Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Unit 1: Chemistry of Life, Part II

Biochemistry and Digestion

Reading: BSCS Text Chapter 1.6 – 1.10

Topic 3: Organic Molecules

1. Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds (1.6).2. List the 6 most common elements found in living things: CHNOPS 3. Define and relate the terms macromolecule, polymer, monomer, and polymerization (1.6)4. Describe and relate the terms: biosynthesis (dehydration synthesis), and decomposition

(hydrolysis) (2.7)5. Describe (and identify a diagram of) monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide and

discuss their significance in organisms (1.7).6. Describe (and identify a diagram of) the structure and importance of lipids - including

phospholipids and cholesterol (1.8)7. Explain the difference in structure between unsaturated and saturated lipids, and explain why

eating one type is better for your health than eating the other (1.8)8. Describe the four levels of structure in proteins, including how polypeptides form (1.9)9. Explain that different classes of proteins regulate and carry out the essential functions of life

(1.9). 10. Describe the structure and importance of nucleic acids (1.10)

Vocabulary (Topic 3):Organic

moleculeHydrocarbonMacromoleculePolymerMonomerPolymerizationDehydration

synthesisHydrolysisCarbohydrateMonosaccharide

DisaccharidePolysaccharideStarchGlycogenCelluloseLipidsHydrophobicHydrophilicPhospholipidsCholesterolSteroidsSaturated fat

Unsaturated fatGlycerolFatty acidProteinAmino acidPolypeptidePeptide bondHormoneAntibodyStructural

proteinEnzyme

Primary, secondary, tertiary structure

Nucleic acidATPDouble helixPurinePyrimidine

Topic 4: Digestion11. Label all of the parts of the human digestive system12. Describe the four main stages of food processing. Define and compare mechanical digestion vs.

chemical digestion13. Explain why human digestion is extracellular.14. Describe how proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are digested (including where the digestion

happens for each, and whether the digestion is mechanical or chemical).

Vocabulary (Topic 4):DigestionPepsinTrypsinNegative

feedback

GastrinBileSalivary amylaseMetabolismProteases

StomachLipasesEsophagusSmall & large

intestine

PancreasLiverGall bladderInsulin

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Begin your discussion about food choices with your group. Come up with a few ideas for possible “desert island foods”.

Foods we are considering:

Congratulations!! You have been selected to participate in the reality TV show “Survivor: Galapagos Islands”! The producers have informed you that you must choose two foods to bring with you. Choose wisely….. you may need to survive on only those two foods for up to four months! You will have plenty of fresh water available. Start packing; your plane to the Galapagos leaves in two weeks!

As a class, let’s brainstorm some vocab, ideas, and thoughts that might help you with this challenge. What do you already know about nutrition? Take some notes on the page below.

Word Splash

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Homework: Next class, we will be examining nutrition labels of these foods. The class after that, we will run tests on the foods themselves. Decide with your partner who will bring in each item you plan to test.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________The Assignment – A RESEARCH ProjectAt the end of this project, your team will give a presentation that answers the question, “what two foods could you bring with you to a desert island to stay alive for four months?”You should always include a hypothesis or thesis statement in your research projects. In this case, your hypothesis should deal with which two foods you have chosen, and your research should give evidence to support your choices. (Note: as you accumulate information, you may decide to change or modify your original food choices. That is ok. A true thesis statement/hypothesis is only developed after background research is conducted.)

Over the next two weeks, your group will meet for 6 class periods; check the calendar for dates. Six classes will go by quickly; focus yourselves and use time wisely. here are some things you might consider:

Work on the project management form: determine a timeline for when each part of the project will be completed and by whom

Nutrient testing lab – Perform lab, collect and analyze data, then figure out how to incorporate your data into your research project.

Do outside research to find information that will help answer your question. Review the previous night’s homework assignment. Relate the topics covered

in the homework to your “Survivor: Galapagos Islands” food choices. Plan and create a presentation

You have several resources to help you navigate this project (be sure to use them!): Science writing guide Laboratory report format Peer Evaluation (group-work rubric) Nightly reading assignments and worksheets In-class activity: Analyzing Nutrition Labels

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________The following diagrams may help you with your notes. Cut and paste them into your notebook to help you answer objectives.

Objective 5:

Objective 6:

A triglyceride (fat)

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Objective 7:

Objective 8:

Objective 8:

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Objective 10:

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Objective 11:

Objective 14:

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Analyzing Nutrition Labels

Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions in your body. Your body uses chemical reactions to break down food, release energy, build new cell parts, produce heat, and much more. Foods you eat include macromolecules (large molecules) that your digestive system can break down for energy. These molecules include carbohydrates, protein, fats, and alcohol.

Activity 1: Calculating Kilocalories

You are going to figure out the amount of kilocalories (energy) in each of the foods you analyze. Use the kilocalorie chart below to make your calculations. Remember that foods with more kilocalories contain more energy.

Kcal per gram

Fat 9

Protein 4

Carbs 4

Alcohol 7

Name of food # Kcal from fat

# Kcal from protein

# Kcal from carbohydrates

# Kcal from alcohol

Activity 2: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy (in the form of calories) the body needs in order to function while resting for 24 hours. BMR depends on several factors including age, sex, and height. It is possible to estimate your BMR using the formula below:

For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5       For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) – 161

Calculate the BMR for the following people:1. A 20-year-old woman who is 175 cm tall and weighs 72 kg.

2. A 20-year-old man who is 175 cm tall and weighs 72 kg.

3. A 40-year-old woman who is 175 cm tall and weighs 72 kg.

Calculate your BMR.

Example: A food with 2g fat would have 19 Kcal from fat. A food with 2g protein would have 8 Kcal from protein

*Note: food labels use the word “calories” to make things sound simple. Really, labels list “kilocalories” in the food.

1 ft = 30.5 cm1 lb = 0.45 kg

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Activity 3: Activity Energy

BMR is the amount of energy you use without doing any physical activity. To determine your total daily calorie needs, multiply your BMR by the appropriate activity factor, as follows:

• If you are sedentary (little or no exercise) : Calorie-Calculation = BMR x 1.2• If you are lightly active (light exercise/sports 1-3 days/week) : Calorie-Calculation = BMR x

1.375• If you are moderately active (moderate exercise/sports 3-5 days/week) : Calorie-Calculation =

BMR x 1.55• If you are very active (hard exercise/sports 6-7 days a week) : Calorie-Calculation = BMR x

1.725• If you are extra active (very hard exercise/sports & physical job or 2x training) : Calorie-

Calculation = BMR x 1.91. Calculate the kilocalories you use everyday (your BMR + Kcal for daily activities)

2. How many kilocalories would you use everyday if you were a lumberjack (extra active)?

Activity 4: Kilocalories and Food Groups

Answer the following questions in complete sentences.1. List 4 foods that people eat because we like the taste, even though the food provides

very little energy.

2. How many servings of your desert island foods would you need to eat per day to meet your energy needs on the island? Explain your answer.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Investigation: Testing for Nutrients

Purpose: You have done a preliminary exploration and chosen two foods to bring with you to a desert island. Being the ever-skeptical scientist you are, you decide not to commit fully to these two food choices before gathering evidence that they have nutrients to properly support your body.

Introduction: Organic molecules in food are the source of the matter and the energy that your body needs to function. Not all foods are created equal; some foods contain many different types of nutrients, while others contain limited nutrients. Use the nutrient testing procedures below to test your “desert island” foods for protein, lipids, sugar, starch, and vitamin C.

Nutrient Test ProceduresGOGGLES ARE REQUIRED AT ALL TIMES DURING THIS EXPERIMENT

Testing for LIPIDSSudan IV is a red stain that is fat-soluble; when added to a liquid that contains fat, it dissolves and the liquid turns red; the more fat, the brighter the red will be. When added to a liquid without fat, the dye sinks to the bottom of the test tube and the liquid does not change color.

Alternatively, you can do a “brown paper test” for lipids. Rub or drop a small amount of substance on a brown paper bag. Wait 10 minutes, and then hold the bag up to the light. If the spot is translucent, then there are lipids present in the substance.

Testing for STARCHIn the absence of starch, Lugol’s iodine is yellow brown/amber. When added to starch, Lugol’s iodine becomes a dark blue/black color.

Testing for PROTEINBiuret’s solution is an indicator that changes color in the presence of proteins. The test solution will begin blue, and will turn purple/pink when protein is added.

Spot plateUsed for simple biochem tests

The first 4 tests yielded qualitative data. We learned whether the nutrients were present or absent. The data collected from the next test will be quantitative (numbers). We will

be able to compare the amount of vitamin C in each of our samples.

Test tube

Beaker

solution will turn orange. (monosaccharides or disaccharides), the

4. Benedict’s solution will be blue at the beginning of the test. If sugars are present holders.

3. Set the test tube in the hot water bath for 3-4 minutes. Remove carefully with test tube 2. Add your food substance to a test tube, along with 10 drops of Benedict’s solution.

temperature to near boiling. (Your teacher may have already done this for you.)1. Half-fill a beaker with water and put the beaker on a hot plate. Raise the water

Testing for SUGARS

= more vitamin C present.4. Record the number of drops needed to complete the color change. More drops required

colorless. 3. Continue to add the juice, drop by drop, until the indicator changes from purple to 2. Add 1 drop of your food sample (liquid) to the tube. Gently swirl the liquids to mix.1. Add 25 drops of starch-iodine solution to a test tube.

Testing for VITAMIN C

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Planning the ExperimentWarning: conducting this (or any) experiment in a haphazard, careless, poorly-planned fashion will yield meaningless results. Take care to

Treat your different food substances the same, as much as possible, when testing.

Record a procedure with specific amounts, concentrations, and substances for each test

Record a hypothesis before conducting each test. Create logical data tables in which to record your data as it is gathered. Label all solutions, beakers, spot plates, etc. Write down everything you do; observations, procedures, second and third

trials, etc. will all be helpful to you later when you must report your findings. Set up positive and negative controls for every test.

Let’s say you’ve decided to test for protein first…. Biuret’s solution is supposed to turn purple in the presence of protein, but

maybe you got a bad batch. Maybe some confounding variable is at work. Who knows? (Not a scientist; we never assume anything!) Before you run your experiment, make sure that the Biuret’s stays blue in a solution known not to have any protein. This is known as a negative control. In other words, we make sure we know what the result of a negative test (a test where protein is absent) will look like.

Also, make sure your Biuret’s changes color in a solution known to contain protein. This is a positive control because we see what a positive test will look like. A positive control helps us ensure the procedure works.

Table 1: Biuret’s Test for ProteinSolution Tested Color before Biuret’s Color after Biuret’sPositive control: albumin solution (contains protein)

Negative control: glucose solution, water, oil (no protein)

Desert Island Food #1

Desert Island Food #2

Ok, you’re on your way. The earlier pages provide all the information you should need to successfully complete this laboratory. Be sure to ask your teacher for help when you have questions (but only after carefully reading the first 3 pages).Remember, record everything you do and see. You will be writing a detailed report about this experiment.

**It’s a good idea to test multiple negative control solutions, to make sure there is consistency.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

7. Make an additional data table to compile results from all tests. You should leave the

Unknown 3 blue BlueUnknown 2 Blue BlueUnknown 1 Blue Blue

Original Color End ColorBe specific.were performed. Evaluate the data – is it useful? What could make it more meaningful?

6. The results of a test for glucose are shown below. No positive or negative control tests

Lipids 1.Proteins 1.

2.

Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) 1.

being as specific as possible

Type of Organic Molecule At least two different uses in your body,

sure to record a citation. 5. Copy and complete the chart below. If you use a source other than your textbook, be

examples.this series of tests. Has your opinion of your foods changed? Why? Give specific

4. Give an assessment of your “desert island foods” based on the evidence you gathered in control? Explain your answer thoroughly. Give examples.

3. What is a positive control? Why was it important to test each indicator with a positive examples.negative controls, rather than just using water? Explain your answer thoroughly. Give

2. What is a negative control? Why was it important to test each indicator using multiple 1. What is an indicator? How are they useful to biologists?

Analysis Questions

Vitamins and Minerals

Define the following:

Vitamin ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mineral ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the Internet to complete the chart below. On the back of this page, record any sources you use. You should choose only credible sources.

Vitamin/Mineral What does it do for you? Sources Deficiency Info

Vitamin A

Vitamin B6

Vitamin D

Iron

Calcium

Magnesium

Zinc

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Cite your sources using APA format in the space below.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Review Questions: Chemistry of Life, Part II

1. Identify the following molecules by both name and category (carbohydrates, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid).

2. Complete the following chart, comparing different polysaccharides.

3.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Part II: Match each question to the correct biomolecule(s). Answers may be reused, and many questions will have multiple answers.

A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. ProteinsD. Nucleic AcidsE. None of these

1. Biomolecules the human body can use for energy. __________________2. Contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. __________________

a. Contains approximately equal numbers of oxygen and carbon. __________________3. Carries encoded information. __________________4. Polymer of amino acids. __________________5. Polymer of monosaccharides. __________________6. Hydrophobic. __________________7. Hydrophilic. __________________8. Forms by dehydration synthesis. __________________9. Contains nitrogen. __________________10. Some examples contain carbon, but no hydrogen. __________________11. ATP is an example. __________________12. Monomers are joined by peptide bonds. __________________13. Important examples include enzymes, hormones, antibodies. __________________

13. 14.

15. 16.

17. 18.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________19. 20.

21. 22.

23.

Part III: Building/Breaking Down Polymers1. The following set of questions refers to the diagram below.

___________________ + ______ ___________ + ____________a. On the lines below the diagram, name the molecules shown in the chemical

reaction.b. What is this chemical reaction called? _________________________c. Will water be formed or used in this reaction? _________________________d. Where would this reaction begin in the human body? _________________________

2. The following set of questions refers to the molecule below.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________

+ ______________________ + __________

A. Fill in the structural formulas to complete the chemical equation on the lines above.

B. What monomers are involved in this reaction? _________________________

C. What special type of covalent bond will join these two monomers?

_________________________

D. What is this reaction called? _________________________

3. The following set of questions refers to the molecule below:

A. What type of molecule is pictured above?

B. What is the monomer from which this polymer is synthesized?

C. Will water be formed or used if this polymer is degraded into monomers?

D. How many molecules of water will be formed or used?

E. Once you hydrolyze a protein into amino acids (the monomers), the amino acids

leave your small intestine and enter your _______________________. Your body then uses

these amino acids to make human proteins. Some examples of human proteins in

your body are ___________________, ___________________________, ________________________.

Name ___________________________________________ Block ____________ Date _______________Group Grade Peer Evaluation Form

This evaluation of yourself and your group members is a tool to help improve your experience with group work. Its purpose is to determine those who have been active and cooperative members as well as to identify those who did not participate as actively. Be consistent when evaluating each group member’s performance, including your own.

Rate your group members on this 0-5 point scale:5 – saved the group with his/her splendid efforts4 – deserves more than the average amount of credit for the group’s success3 – did the average amount of work in the group2 – did somewhat less than average amount1 – contributed very little0 – was not present, but should have been.

List group members, including yourself in top row (your name)How well did each member…..Come to class prepared

Stay on task, help group to stay on task

Notify a teammate if he/she is not able to attend a meeting or fulfill a responsibility

Consistently did what she/he was supposed to do and was on time with the work

Responds well whenever peers disagree.