail from the Foundation Vineyarll to the "as good as" source vineyard. .

Treatments,tests and identification by the University, as well as supervised propagation and recordkeeping by CDFA, are the valuable. although not perfect, credentials of CA Cenified Grape Planting Stock. FPMS therefore recommends that growers use CA Certified Planting Stock for which a clear trail from the Foundation Vineyard to stock purchased exists. Making the correct choice when choosing grape planting stock is crucial and no measure for checking it should be ignored. Using "as good as" or "first generation" stock is therefore a poor choice and is not recommended.

7. Who can I contact to get more Inrormatlon?

California State Department of Food and Agriculture Nursery Service/Pest Exclusion 1220 N St· P.O. Box 942871 Sacramenlo, CA 94271-0001 916·6S4-C43S

Foundation Plant Materials Service University of California Davis. CA 9S616 916-7S2-3S90

Your county grape farm advisor (University of California. Cooperative Extension)

UI'II v EI(~nY Ul" CALU<'ORNIA, DAVIS

Foundation Plant Materials Service

Advantages of Planting with

California Certified Crape Stock

Susan Nelson·Kluk, Manager Foundation Plant Materials Service UC Davis

Andrew Walker. Assistant Professor Department of Viticulture and Enology UC Davis

James Wolpert. Extension Specialist Department of Viticulrure and Enology UC Davis

Iune 1990

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Advantages of Planting with CaUfornla Certified Grape Stock

1. Why should I be selective aboutth. planting stock used to establish a new vineyard?

The choice of planting slock will have an enonnous Impacl on the liealth and quality of the planling for the life of the vineyard. If virus-Infected planting slock Is used. no subsequenl cultivation practices or Ireatments will improve the diseased condition. short of replacing the vines.

Grapevines carrying virus disease are a liability to the grower for many reasons. The adverse effects of virus disease range from delayed ripening and reduced sugar, color, and yield (as is the case with leafroll) to leaf malformation, shot berry fruil, 'and yields that may drop 10 zero (as Is the case with fanleaf). Fanleaf-Infecled vines can also serve as a source of Infection if Xlphinema Index dagger nematodes are present in the soil to transmit the virus to healthy vines. These nemalodes can survive up 10 10 years on roots left behind after a vineyard Is removed and will Infect healthy vines thai are planled later In the same sile. Virus disease should therefore b. avoided for the bellennent of current and future vineyards.

It is also important 10 choose planllng slock that is true 10 variety. If the vines are found to be Incorrectly Identified, they may be unsuitable for d.e product for which they were planled. Costly procedures such as replanting or grafting over are the only way 10 correct this kind of mlslake.

2. Can I determIne whether my planting stock Is disease-free and true-to-varIety with a visual inspectIon?

Not always. II Is dlmcult 10 del.nnine the disease status or variety of a grapevine from a dormant cUltlng or donnanl planl. Some diseases do show characteristic symptoms In growing vines, but these vary according to the host variety and the particular virus dlsease(s) involved. Consequently, It Is not possible In all cases to reliably detennlne the health of grape planting stock by

~ . looking at vines.

1'IUUICIII VI UCllCllIlIlIIUg ., Yllle 5 vnU:i UI:iCiI:;;C 5U1IUI:i uy

developing a technique .cilled. "Indexing" to test for' graft-transmissible virus' dlsease(s) In grapevines. To Index, chip bud. from a Candidate selection are grafted onto .everal specific grape varletie .... called Indicator. varieties, that display dl.tlnct vl.ual diagnostic symptoms when Infected with particular.' vliJ,.disease •• .If the candldatel. viru.-infected, the Indicator plants wlJlshow symptoms in aboutlB months. Some viruses can also be detected by smearing ground-up leaC tis.ue from the candidate onto a greenhouse-grown weed called Chenopodium guinoa. If the virus is present, the weed shows symploms in about 10 days. ,-:: .

To date visual inspection of growing vines has been the only means available to detennlne trueness-to-variety. Unfortunately, experience has shown that even "experta" sometimes make mistakes this way, One way to Improve accuracy is to have a number of 'experts" look at the same vines In an established vineyard over a period of years. New biochemical tectinlque~ fo~ grape Identification work are being studied, but they are not available fo~ use al this time.

Forlunately, once a vine I; found 'to betj,;e to variety and passes indexing tests, the variety and disease stalus do not change. Grapevines do not readily mutate 10 different varieties, and most virus" diseases are transmitted only by grafting. Good nursery p~aclices and careful record keeping will p~oduce daughter vines of the same variety and wid. a disease stalus Identical to the mother vine.

3. How can I be sure that my planting stock has been propagated from vln .. that were tested for disease and checked ror trueness to varIety?

At growers' request, the CaUfornla State Department' of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) . developed the CaUfornla Grapevine Certification Program to provide growers with a means for Identirying grape slock propagated from virus-Indexed and true·to-variety mother vines. Foundation Plant Materials Service (FPMS), at the University of CaUfornla, Davis, Is the repository for the vlrus-Indexed,true-to-varlety vines, and provldescuttlng8 of these vines to nurseries particIpating In the Certification Program. State regulations require that all grape selections In the program test negative for specified diseases using specific indicators shown here:

. .;,1. ueurgc grapevine ramear aegeneranon. fleck, asteroid mosaic, stem-pilling, and corky bark

Cabernet Franc, LN-33, LeafroH or Mission grapevlne

LN-33 grapevine Corky bark and leafroll

Chenopodium guinoa Grape decline (yellow vein) andlor fanleaf degeneralior

Foundation stock from FPMS is labeled with a while certification tag and sold to California nursery participants In the Certification Program. Under the supervision of CDFA, Foundation stock Is used by participating nurseries to plant registered field Increase blocks. When cullings from Increase blocks are used to plant a certified nursery row, they are labeled with a purple registered tag. Rootings from a certified nursery roW or cullings from an increase block to be used for budding, grafting, or planting directly Into a vineyard are labeled with a blue certified tag.

4. Does a certified tag mean that the .tock Is true to variety and free of disease?

Buying certified stock is the best way to gain assurance that a serious effort was made to check the health and verify the variety of the stock. It Is not. however, a guarantee that the slock Is healthy or true to variety for several reasons:

a. The indexing procedure used to qualify a candidate for the certification program docs not detecl every disease Ulat has been or will ever be discovered because our knowledge of grape diseases and detection techniques Is constantly Improving.

b. As noted above, objective methods available for Identifying grape varieties at the University and elsewhere have not been perfected. Errors have occurred In the past at F~MS and may continue to turn up until a highly accurale identification melhod is available.

c. The California certification program ror grapevines is

,

,.

Appendix G: Draft Schedule for Implementing the HEIA Grapevine Variety Audit Program

Prepared 24 November 1999 Page 1 Of6

.:. January 2000

» HEIA to form committees that will review and finalize the Audit Protocol, application form, and model contract by the end of January .

• :. February-April 2000

» HEIA to create written materials to describe the goals and methods of the program to use as a promotional aid

» HEIA to hire a grape variety expert to create a key to use to use to identify the varieties that will be produced under the auspices of the Variety Audit Program

» HEIA to produce a training manual that includes: • Variety key • color pictures of leaves, fruit; and shoots of each variety • a written description of each variety • program protocols • sample Mother Block maps • sample Nursery Block maps • samples of the variety identification tags for Mother vines • samples of the variety identification tags for Audited Cuttings • samples of the variety identification tags for Audited Planting Stock • participant application form

» HEIA to conduct a training for program administration including administration of inspections

» HEIA to hold workshop(s) and program representative visit private nurseries to explain and promote the program

» HEIA to purchase a machine and materials for making permanent labels for emolled Mother vines.

» HEIA to purchase a computer, printer, and supplies to use to make tags for labeling Audited cuttings and Audited Planting Stock.

» HEIA to create a logo to use on the tags to identify Emolled Cuttings and Audited Planting Stock.


Prepared 24 November 1999 Page 2 of6

> HEIA to advertise the Variety Audit Program by placing ads in trade journals and association newsletters.

> HEIA to distribute information packets to all who are interested in the program that include: application forms, protocols, and a brochure describing benefits. Point out the deadline to applicants for submitting the application and help them create a map of their mother blocks to submit with the applications .

• :. 15 April 2000-Deadline for Applicants to submit applications for Mother Blocks including a map showing variety names and any treatment used that may affect the ripening date .

• :. 1 May 2000- Plan a special extra inspection (and training) of blocks planted with Superior and/or Early Superior 3-4 weeks after full bloom when berries are 6-8mm in diameter and before shot berries have been removed. At this time Early Superior has more shot berries and a lower yield than Superior so it is easier to distinguish them. Ask Dr. Assem Shaltout to help with this inspection. Consider it a training for the differences between these two varieties .

• :. 15-30 April 2000-HEIA to review applications received and using the information provided by the applicant on the vineyard map: > determine the size of the workload for the inspectors > create a schedule for inspecting all vineyards that are Mother Block

candidates > make variety identification tags for each vine in the vineyards to be

inspected

.:. 1-30 May 200O-Grape variety expert to come to HEIA and conduct a training for all inspectors regarding grape variety identification techniques. All inspectors and the variety expert will together inspect as many of the mother blocks as possible as part of the training .

• :. 1 June-November 2000-Inspectors will continue with inspections of mother blocks. A permanent label will be attached to all correctly identified mother vines. Off type vines will be marked and removed. Inspectors will also estimate the number of cuttings to be harvested from each mother block. The order for inspecting the blocks will be determined by the varieties planted in the block and their corresponding ripening dates as shown below. Note that these dates apply ifDorrnix was used. If no Dorrnix was used then the ripening dates will be 2-4 weeks later. Mother blocks must be checked when fruit is still on the vine but as close to harvest as is convenient. > End of May beginning of June: Superior seedless and Flame seedless

planted in the desert. > Mid June: Thompson seedless in desert and Superior seedless in Delta



~ Last week of June: Flame seedless in the Delta ~ Beginning of July: Ruby seedless in desert ~ Mid July: Thompson seedless in Delta ~ End of October through November: Ruby seedless in the Delta

.:. July to November 2000-HEIA inspectors to determine which applications for Mother Blocks should be approved and emolled. These decisions should be made in a timely manner-within two weeks after the inspection. Inspectors also to create records that contain the application, block map, any notes from the inspection for variety correctness, and the estimated number of cuttings to be harvested .

• :. June 2000 to April2001-Mother Block Participants notifies HEIA if they remove or plant any vines in emolled Mother Blocks .

• :. November 2000 to February 2001-

~ Participants will notify HEIA two weeks in advance of harvesting cuttings. At the time of notification they will also tell the inspector how many cuttings they expect to harvest. The inspector will check the participant's estimate of the number of cuttings with the estimate made in the summer and resolve any differences. The inspector will also print HEIA audited variety labels for each anticipated bundle of Audited Cuttings.

~ Inspectors will go to Mother Blocks on the prearranged dates and supervise the harvest of the cuttings. Inspectors will provide HEIA audited tags for each bundle of qualified cuttings.

~ Mother block participants may sell their HEIA Audited Cuttings and if they do they will keep a record of the sale.

» Nursery Block applicants will notify HEIA two weeks in advance as to location where Audited Cuttings will be buried for the callusing process and dates when cuttings will be buried and dug up. Cuttings are usually buried about 30-45 days. Cuttings made in February are not buried.

» HEIA inspectors will supervise burying and digging of cuttings from callusing bed on the prearranged dates.



.:. 1 February 2001 deadline for Applicants to submit Nursery Block applications that will include:

i. Location of the Nursery Block ii. Number of nursery rows in the Nursery Block iii. Approximate number of cuttings/row iv. Name of variety planted in each row v. Mother Block source of cuttings

.:. February 2001 > HEIA to organize inspections of the planting of Nursery Blocks > HEIA inspectors will supervise planting of cuttings in nursery block

.:. March 2001- Nursery block Applicant will create a map of the block just planted that includes:

Location of the Nursery Block Number of nursery rows in the Nursery Block Approximate number of cuttings/row Name ofvariety(s) planted in each row Mother Block source of cuttings

.:. March and April 2001-- . HEIA inspectors to determine which applications for Nursery Blocks should be approved and enrolled. These decisions should be made in a timely manner-within two weeks after the inspection. Inspectors also to create records that contain the application, block map, any notes from the inspections and estimated number of rooted cuttings to be harvested .

• :. 15 Apri12001-Deadline for Applicants to submit applications for new Mother Blocks or to re enroll existing Mother Blocks

.:. 1 May 2001 sometime-Superior Seedless and Early Superior inspection .

• :. 15-30 April2001-HEIA to review Mother Block applications received and using the information provided by the applicant on the vineyard map: > determine the size of the workload for the inspectors > create a schedule for inspecting all vineyards that are Mother Block

candidates > make variety identification tags for each vine in the vineyards to be

inspected for the first time

.:. 1 May- November 2001- HEIA to inspect new mother blocks and re-inspect Mother Blocks being re- enrolled. Verify that all maps submitted with the applications are accurate. Check that vines removed and replanted have been reported accurately. Estimate the number of cuttings to be harvested. While at Mother Blocks also check records of sale for the previous years crop ofHEIA Audited Cuttings.



.:. July to November 2001-HEIA inspectors to determine which applications for Mother Blocks should be approved and emolled in a timely manner. Inspectors also to update records for all continuing Mother Blocks and create new files for all new Mother Blocks including the application form, block map, any notes from the inspection for variety correctness, and the estimated number of cuttings to be harvested .

• :. July and August 2001-HEIA inspectors to inspect all emolled Nursery Blocks and have the participant remove off-type plants. Also, make sure that maps provided are accurate and the nursery rows are adequately labeled .

• :. June 2001 to April2002-Mother Block Participants notifies HEIA if they remove or plant any vines in emolled Mother Blocks .

• :. November 2001 to February 2002-

>- Mother Block Participants will notify HEIA two weeks in advance of harvesting dormant cuttings. At the time of notification they will also tell the inspector how many cuttings they expect to harvest. The inspector will check the participant's estimate of the number of cuttings with the estimate made in the summer and resolve any differences. The inspector will also print HEIA audited variety labels for each anticipated bundle of Audited Cuttings.

>- Inspectors will go to Mother Blocks on the prearranged dates and supervise the harvest of the cuttings. Inspectors will provide HEIA audited tags for each bundle of qualified cuttings.

>- Mother block participants may sell their HEIA Audited Cuttings and if they do they wili keep a record of the sale.

>- Nursery Block applicants will notify HEIA two weeks in advance as to location where Audited Cuttings will be buried for the callusing process and dates when cuttings will be buried and dug up.

>- HEIA inspectors will supervise burying and digging of cuttings from callusing bed on the prearranged dates .

• :. December 2001 to January 2002->- Nursery Block Participants will notify HEIA two weeks in advance of

digging dormant rooted cuttings (Audited Planting Stock). At the time of notification they will also tell the inspector how many rooted cuttings they expect to harvest. The inspector will check the participant's estimate of the number of rooted cuttings against the number of cuttings used to plant the block and resolve



any differences. The inspector will also print HEIA Audited Planting Stock variety labels for each anticipated bundle of dormant rooted cuttings.

~ Inspectors will go to Nursery Blocks on the prearranged dates and supervise the digging of the dormant rooted cuttings. Inspectors will provide HEIA audited tags for each bundle of qualified Audited Planting Stock and supervise attaching tags to the bundles of plants.

~ Audited Planting Stock is sold by Participants to growers and Participant keeps a record of the sale.

Appendix H: Private Labs Offering Tissue Culture Services Page 1 of 1

AgriAnalysis 45133 Co. Road 32 B Davis, CA 95616 Phone: 530-757-4656 FPCK:530-757-4655 Email: [email protected] Owner: Glenn Freibertshauser This company will put grape varieties into tissue culture to be shipped internationally.

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