Agro-ecological Agro-ecological intensification in the intensification in the highlands of Eastern highlands of Eastern Africa: options and Africa: options and

trajectoriestrajectories

Agro-ecological Agro-ecological intensification in the intensification in the highlands of Eastern highlands of Eastern Africa: options and Africa: options and

trajectoriestrajectories

Kenneth MasukiKenneth MasukiKenneth MasukiKenneth Masuki

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF/AHI), Kampala

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Complex interactions land-users and their environments.

Complex interactions land-users and their environments.

HIGHLANDS OF EASTERN AFRICAHIGHLANDS OF EASTERN AFRICA

Unsustainable use of natural resourcesUnsustainable use of natural resources

LIVELIHOODS OPTIONSLIVELIHOODS OPTIONS Livelihood depends on

agro-ecosystems: intensively cultivated Steep landscapes Mostly eroded

Livelihood depends on agro-ecosystems: intensively cultivated Steep landscapes Mostly eroded

AGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATIONAGRIC INTENSIFICATION

The intensification of agricultural production in Africa is based on: Ecological principles Less use of industrial

agrochemicals System integration

The intensification of agricultural production in Africa is based on: Ecological principles Less use of industrial

agrochemicals System integration

AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AFRICAN VERSIONAFRICAN VERSION

AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AGRIC INTENSIFICATION AFRICAN VERSIONAFRICAN VERSION

Smallholder farmers(Mostly poor)

Increasing production(key staple food crops)

Potential

Sustainable Production

Intensification

Integrated Natural Resource

Management.

THE FOCUSTHE FOCUSTHE FOCUSTHE FOCUS

INRM Innovations

Agro-ecological Intensification

Enhanced

Conservation of Agro-biodiversity

Trajectoriesand

Options

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS What INRM options have

smallholder farmers adapted to enhance agro-ecological intensification?

What trajectories did INRM take into agro-ecological intensification in the smallholder farming systems?

What INRM options have smallholder farmers adapted to enhance agro-ecological intensification?

What trajectories did INRM take into agro-ecological intensification in the smallholder farming systems?

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY Review of 15 years in

AHI BMS in the HEA Participatory action

research Approach Community meetings FGD, ranking Key Informant

interviews Household surveys Field experimentation Process documentation Monitoring

Case study approach

Review of 15 years in AHI BMS in the HEA

Participatory action research Approach Community meetings FGD, ranking Key Informant

interviews Household surveys Field experimentation Process documentation Monitoring

Case study approach

TRAJECTORIESTRAJECTORIES

System integrationCommunity participation Collective action Watershed management Institutional innovation.

System integrationCommunity participation Collective action Watershed management Institutional innovation.

SYSTEM INTEGRATIONSYSTEM INTEGRATIONComponents

Crops Livestock Trees and Soil

Components Crops Livestock Trees and Soil

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONCOMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Engagement withcommunities local institutions and individuals

Local empowerment Equitable development

strategies

Engagement withcommunities local institutions and individuals

Local empowerment Equitable development

strategies

COLLECTIVE ACTIONCOLLECTIVE ACTION

Mobilizing groups of people to work toward common goals

Mobilizing groups of people to work toward common goals

WATERSHED MANAGEMENTWATERSHED MANAGEMENTParticipatory Integrated Watershed Management

Many NRM problems have landscape level perspectiveSpring rehabilitation required

village-level organizing

Participatory Integrated Watershed Management

Many NRM problems have landscape level perspectiveSpring rehabilitation required

village-level organizing

INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONINSTITUTIONAL INNOVATION Landscape level NRM

problems requires innovation in the institutions Farmer organizations Policy innovation Novel organizational

structures (Innovation Platform)

Landscape level NRM problems requires innovation in the institutions Farmer organizations Policy innovation Novel organizational

structures (Innovation Platform)

INRM OPTIONSINRM OPTIONS

ENTRY POINTENTRY POINTStrategy to

smoothly and effectively engage with communities

Strategy to smoothly and effectively engage with communities

LINKED TECHNOLOGIESLINKED TECHNOLOGIES

SYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATIONSYSTEM DIVERSIFICATION

AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYNICHE COMPATIBILITY

CRITERIA LEAST COMPATIBLE SPECIES

MOST COMPATIBLE SPECIES

Farm Boundaries

No adverse effect on adjacent crops

Erosion control Good for shade Source of income

Eucalyptus globulus, Cupressus lusitanica Senecio gigas, Rahmnus prinoides, Podocarpus gracilor

Buddleja polystachyaDombeya torrida, Hagenia abyssinicaMaesa lanceolata Hypericum quartinianum

Springs and waterways discharge

No negative effect on spring

Has a shallow root system

Cupressus lusitanica Eucalyptus globulus, Juniperus procera, Olea africana, Senecio gigas, Vernonia auruculifera

Salix subserata, Hagenia abyssinicaMaesa lanceolata, Olea africanaPodocarpus gracilor

AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY

Soil Health

AGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYAGRO-ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITYShrub/Tree Score Nutrients in

Shrubs (g/kg)SOC SON Bray1 Exch. K pH

(H2O)

N P K g /kg mg/kg

mmol/kg

Vernonia subligera 10 36 0.25 4.7 22 4.5 8 9.4 6.5

Vernonia amyridiantha

9 34 0.23 4.5 21 4.5 10 10.8 5.0

Albizia schimperiana 9 31 0.32 1.3 16 4.3 13 8.4 5.1

Ficus vallis-choudae 8 30 0.23 4.4 57 6.6 9 3.6 6.4

Kalanchoe crinata 2 21 0.23 3.8 27 5.2 9 4.6 5.1

Bothriocline tementosa

2 21 0.27 1.5 20 4.3 7 1.6 4.9

Justicia glabra 2 20 0.27 2.1 27 5.7 10 2.8 6.3

Soils away from the shrubs 16 2.0 6 3.0 5.1

INRM AND AGRO-BIODIVERSITY INRM AND AGRO-BIODIVERSITY

GOVERNANCE ISSUES GOVERNANCE ISSUES BM SITE PROBLEMS GOVERNANCE SOLUTIONS

Ginchi, Ethiopia

Incompatible trees on farm boundaries

Minimum 10m barrier between Eucalyptus and cultivated land;

By-law specifying acceptable locations for Eucalyptus (i.e. degraded areas).

Lushoto, Tanzania

Competition of boundary trees with adjacent cropland

Ban Eucalyptus on farm boundaries; Minimum of 15 meters between

Acrocarpus trees on farm boundaries to minimize competition with crops or total ban on Acrocarpus (solutions varied by village);

Anyone caught planting harmful trees on farm boundaries will pay a fine of 5,000 Tanzania shillings.

GOVERNANCE ISSSUESGOVERNANCE ISSSUES

Negotiation support on resource governance

Policy and by-law process

Negotiation support on resource governance

Policy and by-law process

LESSONS LEARNTLESSONS LEARNT INRM innovations resulted into:

Improved systems component linkages Farmers integrating diverse enterprises Interactions among components Optimize diverse returns in production system

Thus INRM has contributed Agro -ecological intensification Increased genetic diversity in agricultural

landscapes in the study areas.

INRM innovations resulted into: Improved systems component linkages Farmers integrating diverse enterprises Interactions among components Optimize diverse returns in production system

Thus INRM has contributed Agro -ecological intensification Increased genetic diversity in agricultural

landscapes in the study areas.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

System Integration

Ecological Intensification

CommunityParticipation

InstitutionalInnovation

WatershedManagement

WatershedManagement