agro industry scenario

7/31/2019 Agro Industry Scenario

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Introduction

A GlimpseAgriculture may be defined as an integrated system of techniques to control thegrowth and harvesting of animal and vegetables. It is an uncomplicated endeavor

comprising of technical and practical processes that helps in the maintenance of theecological balance and protects human resources; and most importantly it is aviable food production system.

Human beings started practicing farming/cultivation some 10,000 years ago. Sincethen, agriculture as a practice and as a process have undergone substantial changeswhich have had consequential impact on human progress and lifestyle. Over theages these developments in agriculture have radically transformed human ecology,society, organizations, demography and even art and religion and have to a certainextent determined the course of scientific progression.

Early men gave up their hunter-gatherer lifestyle

after they started cultivation of plants as well asdomestication animals. Rapid developments werewitnessed over the years though technology andcrop enhancement options were not availableduring the successive periods. With the industrialrevolution, the entire facet of agriculture changed.The development and easy availability ofagricultural techniques led to increased agriculturalproductivity. The industrial revolution is thusimmediately followed by the agricultural revolutionacross the world. Since then variety has beennoticed leading to a boom in the agro productssector, thereby giving birth to innumerablecompanies, organizations, institutes and more.

With the introduction of eco-friendly pesticides and fertilizers, crop yieldsincreased to a remarkable level. The early 20th century witnessed the usage ofsynthetic nitrogen, along with mined rock phosphate, pesticides and mechanizationincluding the synthesizing of ammonium nitrate. Rice, wheat, and corn were themain crops that gave the best yield, thus introducing the Green Revolution. Exportof technologies, pesticides and fertilizers from the developed countries to the

developing countries, further increased the yields in all regions almost equally.

Organic farming, a concept introduced in the 1900s, that overused pesticides andsynthetic fertilizers, stayed dormant for several decades. This was because thecultivation process damaged the long-term fertility of the soil. The European Unionfirst certified organic food in 1991 and then began research, exploration, use ofalternative technologies like integrated pest management and selective breeding.Today the markets of developed and also developing countries across the world areflooded with genetically modified food.

Forms of Agriculture

Depending upon the purpose for which food is produced and livestock is raised,agriculture can be divided into two groups. These two are:


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Subsistence Agriculture:

This form of agriculture can be definedasproduction of a certain amount of food that isenough to sustain the family producing food. Thefarmer engaged in such type of farming does not

produce in order to sell the food to the market, butretains it for himself and his family. It is very rareto have surplus amount of produce in subsistenceagriculture and therefore there is no scope for anycommercial profit. Subsistence agriculture ispracticed without buying any fertilizers. This typeof agriculture can survive for a longer duration inthose area where there is sparse population; but indensely populated areas, it can have seriousrepercussions in the form of damage to theenvironment and depletion of soil nutrients

Commercial Agriculture:The practice of producing crops and raising livestock for the purpose of selling theend products in the market for gaining monetary benefits is termed as 'commercialagriculture'. It is defined as the production of those products and commodities thatcan be consumed by the end users through wholesale and retail distribution.Commercial agriculture includes raising of livestock but does not include cropsthat are grown solely for consumption within the household.Environmental Impact of AgricultureIt has been observed that intensive farming can alter the natural environmentleading to some major problems. Following are the ways by which agriculture canaffect nature:

Increasing area being brought under cultivation can have a negativeimpact on the wildlife and can completely reduce wildlife habitat

Surplus use of fertilizers can pollute rivers and lakes It can hugely affect the flora and fauna There can be depletion of mineral in the soil Agriculture can also create bad odor from the agricultural wastes It can lead to soil erosion.

Various Kinds of Agricultural Practices

Farmers in India and around the world have now resorted to more advancedtechniques in farming that can lessen the environmental degradation. The variousforms of agricultural practices are:

Organic Agriculture: In this form ofagriculture, one largely does away withsynthetic or man made fertilizers andpesticides and adopts those techniqueswhich are ecologically sustainable by usingbiological rocesses. This is done mainly tohave a fertile soil and a healthy livestock

Industrial Agriculture: It is defined as amodernized form of farming in which the


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farmer uses the services of advancedmachines and tractors instead of labour ofhumans and animals. The method ofindustrial agriculture is used mostly in thedeveloped countries. The method of

industrial agriculture comprise constantinnovation in farming methods andagricultural machinery

Crop Agriculture: This involves meticulous cultivation of food, fiber, etc.It produces not just food but also products which are highly used inindustries or medicines. Crop agriculture first came into existence duringthe Stone Age when hunters made a switch from hunting to a moresophisticated culture of species which were favored.

Categories of Agro ProductsThe various agro foods can be categorized as cereals, seeds,spices, fruits, dehydrated fruits, vegetables, dehydratedvegetables, dry fruits & nuts, edible oil, flowers, fertilizers, tea& coffee, oil crops, aromatic plants, herbs, essential oils,floral absolutes, coconut and coir products, potpourri,processed food & snacks, pickles $ condiments, pet-useproducts, milk & dairy products, meat & poultry food, marinefood supplies, baby foods, animal fodder, etc.

India is the second largest producer of food in the world.Whether it is canned food, processed food,food grains, dairy products, frozen food, fish, meat, poultry,the Indian agro industry has a huge potential, the significanceand growth of which will never cease.

Agro Industry Scenario

An Introduction

The agro industry is regarded as an extended arm of agriculture. The developmentof the agro industry can help stabilise and make agriculture more lucrative andcreate employment opportunities both at the production and marketing stages. Thebroad-based development of the agro-products industry will improve both thesocial and physical infrastructure of India. Since it would cause diversification andcommercialization of agriculture, it will thus enhance the incomes of farmers andcreate food surpluses.

The agro-industry mainly comprises of the post-harvest activities of processing andpreserving agricultural products for intermediate or final consumption. It is a well-recognized fact across the world, particularly in the context of industrial

development, that the importance of agro-industries is relative to agricultureincreases as economies develop. It should be emphasized that food is not just


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produce. Food also encompasses a wide variety of processed products. It is in thissense that the agro-industry is an important and vital part of the manufacturingsector in developing countries and the means for building industrial capacities.

The agro Industry is broadly categorised in the

following types:

(i) Village Industries owned and run by ruralhouseholds with very little capital investment and ahigh level of manual labour; products includepickles, papad, etc.(ii) Small scale industry characterized by mediuminvestment and semi-automation; products includeedible oil, rice mills, etc.(iii) Large scale industry involving largeinvestment and a high level of automation; productsinclude sugar, jute, cotton mills, etc.

The development of agro-based industries commenced during pre-independencedays. Cotton mills, sugar mills, jute mills were fostered in the corporate sector.During the post-Independence days, with a view to rendering more employmentand using local resources, small scale and village industries were favored.The increasing environmental concerns will give further stimulus to agro basedindustries. Jute and cotton bags, which have begun to be replaced by plastic bags,

have made a comeback. It is the right time to engage in mass production of lowcost jute/cotton bags to replace plastic bags.The agro industry helps in processing agricultural products such as field crops, treecrops, livestock and fisheries and converting them to edible and other usable forms.The private sector is yet to actualize the full potential of the agro industry. Theglobal market is mammoth for sugar, coffee, tea and processed foods such assauce, jelly, honey, etc. The market for processed meat, spices and fruits is equallygigantic. Only with mass production coupled with modern technology andintensive marketing can the domestic market as well as the export market beexploited to the fullest extent. It is therefore imperative that food manufacturersunderstand changing consumer preferences, technology,With modernization,

innovation and incorporation of latest trends andtechnology in the entire food chain as well as agro-production, the totalproduction capacity of agro products in India and the world is likely todouble by the next decade.

India is the second largest producer of food in the world. Whether it is cannedfood, processed food, food grains, dairy products, frozen food, fish, meat, poultry,the Indian agro industry has a huge potential, the significance and growth of whichwill never cease.

Sea fishing, aqua culture, milk and milk products, meat and poultry are some of the

agro sectors that have shown marked growth over the years. linkages betweenmembers of the food supply chains and prevailing policies and business


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environments to take advantage of the global market.Processed Food Segment

The processing level of the agro industry may be at the primary, secondary ortertiary stage. In the case of hides and skins, India exports largely semi-processeditems whereas in coffee/tea, the exports are mostly in secondary stage by way of

fully processed bulk shipments without branding/packing. Exports at the tertiarystage mean branding and packaging the product that are ready for use by theconsumer.A few years ago, companies struggled to sellpackaged foods. But now it is much easier to breakinto the Indian market because of a youngerpopulation, higher incomes, new technologies and agrowing middle class, estimated at 50 millionhouseholds. An average Indian spends around 53per cent of his/her income on food. The domesticmarket for processed foods is not only huge but is

growing fast in tandem with the economy. It isestimated to be worth $90 billion. Processed FoodManufacturing companies are required to bepersistent and must adapt products to the Indiancultural preferences.

Many big companies like ITC, HLL, Nestle entered the Indian market a long timeago and have made a deep penetration in the market. From these success stories wecan learn some lessons in order to capture the higher end of the local market andget a fair share of the export market. The model is structured around thefollowing:-

* Large scale investment and adoption of the latest technologies* Intensive marketing efforts* Perhaps, a foreign tie-up can be beneficial* Brand name.The levels of processing and manufacturing can be classified into three groups,namely manual, mechanical and chemical or a combination thereof. In choosingthe process, the main considerations are the nature of the raw materials, technologyof processing, and packing.

Other SegmentsDairy product is another area where there isenormous potential. No doubt the country has madetremendous strides in the last 20 years inproduction and processing of milk and milkproducts. But the fact remains that only 15 per centof all the milk produced is processed. Today, alarge number of people suffer from diabetic orcardiac ailments and availability of fat free milk, fatfree curd and sugar free food is poor. A simpleproduct like soya milk is not produced in adequatequantity.

Fish and shrimp have good export potential but there is an immense lack of cold

storage and modern processing facilities. For instance fish production is around sixmillion tonnes a year and the frozen storage capacity spread over 500 units is only


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one lakh tonnes.

Another area is herbal medicine. It is being increasingly realized the world overthat herbal drugs do not have any side effects. India has a good number of tried and

tested herbal products in use and what is required is rigorous quality control,proper packaging and a brand name.

The government and modern retailers are addressing these issues with new laws onpackaging and labeling as well as greater investment in the supply chain.The Progress Ahead*With modernization, innovation and incorporation of latest trends and technologyin the entire food chain as well as agro-production, the total production capacity ofagro products in India and the world is likely to double by the next decade.

India is the second largest producer of food in the world. Whether it is canned

food, processed food,food grains, dairy products, frozen food, fish, meat, poultry, the Indian agroindustry has a huge potential, the significance and growth of which will nevercease.

Sea fishing, aqua culture, milk and milk products, meat and poultry are some of theagro sectors that have shown marked growth over the years.

History

Origin of Agriculture

The beginning of 'agro' or 'agriculture' marks the beginning of 'civilized' or'sedentary' society. Climate change and increase in population during the HoloceneEra (10,000 BC onwards) led to the evolution of agriculture. During the BronzeAge (9000 BC onwards), domestication of plants and animals transformed theprofession of the early homo sapiens from hunting and gathering to selectivehunting, herding and finally to settled agriculture. Eventually the agriculturalpractices enabled people to establish permanent settlements and expand urbanbased societies. Cultivation marks the transition from nomadic pre-historicsocieties to the settled neolithic lifestyle some time around 7000 BC.

As per the modern definition of agriculture which would be" an aggregate of large

scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation, and use ofa specialized labor force", the title "inventors of agriculture" would go to theSumerians, starting ca. 5,500 BC.Technological Evolution

Originally fields were cleared of weeds andprepared for planting by hand at greateffort, using primitive hoes or digging sticks

The invention of the scratch plow (alsocalled 'plough') about 6,000 years ago was agreat labor-saving device for humans - thebeginning of systematic substitution of


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other forms of energy, in this case animalpower, for human muscles

The Muslim Farmers in North Africa andthe Near East of the Medieval world are

credited with inventions of extensiveirrigation based on hydraulic andhydrostatic principles such as norias, watermills, water raising machines, dams andreservoirs

The Renaissance saw the innovation of thethree field system of crop rotation and widespread usage of the moldboard plow

The early phase of Industrial Revolution

witnessed new agricultural practices likeenclosure, mechanization, four-field croprotation and selective breeding

The science-driven innovations of 19th and20th centuries led to the mechanization ofthe cultivation, i.e. the use of tractors.

Agriculture in IndiaAgriculture in India, the preeminent sector of the economy, is the source oflivelihood of almost two thirds of the workforce in the country. The contribution of

agriculture and allied activities to India's economic growth in recent years has beenno less significant than that of industry and services. The importance of agricultureto the country is best summed up by this statement: "If agriculture survives, Indiasurvives".Indian Agriculture--Water-Management

Indian agricultural production in most parts of thecountry is closely related to skillful and wise water-management practices. Most of the agriculturalpractices in India confined to the few monsoonmonths. During the monsoon season, India isusually endowed with generous rainfall; althoughnot infrequently, this bountiful monsoon turns intoa terror, causing uncontrollable floods in parts ofthe country. In a matter of antithesis, every fewyears, the monsoon is erratic and deficient, leadingto drought and the possibility of famine. Thisexplains the inextricable link between IndianAgriculture and effective water-managementpractices known across different parts of Indiasince the ancient times.


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According to the history of the Indian agriculture water-management practices areknown to have either been taken up by the state, or by local village communitiessince the earliest times. Regional rulers, or local representatives of the state weregenerally obliged to allocate a certain percentage of the agricultural taxes onbuilding and managing water-storage, water-harvesting and/or water-diverting

structures which facilitated a second crop, and provided water for drinking andother purposes in the long dry season.The British rule witnessed the destruction of century-old water managementstructures and a virtual wreckage of the knowledge systems and cultural traditionsthat had helped build and preserve these water-management techniques over thecenturies in states such as Bihar, Bengal, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and others.Owing to this, during the colonial era, famines were frequent and faminecommissions were abundant. The growth rate in food production during the 1900-1947 period was hardly 0.1 per cent. Most of the important institutionaldevelopments in agriculture emanated from the recommendations of faminecommissions. The great Bengal Famine of 1942-43 provided the backdrop to

Indias Independence.

The stagnant performance of agriculture in India during the colonial period wasturned into a sustained growth since 1947, with a stronger performance in Indiaespecially in terms of per-capita food production.Indian Agriculture in Independent India

Early Years

of

IndependenceThe earlyyears of

Independencewitnessedaccentuationon thedevelopmentofinfrastructurefor scientificagriculture.The stepstaken includedtheestablishmentof fertilizerand pesticidefactories,constructionof large multi-purposeirrigation-cum-power

projects,organization


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of communitydevelopmentand nationalextensionprogrammes

and, above all,the starting ofagriculturaluniversities aswell as newagriculturalresearchinstitutionsacross thelength andbreadth of the

country.However, thegrowth in foodproductionwasinadequate tomeet theconsumptionneeds of thegrowingpopulationwhichnecessitatedfood imports.

Green RevolutionPolicy makers and planners, in order to address the concerns about national independence,security, and political stability realized that self-sufficiency in food production was anabsolute prerequisite. This perception led to a program of agricultural improvement calledthe Intensive Agriculture District Programme (IADP) and eventually to the GreenRevolution. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) wasset up. All these steps led to a quantum jump in the productivity and production of crops.

White and Yellow RevolutionThe Green revolution generated a mood of self-confidence in our agricultural capability,which led to the next phase characterized by the Technology Mission. Under thisapproach, the focus was on conservation, cultivation, consumption, and commerce. Anend-to-end approach was introduced involving attention to all links in the production-consumption chain, owing to which progress was steady and sometimes striking as in thecase of milk and egg production.Present TimesIndian agriculture continues to face internal and external challenges.While monsoon dependence, fragmented land-holding, low level of inputusage, antiquated agronomic practices, lack of technology application

and poor rural infrastructure are some of the key internal constraints thatdeter a healthy growth, while subsidies and barriers have been distorting


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international agricultural trade, rendering agri-exports from developingnations such as India uncompetitive.

The objective of every policy initiative has been to make Indianagriculture globally competitiveby investing it with the ability to

produce globally acceptable quality at globally comparable cost.

Technology

IntroductionOnly with mass production being aided by modern technology and intensivemarketing can the agriculturist exploit both the domestic market as well as theinternational market to the fullest extent. The volume of production depends notonly on the capital investments and marketing strategies but also on the technicalcapacity used during the production and processing stage.

In fact, technology has come to play a very significant role even in marketing thesedays. Technology is absolutely critical to the agro industry be it at the primary(production), secondary (processing) or tertiary (marketing and packaging) stage.Experts have always suggested that agricultural technology could play a vital role inaddressing the issues and concerns relating to the conservation and management ofrural resources.

Technologies

Plough (also 'plow')

Ploughing is the first preparation for planting.

The plough is primarily designed to prepare theground for cultivation by turning it over, thusburying the weeds and loosening the earth. It isgenerally agreed by historians that the earliestimplement used for cultivation was probably a crudepointed bent stick or tree branch which was used tostir the soil surface. In effect, a hand held hoe wasused in which the user scratched at the earth to forma tilth where corn could be sown. Over a period of

time, these hand held hoes soon developed intosimple ploughs. These primitive ploughs wereeventually pulled by animals like oxen, camels andeven elephants. Animals enabled the land to be tilledmore easily and faster; thus more food wasproduced. The credit for this innovation goes to theEgyptians. These ploughs had differentmodifications in different parts of the world.During the period from the 1820s to the 1840s, several innovations occurred inplough production. The Breaking Plough, or Prairie Breaker, was a heavy woodenplough plated with iron strips to reduce friction. Prairie ploughs were heavy,weighing at least 125 pounds and requiring from three to seven yoke of oxen.


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Cutting only three inches into the soil, farmers could break eight acres a year. Aftera span of few years, ploughs containing a polished wrought iron moldboard andsteel share were invented.

Harrow

After ploughing, other implements were used. The

harrow was necessary to smoothen the soil in areaswhere the soil remained rough. It consists of awooden or metal framework bearing metal disks,teeth, or sharp projecting points, called tines, whichis dragged over plowed land to crush the clods ofearth and level the soil. Harrows are also used touproot weeds, aerate the soil, and cover seeds.

In the beginning the harrows were as simple as a treebranch but the harrow became more sophisticatedafter the Industrial Revolution. By the 1790s, two

distinct types of harrows were in use: the square andthe triangle, or "A" frame. The square harrow wasused on old fields that were free of largeobstructions, while the triangular frame was used onfreshly ploughed fields. These models had woodenframes with wood or iron teeth.

In modern times, harrows are of varied types. Some are simply dragged behind atractor or draft animal; some are suspended on wheels; many have levers to adjustthe depth of the cut.Impact of the Industrial Revolution on AgricultureIndustrial revolution brought about drastic changes in the farming process. Farmersdiscovered the crop rotation system that allowed them to forgo leaving up to half ofthe land unused or fallow between each planting. This phase witnessed the use ofanimal husbandry. The industrial revolution brought about an end to tedioushandiwork and encouraged the invention and manufacture of other labor-savingfarm implements and machinery. Few of the inventions include:Seed DrillerSeed drill was an innovation that allowed seeds to beeasily planted deep into the earth instead of on topwhere the majority were washed away or otherwiselost. The machine was pulled by horses and

consisted of rotating drills or runners that plantedseeds at a set depth.

Horse HoeIt is horse-drawn machine which loosened the soiland killed weeds.

ReaperThe first reapers cut the standing grain and, with arevolving reel, sweeping it onto a platform fromwhich it was raked off into piles by a man walking

alongside. The reaper could thus harvest more grainthan five men using the earlier cradles.


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The reaper was eventually replaced by the self-propelled combine, operated by one man, whichcuts, gathers, threshes, and sacks the grainmechanically. The reaper was the first step in a

transition from hand labor to the mechanizedfarming of today.

Threshing MachinesPrior to the threshing machines farmers used animplement called 'flail' to simply beat the grain withsticks or ropes to knock the seeds from the stalks.But this was a back-breaking work and was of lowproductivity. Threshing machines were designed forrapidly removing the husks from grain.

With improvements in design and efficiency,

threshing machines became progressively morecommon and the hand flail was gradually consignedto history. The machines could be driven by wind orwater power, or by horses, but the steam poweredthresher became the most familiar sight. They wereeventually replaced in the middle decades of thetwentieth century by the combine harvester whichboth harvests and threshes the crop in the field in asingle operation.

TractorTractor is a vehicle particularly crafted to exert traction at slow speeds, for thepurposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture. The versatility oftractor is with respect to its attachments that it supports. The more the options forconnecting attachments to the tractor, the higher is the cost. The most commontractor attachments include front end loaders, mowers, box blades, spreaders, tillers,plows, trailers and backhoes for plowing, tilling, disking, harrowing, planting, andsimilar tasks. Most tractor attachments are interchangeable so they can be used withdifferent machines. The first tractors were steam-powered ploughing engines,followed by Gasoline Powered Tractors.Agricultural Machinery Index

Implements for clearing, breaking ground, etc.o Stump Pullerso Ploughso Steam Ploughso Gang Ploughso Sulky-Ploughso Clod-Crusherso Harrowso Rollers

Implements for depositing Seed - Seed-Sowing

Machines-Drills Implements for the Cultivation of the Plant -


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Cultivators Implements for Gathering Crops

o Mowerso Reaperso Lawn-Mowers

o Potato-Diggero Hay-tedderso Horse hay-rakeso Hay-sweepso Hay-loading machineso Horse hay-forks

Implements for clearing, breaking Ground, etc.o Thrashing-Machineo Fanning-mills

Miscellaneous implements applicable to variousfarm-uses

o Feed-cutterso Corn-shellerso Cider-millso Incubatorso Cow-milker.

Irrigation TechnologyWater is undoubtedly the sine qua non for allirrigation activities, worldwide. Particularly in India,

an unpredictable monsoon coupled with anincreasing demand for food production (at the self-sustenance as well as commercial levels) hasinduced an imperative need for irrigation optionsother than those that are either extremely laboriousand time consuming or simply too expensive for thesmall and marginal farmer.

Electric and diesel pumps can be used to extractgroundwater for irrigating any large acres of land;however, some cost effective technologies that arebeing availed by a major section of farmers are asfollows:-

Treadle PumpIt is a foot operated water lifting device that can irrigate small plots of land of smallholders in regions that have higher water table (not deeper than 25 feet). A treadlepump is a low cost system, simple in design and easily manageable; it appropriatelyanswers the irrigation need for the small farmers.Drip Irrigation TechnologyDrip irrigation is a water-saving technology which enables slow and regularapplication of water directly to the roots of the plants through a network ofeconomically designed plastic pipes and low discharge emitters. It maximizes crop


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productivity through increase in the crop yield and also the area for cultivation, andprotects the environment through conserving soil, water and fertilizer resources, thusincreasing the farmer income. Currently, this is being promoted by the Governmentof India in the form of kits in the water scarce regions in India. They are:

Drum Kit Bucket Kit Family Nutrition Kit Customised Systems

The impact of the use of these above mentioned irrigation technology can be

summed up as follows:-

Frees the farmer from the limitations of rain fed farming Raises the capacity of the farmer to grow crops in both winter and summer Leads to land augmentation - With the use of the above mentioned

technologies the farmers can cultivate all the year round thus increasing theircropping intensity to 200-300% and never leave their land fallow

Easy to use.

BiotechnologyAccording to the United Nations Conventions on Biological Diversity, it is a"technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, orderivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use".Today genetic engineering is used widely for the following purposes:-

Improve yield from crops Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses Increased nutritional qualities of food crops Improved taste, texture or appearance of food Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals Production of novel substances in crop plants.

Information TechnologyIn spite of successful research on new agriculturalpractices concerning crop cultivation, the majority offarmers is not getting upper-bound yield due to

several reasons. One of the reasons is thatexpert/scientific advice regarding crop cultivation isnot reaching farming community in a timely manner.There exists a wide information gap exists betweenthe research level and practice.Indian farmers need timely expert advice to makethem more productive and competitive.

In India, the government is making an effort tobridge this information gap by exploiting advancesin Information Technology (IT). This program

enables the farmer to cultivate a crop with expertise,as that of an agricultural expert, by disseminating


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both crop and location specific expert advice in apersonalized and timely manner. The systemassumes a great importance due to the trend ofglobalization, as it aims to provide expert advicewhich is crucial for the Indian farmer to harvest

different kinds of crop varieties based on the demandin the world market.

Agro Associations

An IntroductionThere is an air of greater co-operation among farmers owing to which anumber of agricultural associations are being born across the globe. Theagro-associations and trade groups are usually public relationsorganizations founded and funded by corporations that operate in the agroindustry. The primary goal is generally to promote the various segments ofthe industry through PR activities such as advertising, education, political

donations, lobbying and publishing.

Those involved in agriculture all over theworld realize the need for people to stepforth and provide a strong and educatedvoice to lead agriculture and bring the needsand issues of the agricultural industry to theforefront at the community, state, nationaland international level. A reasonable choiceto provide this voice for agriculture andprovide individuals who have the attitude,

will and desire to participate in theleadership process are members of theseorganizations. These Associations andOrganizations provide a platform to theagricultural and rural communities.Members encompass a wide range ofdisciplines. Together, they assemble a hugewealth of knowledge and practicalexperience. These members strive toformulate, establish, and promote voluntaryacademic, professional, and technical

standards of relevance to the profession ofAgriculture. Apart from procuring farmingequipment and other material in bulk toavail of discounts, the associations are alsoexploring prospects for collective marketingof their produce both within the country andabroad.

Given below is a fragmentary list of prominent agro associationsoperational at the international, national and state levels.Agro Organizations & Professional Societies at the International Level

DairyProducts

CheeseSpreadCondensed

MilkCheeseIce Cream

andmore>>

AromaticPlants

LemongrassJava

CitronellaPalmorosaJamrosa and

more>>

HerbalProducts

Amla PowderBrahmi

ShikakaiPowderBhring Raj

andmore>>

AgriculturalMachinery andEquipments

TractorTractor

SparesLeveling

Blade

Harrow andmore>>

Coconutand CoirProducts

CoconutWaterCoir

ProductsFresh

CoconutCoconut Milk

andmore>>

Meat &
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Tropical Agricultural Association (TAA) Biotechnology Industry Organization Asian Association for Agricultural Engineering (AAAE) World Sustainable Agriculture Association (WSAA) Agricultural Biotechnology Center

Agricultural Biotechnology for Sustainable Productivity (ABSP) Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

(CGIAR) Consortium for International Crop Protection (CICP) Council for Agricultural Science and Technology European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease European Food Information Council European Initiative for Biotechnology Education FARM - Farm Animal Reform Movement Institute of Food Research (IFR) Institute of Food Science & Technology (UK) Institute of Food Technologists' International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements

(IFOAM) International Food Information Council (IFIC) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) International Society for Ecology and Culture National Agricultural Biotechnology Council (NABC) Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center Media For Environment, Science, Health And Agriculture

Association (MESHA) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) World Agricultural Information Centre (WAICENT) Portal AGRIS/CARIS - Centre of Information Management for

International Agricultural Research World Food Summit International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD) UN International Centre for Genetic Engineering and

Biotechnology United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) World Food Programme.

Agro Associations/Organizations at the National Level

Poultry Food

EggBaconHamPork and

more>>

ProcessedFood & Snacks

PorridgePotato WaferProcessed

ChickenProcessed

Seafood andmore>>

Pickles &Condiments

Chilly SauceMayonnaiseSoy SaucePickle and

more>>

MarineFood Supplies

Dry FishDried Beche-

de-merFishOysterand

more>>

Other AgroProducts

NaturalHoneyJaggerySugarSoya Meals

andmore>>
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17/22

All India Shrimp Hatcheries Association Cashew Export Promotion Council Fertilizer Association of India IDA - Indian Dairy Association IPCA - Pest Control Association of India

Indian Bio Organic Tea - Organic tea producers association Indian Center for Aquaculture & Fisheries Trade - Aquaculture

industry association Jute Manufacturers Development Council - National agency for

promotion of Jute Agricultural Technology Marketing Agency (ATMA) National Centre for Jute Diversification - Jute production

enhancement agency PMFAI - Indian Pesticides manufacturers & formulators association Association of Agricultural Medicine and Rural Health Indian Agro & Recycled Paper Mills Association (IARPMA) Ferretilizer Association of India Pesticides Association of India Pesticides Manufacturers & Formulators Association of India

(PMFAI) Global Agro-Industries Forum (GAIF) Seed Association of India Indian Micro Fertilisers Manufacturers' Association of India Biodisel Association of India Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development

Authority Marine products Export Development Authority Tea Board Coffee Board Cashew Export Promotion Council Coir Board Spices Board.

Agro Associations at Various State Levels in India

BOOE - Oilseeds and Oils Exchangeof Mumbai

Maharashtra State Agricultural

Marketing Board Maharashtra Association For The

Cultivation Of Science Marathawada Association of Small

Scale Industries and Agriculture Calcutta Tea Traders Association Darjeeling Planters Association KERAFED - Federation of coconut

farmers in Kerala Madurai Dairy - District cooperative

milk producers union

Debons AgroAssociation,Kolhapur,Maharashtra,I


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ndia SIMA - Mills Association of South

india New Age Fruit Growers'

Association (NAFGA) in

Hoshiarpur Abohar Fruit Growers' Association

(AFGA).

Objective

The above mentioned associations andorganizations acknowledge the role whichagriculture, in its widest sense, plays inthe production of food and other raw

materials. And they also apprehend theproblems and accordingly formulateactions to achieve educationalimprovement, economic opportunity andsocial advancement and, thereby, to

promote the national well-being. In their efforts, they recognize the need toeliminate poverty, and consider that one of the ways to do this is throughraising productivity and moving subsistence farmers into commercialagriculture, through the development of rural agro-industrial commoditychains and the development and delivery of appropriate inputs.

One of the primary goals of these organizations is to strengthen theprofession of Agricultural by promoting information exchange, andimproving communications. The importance of developing sustainable highoutput agricultural production systems which recognize the importance ofconserving and improving the environment and biodiversity is alsorecognized.

Career Opportunities

An IntroductionWhy might a student wish to study agriculture?To begin with, it is a varied and interesting course;not only does it contain the basics of crop andanimal science, but it also provides many of thecomplementary skills required to run a profitableagro enterprise in the world today. So one canexpect to have the opportunity to study marketing,computer science, engineering, economics andfinance as crucial elements of a course.

Agriculture is an interesting career, with manyoutlets for graduates. Farming is the obvious choice,


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but more than that it would help them to find theirway into government departments of agriculture,with plenty of opportunity to take up a career on thecommercial side.

Agricultural Science/Agronomy

Agricultural science is an extensive subjectcombining several usually separate branches oflearning or fields of expertise that includes the partsof exact, natural, economic and social sciences thatare used in the practice and understanding ofagriculture. Veterinary science, but not animalscience, is often excluded from this definition. Itwould be more appropriate to call it agronomydealing in research and development in relation tothe study and improvement of the plant basedagriculture.

Research undertaken is targeted at the interface between social and environmentalsciences. This interface is explored through the dynamics of agriculturalsustainability. The main aim behind the research is to discover and promoteeffective, practical pathways to sustainable land use, food and fiber production, andfood harvesting. This will be achieved through innovative bio-cultural and trans-disciplinary research of social-ecological systems, and by training students, ourfuture researchers, environmental managers and policy makers to the highest

international standards.Educational Institutes In India for the Study of

Agricultural Sciences/AgronomyIndia is a very large country, with 3,287,590 squarekilometers of land mass. The climate variesconsiderably, from tropical rain forest conditions inthe peninsular region, to cool temperate areas in thenorthern India. All major crops are associated withthese climates, as well as with high rainfall, dry landand irrigated farming. There are extensive largescale enterprises for crops such as wheat, cotton and

wool, as well as intensive production operations ofmeat, pigs, chicken and horticultural crops (as foundin all other western consumer societies). In additionto producing for domestic consumption, Indiaexports a significant quantity of agriculturalcommodity and specialty produce. Within thedifferent states, there are slightly different emphasesand teaching specializations.

Career opportunities cover the whole spectrum of the agricultural industries fromfarmer to consumer, plough to plate. Agriculture is one of the lucrative industries in

India and at the global level. The international trade in food and related agriculturalproducts is enormous and increasing all the time.


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There is a wide range of career opportunities and challenges for the next generationof graduates from universities and colleges which specialize in the agricultural andland-based industries. To meet the various challenges of this highly dynamicindustry, highly qualified and motivated professionals, armed with modern

marketing, business and communication skills are essential. However, those withmore traditional agricultural and land management training will also be required toback them up.The various institutes of excellence under Government of India are offeringeducation and training for the agricultural, land, food business, equine and propertyindustries. These are recognized globally for the quality of itsr graduates who havebenefited from their World Class education experience. The following institutes areall geared up to prepare students to deal with changing requirements of the agroindustry:-

Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Andhra Pradesh Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat Assam Agricultural University, Assam Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal Birsa Agricultural University, Jharkhand Central Agricultural University, Manipur Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Uttar

Pradesh Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Himachal Pradesh Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar Univ of Horticulture & Forestry, Himachal

Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Uttaranchal Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Chhattisgarh Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Madhya Pradesh Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala Maharana Pratap Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Rajasthan Maharashtra Animal Science & Fishery University, Maharashtra Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra

Marathwada Agricultural University, Maharashtra Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Uttar Pradesh Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat Orissa Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Orissa Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab Rajasthan Agricultural University, Rajasthan Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar Sardarkrushinagar-Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ. of Agriculture & Technology, Uttar

Pradesh Sher-E-Kashmir Univ of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu &

Kashmir Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati


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Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Science University, Tamil Nadu University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore University of Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa

Vidhyalaya evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan, Uttar Pradesh Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, West Bengal Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Punjab

Courses are strongly science based, giving the agricultural graduate the knowledgeand experience required to think constructively, both within and outside theirspecific area of learning. Course content is extensive, with the opportunity to followmainstreams like forestry, horticulture, agriculture or natural resource management,etc. These are offered in a stimulating and unique learning environment for study,that both develops and encourages the students to achieve their future dreams.

Few Educational Institutes Abroad*Agriculture in India is sophisticated and diverse as anywhere in the world. That isnot to say that there is nothing to learn from outside. Indian agricultural scientistsare to be found everywhere in the world, both learning and teaching.

This indicates the needs to go beyond the borders forhigher studies or better understanding of theagriculture as it is practiced all over the globe. Astudent have a wide range of choices, some whichare as follows:-

United Nations Environment Programme Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College State University of New York College of

Agriculture and Technology North Carolina Agricultural and Technical

State University Nova Scotia Agricultural College Australian Institute of Agricultural Science

& Technology.

In order to foster the development of academic and interdisciplinary research

activities in the field of agriculture, of the variousGovernment/Association/University funded scholarship and fellowship programmesare being rendered to the students.

Agro-based industries play a vital role in the development of India's rural economy, which

has been receiving increasing attention from the central as well as state government, in view

of its importance to the national reconstruction.

The economic prosperity of a developing country like India depends largely on the

development of agro-based industries which in turn leads to the creation of forward and

backward linkages of the development process on large scale by making mutualcomplementary of agriculture and industries.


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The study of essentially empirical in nature and attempts to make an economic-analysis of

agro based industries in India and Karnataka in general and Hyderabad Karnataka region in

particular for the post liberalization period, i.e., from 1990-91 to 2004-05.

The book deals with the operational conditions of agro-based industries. Agro-basedindustrial units are very much varies in their size, cost structure, scale of production, pattern

of financing and problems faced. The difference is inter-industry as well as intra-industry.

The study has been undertaken to examine industrial units and their specific problem

individually so that functioning of agro-based industries is better understood.

The study would make a definite contribution to the existing knowledge of the subject, and is

useful not only to general readers but also to scholars who intend to do further research.

agro industry scenario

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