agro-food global value chains - iamo · 2017. 7. 10. · isl itaisr jpn khm kor ltu lux lva mltmex...

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Agro‐food global value chains Natalya Volchkova New Economic School Center for Economic and Financial Research Halle, Germany June 21, 2017 IAMO Forum 2017. Eurasian Food Economy

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Page 1: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Agro‐food global value chains

Natalya VolchkovaNew Economic School

Center for Economic and Financial Research

Halle, GermanyJune 21, 2017

IAMO Forum 2017. Eurasian Food Economy

Page 2: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Global value chains – very important mode of international trade today• Estimated to be around 50% of trade value• Trade in tasks, not just in goods• Very important role of services in good production• Logistical services are very important, no inventories

• All these is driven by cost cutting incentives, which ensures that global firms are very competitive and efficient.

Page 3: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

GVC participation varies a lot across countries

01020304050607080

Люксем

бург

Словакия

Венгрия

Чехия

Корея

Ирландия

Словения

Бельгия

Новрегия

Финляндия

Дания

Польша

Швеция

Австрия

Чили

Россия

Португалия

Герм

ания

Китай

Великобритания

Италия

Нидерланды

Япония

Швейцария

Франция

Мексика

Испания

Ю. А

фрика

Израиль

Австралия

Индонезия

Греция

Индия

Канада

Турция

США

Бразилия

Н. Зеландия

Внутренняя добавленная стоимостьВнешняя добавленная стоимость

Backward

Forward

OECD-WTO TiVAdatabase,

October 2015

Page 4: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Length of GVC varies by sectors, number of intermediates

OECD, 2012

Page 5: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

GVC in agro‐food and manufacturing ‐ comparison

ARG

AUSAUT

BEL

BGR

BRA

BRN

CANCHE

CHL

CHNCYP CZEDEU

DNK

ESP

EST

EU FIN

FRA

GBRGRC

HKG

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

ISLISRITA

JPN

KHM

KOR

LTU

LUX

LVA

MEXMLT

MYS

NLD

NOR

NZL

PHL

POLPRTROU

ROWRUS

SAU SGP

SVK

SVNSWE

THA

TUR

TWN

USA

VNM

ZAF

05

1015

GVC

par

ticip

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Agr

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0 20 40 60GVC participation in manufacturing

2009GVC participation: agro-food vs manufacturing

Page 6: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Forward and Backward GVC participation

ARG

AUS AUT

BELBGR

BRA

BRN

CAN CHE

CHL

CHN

CYP CZEDEU

DNK

ESP

EST

EU FIN

FRA

GBRGRC

HKG

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

ISLISRITA

JPN

KHM

KOR

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LUX

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MYS

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NOR

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USA

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par

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od0 10 20 30 40

GVC participation in manufacturing

2009Backward GVC participation: agro-food vs manufacturing

ARG

AUS

AUTBEL

BGR

BRA

BRNCAN

CHE

CHL CHN

CYPCZE

DEUDNK

ESP

EST

EUFIN

FRA

GBRGRCHKG

HUN

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MYS

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RUS

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GVC

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0 5 10 15 20GVC participation in manufacturing

2009Forward GVC participation: agro-food vs manufacturing

Page 7: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Forward vs Backward participation in Agro‐Food

ARG

AUSAUT

BELBGR

BRA

BRN

CANCHE

CHL

CHN

CYP CZEDEU

DNK

ESP

EST

EU FIN

FRA

GBRGRC

HKG

HUN

IDN

IND

IRL

ISLISRITA

JPN

KHM

KOR

LTU

LUX

LVA

MEXMLT

MYS

NLD

NOR

NZL

PHL

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USA

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02

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0 2 4 6Forward GVC participation in Agro-food

2009Backward vs Forward GVC participation in Agro-food

Page 8: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

GVC in agro and manufacturing ‐summary• GVC participation in agro‐food much more limited than in manufacturing

• There is some positive correlation between them – role of policies

• Comparative advantage affects sectoral GVC participation

• Comparative advantage more defines Forward GVC participation in agro‐food, while Backward GVC is more defined by policies

• Vietnam and Cambodia demonstrate  remarkable position in agro‐food GVC

Page 9: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Overall GVC participation of FSU countries

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Russia Kazakhstan Belarus Armenia Kyrgyzstan Turk, Tadj, Uzb Latvia Ukraine Georgia

GVC participation of FSU countries

Backward GVC Forward GVC

CEFIR calculations based on GTAPv.8

Page 10: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Sectoral GVC participation of FSU countries

010

2030

4050

Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tur Tadj UzbBW FW BW FW BW FW BW FW BW FW BW FW

Sectoral GVC participation of FSU countries

Agriculture FuelManufacture

CEFIR calculations based on GTAPv.8

Page 11: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

GVC in Agriculture and Food in the world (OECD, 2017)• Varying patterns of engagement in GVCs 

• European agro‐food VC source globally but supply locally• China have a greater span in both sourcing inputs and supplying to other markets

• US sources narrowly and more regionally focused, but supply is global. 

• Overall, agro‐food global value chains are most developed in Asia and Europe compared with other regional groupings. 

Page 12: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Policies and agro‐food GVC participation (OECD, 2017)• Trade policies are particularly important in determining GVC engagement and the domestic value added created

• barriers to imports reduce engagement in GVCs along with the domestic returns from agro‐food exports. 

• for non‐tariff measures, if countries maintain more transparent and science based arrangements, that preserve the trade creating effects but avoid concerns being raised by trading partners, they can increase the domestic value added generated in exports. 

• Agricultural policy and the capabilities of producers are also important. 

• Infrastructure, agricultural research and development and education enhance GVC participation and its benefits

• non‐distortive agricultural policies are important: distortive policies not only reduced some forms of GVC engagement but also reduced the domestic value added created from GVC participation. 

Page 13: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Distortions from CET in EAEU: effective rate of protection

GTAP sectors

Effective Rate of Protection (% of VA)

Actual value, 2014Russia Belarus Armenia Kazakhstan

Wheat 5.54 2.40 4.44 8.51

Forestry 15.83 10.10 10.49 15.37

Fishery 11.62 11.90 12.02 10.06

Meat cattle 76.52 ‐120.09 165.92 65.63

Diary products 42.02 ‐8.17 24.90 60.93

Vegetable oils and fats 2.23 ‐6.91 ‐13.65 5.64

Sugar ‐25.27 22.40 ‐3.08 ‐2.03

Apparel 15.68 ‐11.26 17.89 14.57

Electric equipment ‐4.26 41.38 ‐15.25 0.58

Leather products 30.48 ‐39.95 70.39 52.52

Ferrous metals 14.74 12.82 9.54 12.80

Page 14: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Trade across the borders and GVC participation (preliminary results)• We find Trade Across the Border index from Doing Business has negative and significant effect on agro‐food GVC participation, while have no effect on manufacturing GVC participation

• Out of different measures we find  #of days to export has the strongest effect on Forward GVC participation 

Page 15: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Doing Business 2017 in EAEUArmenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia

Ranking (из 189)

Easiness of doing business 38 (35) 37 (44) 35 (41) 75 (67) 40 (51)

Trade Across Borders 48 (29) 30 (25) 119 (122) 79 (83) 140 (170)Export, time (days)

Documents 2 4 128 21 25Crossing the border 39 5 133 20 96

Export, costs ($)Documents 100 108 320 145 765

Crossing the border 150 140 574 445 92Import, time (days)

Documents 2 4 6 36 43Crossing the border 41 1 2 37 96

Import, costs ($)Documents 100 0 0 200 153

Crossing the border 100 0 0 512 1125

15

Page 16: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Policy improvement in EAEU countries might have a very strong effect of GVC participation• Smart approach for CET setting accounting for distortive effect on sectoral development

• Protection vs. anti export bias

• Customs reform, especially in Russia• Overall policy stance

• Too much of import substitution• Food sovereignty, not food security

• There are some changes recently, but not enough

Page 17: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Role of imports in GVC – firm level evidence

Controls: industry (3 digit NACE) & region. Columns (6‐10) – firm size as well

Exporter  Importer  Exporters and Importers

Exp&ImpVs.Exporters

Exp&ImpVs. Importers

Exporter  Importer  Exportersand Importers

Exp&ImpVs.Exporters

Exp&ImpVs. Importers

Employment 558 452 944 247 260Productivity 138 166 182 66 32 32 62 35 85 32Total assets 1940 2170 4277 687 358 117 239 166 154 54Investments* 275 500 500 511 123 74 237 169 247 30

Prof margin* 34 34 45 23 22 31 33 42 15 12

N observations

23187 23187 23187 2411 3005 23187 23187 23187 2411 3005

* - less observations than above

Trade Premia, Russian firms, %

Page 18: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Role of services and infrastructure• GVC – trade in tasks, so very high demands to the quality of infrastructure to coordinate the overall process of product creation

• Logistics• Transportation• ITC

• Silk road initiative could have a very strong effect on GVC participation of countries along the way 

Page 19: Agro-food global value chains - IAMO · 2017. 7. 10. · ISL ITAISR JPN KHM KOR LTU LUX LVA MLTMEX MYS NLD NOR NZL PHL POL PRT ROU RUSROW SAU SGP SVK SVN SWE THA TUR TWN USA VNM ZAF

Conclusions• GVC participation requires coordination of many policies

• Foreign investment• Trade policies• Infrastructure development• Service liberalization

• So far EAEU countries with few exceptions are lagging behind in all aspects, while have potential driven by comparative advantage

• Common trade policy in EAEU should be reevaluated having GVC aspect

• For agro‐food GVC food security concern should be reconsidered without regard for ideology