agrometeorological analysis for zoning viticultural ... · pdf fileagrometeorological analysis...

Agrometeorological analysis for zoning viticultural aptitude at

different scales

Osvaldo Failla, Luigi Mariani Università degli Studi di Milano

Department of Crop Science

FAO-WMO-Ibimet Workshop on climatic analysis and mapping for agriculture 14-17 june 2005, Bologna It

It is impossible to speak about viticultural aptitude without take into account the strong plasticity of this culture.

Plasticity means adaptability to a wide range of conditions.

We can remember the following principal types of plasticity:

- plasticity of genetic base (referred to variety & rootstock) - plasticity of training systems (result of a long historical evolution)- plasticity of management practices (e.g.: pruning, irrigation, soil management –> grass covering, tillage, ...)- plasticity of enological models (technology of wine production)

Viticultural aptitude & vine plasticity

50°

50°

30°

30°

Result of plasticity: wide world distribution of Vitis vinifera L.

Result of plasticity: Italian distribution of Vitis vinifera L. where vine is present in very different environments (from Alps to Mediterranean)

Italian Controlled Denomination of Origin (DOC) areas

% of the agricultural surface

Criteria used to define aptitude can be quite different in different areas.

A good viticultural aptitude can be proper of very different zones (e.g.: Champagne and Aegean area)

Consequences of plasticity

Another consequence of plasticity

Viticulture can effectively react to variability (of climate, consumer needs, ….) with two types of reactions:

In the short period (the year) we can change the cultural management (irrigation, leaf removal, etc.) and winemaking process (style of wine) -> a very important point is the marketing of characters of the wine of a particular year -> eg: in a cool year we will obtain wines fresh flavoured (“Oceanic” wines) and in a warm year we will obtain body wines with flavours of ripened fruits - “Mediterranean” wines) -> we need to establish a link between wine and year.

In the medium-long period we can act on the whole set of variables of the viticultural and enological model (variety, rootstock, planting design, etc.)

Reasons of plasticty in Vitis vinifera L.

A possible reason can be retrieved in the history of domestication and successive migration of this plant.

Land and sea trajectories of expansion of agriculture(Hammerman and Cavalli Sforza, 1977)

Dates= years Before Present (BP)

Domestication of cereals in Fertile Crescent (10500 years bp)

Land and sea trajectories of expansion of viticultureour elaborations on a map of Prof. Gaetano Forni

Domestication of vine in anatolic and circum mesopotamic zone (6000 years bp)

dates = years Before Present (BP)

Deductions

Viticulture domestication and migration follows a model similar to agriculture but we observe: - a delay of 3000 years - a limitation towards North due to climatic factors- a successive exposure to climatic fluctuations (from 5000 bp to today) - a recursive process of domestication (secondary, tertiary, quaternary and quinternary centers where recognised due to hybridisation of domestic vine with wild ancestor - Vitis vinifera silvestris Gmel - already present in Europe).-> this can explain:1. the increase of genetic variability (which means better plasticity with aptitude to a wider range of environments) 2. the origin of the ancestors of present varieties (basis of vocation of specific European territories)

Aptitude of a given territory = result of many elements: - agroclimatic features - soil characters- phenological and physiological aspects- characters of intermediate/final products- varieties, training systems, management practices, enological models- economical aspects- social aspects (growers and consumers)- history of vine in the selected territory- ……….Consequence: aptitude=complex and multiform question -> need of an integrated approach (with many different types of knowledge)-> final goal: define the best viticultural / enological models

Our discussion will focus on agroclimatic analysis !

In the light of this we can approach the central question: how qualify/quantify the aptitude?

Agroclimatic analysis applied to the study of viticultural aptitude -> 3 fundamental steps

General characterisation of climate: methods of static and dynamic climatology

analysis of climatic resources: radiation, thermal resources, water resources

analysis of climatic limitations: temperatures below/above critical thresholds, water limitations, hail,...

Static and dynamic climatology

Static climatology (statistical analisys of T, RH, Wind, ecc.)

Dynamic climatology (analysis of weather types - foehn/stau, Anticyclones, disturbances…- affecting a given territory and analysis of the effects on surface weather elements)

Thermal resources

Thermal units (Growing Degree Days GDD) above a base (cardinal) temperature ->Winkler’s index: GDD above 10°C from 1 april to 31 october.Huglin’s index: IH=Σ [ k/2 * ((Td-10)+(Tx-10))]

spatialisation of monthly thermal fields (data for unknown points are obtained on the base of known data previously homogenised for elevation and aspect)

Province of Arezzo - Winkler index (°C)

Solar radiation resources

Potential Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PPAR) -> potential = in absence of cloud coverage

Is obtained applying astronomical equations for sun to a Digital Elevation Model

Province of Arezzo - PPAR (MJ m-2 year -1)

Water resources and limitations

Basic Fields: Evapotranspiration (monthly data obtained applying a kc to the ET0 calculated with Penman Monteith equation from FAO paper 56 - Allen et al, 1998) and precipitation (spatialisation of monthly fields)

Province of Arezzo - yearly precipitation (mm)

Water balance

We apply a territorial model (applied to single pixels) with monthly time steps. MODEL FEATURES: model is founded on the equation of mass conservation applied to a single reservoir with inputs (useful rain, subtracted surface evaporation, runoff and infiltration) and outputs (Etm). Runoff coefficient Ci: rational method proposed for rural areas by the California State Departement of transportation (AA.VV., 1999).

AWC=100mm - days with empty reserve

AWC=100mm - Julian day of emptying

Province of Arezzo

Limitations

Thermal limitations: definition based on the analysis of frequency and persistence of temperatures below critical thresholds for vine (-15°C for well hardened vines; -1°C after bud break).

April MayDecade

1Decade

2Decade

3Decade

1Decade

2Decade

2Prishtine 5 10 5 1 0 0

E.g.: cases of late frost (springtemperatures below the low critical threshold after the vegetation budding) for period 1977-91 for Prishtine.

HAIL

Networks of grelimeters are needed for quantitative evaluations of Hail. Time series are available for some Italian areas (Trentino, Friuli V.G., Emilia Romagna).

Mean yearly number of hail events (1988-2000) for DOC area of Collio (source: Arpa - Osmer)

5 km

Importance of phenology / physiology

multi-year biological observations carried out on representative vineyards are fundamental for the study of the relations with climatic features:

- phenological observations- maturity curves (sugar, phenolic maturity, technological maturity and so on)- time of ripening- yield- vigour - grape and wine assays

Austria

Suiss

Italy

Portugal

Spain

France

Germany

EXAMPLE 1. vine areas of CERVIM = Center for Mountain Viticulture (Association that collects mountain

viticultural areas of some European countries)

Dynamic climatology

Europe (mid latitudes) presents a strong variability in circulation -> this means:

- strong time variability in meteorological variables at surface

- final result is a climate substantially stable (stability from variability)

On a dynamic basis 3 European macroclimates where defined

Classification criteria: influence of westerlies and Azores anticyclone; effects of mountain ranges ->

O=Oceanic climate

A=Mediterranean climate

AO=transitional climate

M=mountain climate.

Pluviometric regimes

Analisys

- A set of indexes was adopted to qualify the aptitude of each zone

- Thermal indexes where referred to the extreme elevation levels of each “vine belt” (e.g.: for Valtellina different indexes where obtained for an high of 250 m asl and of 700 m asl) -> was possibile to produce a range of values.

extremes

AcqueseAhr

Alta LangaAlto Adige

Alto PiemonteAlto Tirino

BanyulsBaronniesBeaujolais

BellinzoneseBugey Cerdon

CollioureCosta Viola

Cotes du Rhone sept.Diois

DouroEtna

Forez RoannaisKrems (Wachau)

LiguriaLocarneseLuganese

MendrisiottoMittelrhein

Mosel-Saar-RuwerNahe

O Bolo-LaroucoPedemont.Alpi Cozie

PineroleseRibeira sacra

SavoieStiria (Graz)

ValaisValle d'AostaValle di SusaValle Peligna

Valle SubequanaVallecamonica

Valtellina

pioggia (mm/anno)

2000170014001100800500200

Yearly Precipitation (mm)

AcqueseAhr







DouroEtna







SavoieStiria (Graz)



Valtellina

stagione vegetativa (giorni con Tm > 10°C)

370330290250210170130

Length of vegetative season (days with T>10°C)

AcqueseAhr







DouroEtna







SavoieStiria (Graz)



Valtellina

indice di Winkler

30002500200015001000500

Growing degree days above 10°C

AcqueseAhr







DouroEtna







SavoieStiria (Graz)



Valtellina

Indice di Huglin

350030002500200015001000500

Huglin index

AcqueseAhr







DouroEtna







SavoieStiria (Graz)



Valtellina

ETM (mm/anno)

650600550500450400350

Evapotraspiration (mm) Acquese

AhrAlta LangaAlto Adige






DouroEtna







SavoieStiria (Graz)



Valtellina

ndd

100806040200

Water balance -> days with empty reserve

All data for each zone

where resumed in a card

COTES DU RHONE SEPTENTRIONALES

Caratteri agroclimatici generaliL’area rientra nella zona macroclimatica viticola O. Le temperature medie estive sono di 19 / 21°Ce le medie invernali di 4.5 / 6°C; le precipitazioni medie annue sono intorno ai 1000 - 1100 mm.

Indici termici e radiativiGli indici termici e radiativi mostrano che l’area beneficia di risorse termo-radiative discrete.

Temperature medie annue °Cmediamedie

Media max media min I.Johannson

I. Winkler°C

I. Huglin°C

dd>10°C Rglob(MJ m-2 anno-1)

12 – 13.5 16.5 - 18 7.5 - 9 20 - 21 1400 - 1650 1850 - 2100 200 - 225 4400 - 4500

Indici pluviometrici e termo-pluviometriciLa piovosità annua è abbondante e ripartita su un numero relativamente elevato di giorni piovosi. Ilregime pluviometrico annuale presenta minimo primario estivo (luglio), minimo secondarioinvernale (gennaio), massimo primario autunnale (ottobre) e massimo secondario primaverile(maggio). Nel semestre aprile - settembre cadono il 54% delle precipitazioni annue. Elevati i valoridell‘indice di De Martonne (47-50).

Precipitazione annua(mm)

Giorni conprecipitazione > 1 mm

Precipitazionisemestre invernale

(%)

Indice di De Martonne

1000 - 1100 90 54 47-50

Evapotraspirazione e bilancio idricoLa relativa abbondanza della precipitazione estiva e la ridotta evapotraspirazione spiegano ilmancato verificarsi di deficit idrico nell’anno medio.

Et0 (mm) Etm (mm) giorni con riserva vuota800-850 450 - 480 0

Varese province is a hilly area of Lombardy, a

region located in North Italy

North Italy

Example 2 - Varese province

THE RESEARCH

Main goal: support the request for the registration of a new IGT (Typical Geographic Indication)

PPAR distribution(MJ m-2 year-1)

Air temperature- mean monthly values- growing season limits

Winkler degrees

Precipitation

yearly totalsETM

Thermal and radiation resources aren’t limiting factors.

Principal limiting factor = soil water excess during the vegetative period.

=> low soil AWC is the main vocational factor.

Conclusions for Varese

The area was subdivided in 4 zones on the base of the AWC

•Zone 1 (cyan) = the whole area is suitable. Soil with very high AWC could be avoided.•Zone 2 (green) = the main part of the area is suitable; viticolture is possible only in soils with AWC<100 mm in the first 100 cm of depth. •Zone 3 (yellow) = the main part of the area is non suitable; viticolture is possible only in soils with AWC<50 mm in the first 100 cm of depth. •Zone 4 (red) = absolutely non suitable.

SUITABILITY MAP

Oltrepò Pavese is an hilly area of Lombardy,

with viticulture distributed on hilly

slopes

North Italy

Example 3 - Oltrepò Pavese

THE RESEARCH

Main goal: delimitation of Premium quality zones (DOCG)

Work carried out: Every year, for three years (1998-2000), phenology, maturity curves, yield, vigour and grape analysis data were collected in about 150 representative vineyards.

Three varieties: Barbera, Croatina e Pinot nero.

Fonte: Casarini Vini

PPAR

Voghera

0

20

4060

80

100

g f m a m g l a s o n d

Precipitation of vine area - mean regime

0200400600800

1000120014001600

1100 900 700 500 300 150

altezza (m)

prec

ipita

zion

e (m

m)

StafforaTidone

Precipitation - altitudinal

distribution

Croatina

Days after standard veraison

454035302520151050-5-10

°Brix 30

28

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

86

Earlyness

Late

Early

Medium late

Medium early

Earlyness

P.A.R.12%

Tessitura49%

Profondità16%

Altitudine16%

Esposizione7%

Altitude 16%

Soil depth 16%

Soil texture 49%

PPAR 12%

Exposure 7%

SOIL

CLIMATEAnova results: weight of different determinants of precocity

Croatina

6

6,5

7

7,5

8

8,5

9

Poco Profondi Mod.Profondi Profondi

Prod

uzio

ni (K

g)

20,3

20,4

20,5

20,6

20,7

20,8

20,9

21

21,1

21,2

Zucc

heri

(°B

x)

Produzione Zuccheri

shallow Medium deep

Deep

° Brix

Yie

ld k

g/vi

ne

Soil depth vs. quantity and quality of production

P.A.R. (MJ/m2 anno)

> 2250< 2250

Po

life

no

li to

tali

uve

1900

1800

1700

1600

Croatina

Classi di altitudine

>250150-250<150

Ant

ocia

ni (

mg/

Kg)

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

PPAR and phenols

Altitude and phenols

Tota

l pol

yphe

nols

μg/

kg g

rape

s

Tota

l ant

ocya

nins

μg/

kg g

rape

s

< 2250 > 2250

PPAR MJ/(m2 x year) < 150 150-250 > 250

altitude

CULTIVAR SOIL TEXTURE ALTITUDE SOIL

DEPTH

SLOPE

DIRECTION

PPAR

MJ year-1 m-2

CROATINA

LoamyClayey

Loam-silt-clayey

MediumLow

DeepSouth

East

West

> 2250

BARBERALoamyClayey

Low DeepSouth

East

West

> 2250

PINOT N.ClayeyLoany

High

Medium

East

West> 2000

SUITABILITY LEGEND

AREA SELECTED FOR CROATINA AND BARBERA BLEND

CroatinaFrutta rossa

Vegetale fresco

Vegetale secco

Tostato

Speziato

Fenolico

Acidità

Astringenza

Struttura

Persistenza

Non DOCG DOCG

RED FRUITGREEN VEGETAL

COOKED VEGETAL

TOASTED

SPICY

PHENOLIC

ACIDIC

ASTRINGENCY

BODY

PERSISTENCY

SELECTED AREA UNSELECTED AREA

Elements of flavour for selected and unselected areas

Conclusions for Oltrepò Pavese

Water deficit is an important limiting factor for ripening => presence of deep soils with high AWC is the main vocational factor.

North ItalyA great Alpine valley, east to west oriented. Vineyards mainly located on the south-facing slope from 300 to 700 m a.s.l. Viticultural model: based on vineyards on small terraces on steep slopes

Example 4 - Valtellina

THE RESEARCH

Main goal: validation of a preceeding delimitation of the DOCG area.

Work carried out: Every year, for three years (1998-2000), phenology, maturity curves, yield, vigour and grape analysis data were collected in 54 representative vineyards.

Variety: Nebbiolo (late ripening red variety)

Phenological relations

Precocity vs PPAR and Altitude

-6

300

-4

Flowering date

2400

-2

0

400

2

2600

4

altitude (m asl)

6

5002800

8

60030007003200

8003400PPAR MJ/(m2year)

Quality relations

320031003000290028002700260025002400

Phe

nolic

mat

urut

y (a

rbitr

ary

units

)

1.5

1.0

.5

0.0

-.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

r = 0.513 P < 0.05

PPAR MJ/(m2year)

altitude (m a.s.l.)

700600500400300200

Tech

nolo

gica

l mat

urity

(arb

itrar

y un

its)

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

r = 0.681 P < 0.001

PPAR, GDD, precipitation

Doc ZONE: Winkler (°C) from 1100 to 1900; potential photosynthetically active radiation from 2700 to 3200 MJ m-2year-1; yearly mean precipitation: 900-1200 mm

PPAR

Winkler (°C)

Yearly mean precipitation (mm)

Variance components (ANOVA)

Conclusions for Valtellina

Altitude, PPAR = main determinants of precocity of bud break, flowering and veraison (highest precocity recorded at low altitude and high PPAR)

Altitude = main determinant of Technological maturity (highest phenolic maturity recorded at low altitude)

Crop load, PPAR and altitude = main determinants of Phenolic maturity (highest phenolic maturity recorded in low cropping vines at low altitude and low PPAR availability)

Former Yugoslavia was a planned economy -> Central government carried out viticultural expansion in Kosovo in 4 zones.

After Balkan wars, vineyards and wineries were neglected -> UNDP (United Nations Development Program) asked for an evaluation of agro-ecological resources for a possible recovery

Example 5 - Kosovo

Peje

-25-20-15-10

-505

10152025303540

1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12

date

tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Daily temperature 1977/1991 - the five lines represents absolute maximum, mean of maxims, mean of mean, mean of minims and absolute minimum.

Problem of cold advection

Thermal resources Winkler

index (°C).Water resources ETM Penman–Monteith (mm)PPAR map

First day (1..365) with empty water storage

Yearly days with empty water storage

Conclusions for Kosovo

Good level of thermal resources

Thermal limitation due to winter temperatures: can be overcome apllying correct management practices

Water resources: Soils with a good maximum water storage show a moderate water deficit only in the late season (august - september). This phenomenon can enhance the quality of the production

Operational conclusions: viticulture is economically and technically sustainable

Final products of this work: check of suitability of present varieties; thematic maps for choice of new varieties.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

For agro-climatic zoning for viticulture:

Key factors -> resources and limitations in climate and soil -> is important the study of the effects on phenological and physiological features

A general rule doesn’t exist -> key factors are quite different in different areas

Different factors need a detailed study and an integrated approach (specialist in viticulture + agrometeorologist + soil scientist + economist + ….)

Acknowledgments

For meteorological, phenological and bio-chemical data:

•Arpa - Csa (Friuli Venezia Giulia)

•Arsia Toscana

•Cervim

•Ersaf Lombardia

•Fondazione Fojanini (Sondrio)

•IAR Aosta

•Ucea

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