aids to navigation
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 2
AIDS TO NAVIGATION
![Page 2: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Galveston Bay
Barbour Cut Crossing Range Front Light
County Wharf Light 3
County Wharf Light 2
Barbours Cut
Morgans Point
Cedar Bayou Channel Daybeacon Z
Houston Channel Light O1
In piloting, a ship’s position isdetermined by bearings takenon objects whose locations areshown on a chart.
![Page 3: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
AIDS TO NAVIGATION
2
LIGHTHOUSE
LIGHT SHIPS
RADIO
BEACONS
FOG
SIGNALS
BUOYS
DAYBEACONS
![Page 4: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Color
• Pattern of flashes
• Visibility or timing
interval (period)
Light
Characteristics:
![Page 5: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The timing interval of a light is
considered the most valuable
for identification purposes.
![Page 6: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Symbols
describing
lights are printed
on navigation
charts.
![Page 7: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Fixed
• Flashing
• Occulting
Light characteristics have three
principal patterns of light flashes:
![Page 8: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fixed lights burn constantly.
![Page 9: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Example ON – 5 seconds
OFF – 15 seconds
Flashing lights show a single flash at
regular intervals.
![Page 10: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The duration of light being greater
than the duration of darkness
Occulting Lights
![Page 11: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Always have two or more off
periods at regular intervals
Group Occulting Lights
![Page 12: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Equal interval — Duration of light
equals that of darkness
Light characteristics
variations include:
![Page 13: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Morse Code - Light
flashes represent
a Morse code
character (usually
the letter A)
![Page 14: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Alternating - Rhythmic
lights show different
colors during each
sequence
![Page 15: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Visibility of a Light
The distance, in
nautical miles, a
mariner can see
the light at night
![Page 16: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Visibility Factors
• Intensity
• Weather
• Height of light
and observer
![Page 17: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The distance a light
will shine in clear
weather, about the
distance a mariner
in a small boat can
usually expect to
see the light, is
printed on nautical
charts beside the
light symbol.
Charted Range
![Page 18: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Many lighthouses and light towers
are found along the coastlines of
the United States.
![Page 19: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A powerful light of a lighthouse
which may be of assistance to
navigators, or where very dangerous
water requires a warning beacon
of long-range visibility
Primary Light
![Page 20: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Primary Light
![Page 21: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Increase height of a light above sea
level
Purpose of lighthouses:
![Page 22: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lighthouses and light towers may
contain fog-signaling and radio-beacon
equipment.
![Page 23: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A light tower
is located
where
conditions
make it
impossible
to build a
permanent
structure on
land.
![Page 24: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
N
175°
355°
True sector
bearings
clockwise around
the light — ―Red
sector indicates
Danger Sector‖
![Page 25: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
N
175°
355°
True sector
bearings
clockwise around
the light — ―Green
sector indicates
Turning Point or
the best water
across a shoal‖
![Page 26: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Navigational Buoys
![Page 27: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A distinctively shaped and marked
float, sometimes carrying a signal
or signals, anchored to mark a
channel, anchorage, navigational
hazard, etc., or to provide a mooring
place away from the shore
Buoy
![Page 28: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
They may be of various sizes and
shapes, but it is mainly coloring that
indicates their purpose.
Buoys
![Page 29: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Buoy symbols are printed on charts,
so buoys can be used for determining
positions in piloting.
(Chart Symbol)
―9‖
GI G4 sec
Ra Ref
9
![Page 30: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Can Buoy
CHART SYMBOL
RB
C‖N‖
Ra Ref
![Page 31: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Types of Buoys used in the U.S.
1. Spar2. Can3. Nun4. Bell5. Whistle, or horn6. Gong7. Lighted8. Combination
![Page 32: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Spar Buoy
Upright wooden
poles, or tubes
of steel, which
are often used
to mark
obstructions
![Page 33: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Can Buoy
Cylindrical in
shape like an
oil drum; if
unlighted,
green left-hand
channel buoys
must be can
buoys.
![Page 34: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conical in shape,
if unlighted,
red right-hand
channel buoys
must be nun
buoys.
Nun Buoy
![Page 35: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
They have a framework
that supports a bell.
The motion of the sea
sounds older bell
buoys. Newer types are
operated automatically
by compressed gas or
electricity.
Bell Buoy
![Page 36: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Similar in shape to a bell buoy, but they carry
a whistle sounded by the sea’s motion or
horns that are sounded at regular intervals by
mechanical or electrical means.
Whistle or Horn Buoy
![Page 37: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Gong Buoy
Similar in shape to a bell buoy, they have a
series of hammered gongs, each with a
different tone, moved by the motion of the
sea.
![Page 38: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Lighted buoys
carry batteries or
gas tanks and
have a framework
that supports a
light.
Lighted Buoy
![Page 39: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Combination buoys have a light and sound signal combined, such as a lighted bell, gong, or whistle buoy.
Combination Buoy
![Page 40: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Red buoys on right when returning
will keep you safe.
![Page 41: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Preferred
channel to
port
Preferred
channel to
starboard
Preferred Channel Markers
![Page 42: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mark the middle of a channel
Safe-Water Buoys
![Page 43: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
SPEED
LIMIT
QUARANTINE
ANCHORAGE
DREDGING
Other
Buoys
ANCHORAGE
AREA
FISHTRAP
AREA
![Page 44: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Other Buoys
Controlled
Area
Danger Boats
Keep Out
Information
Do Not Pass
Between
Shore and Buoy
Anchor
Buoy
Diver
Below
![Page 45: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Port Side Returning Starboard Side
Solid Green and Solid Red Buoys
Usually found in pairs
Pass between these buoys
![Page 46: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
U.S. Lateral System (Region B) Port Side
U.S. Lateral System (Region B) Starboard
Intracoastal WaterwaySecondary ChannelPreferred Channel
![Page 47: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
For ships returning to port, buoys on the right
are red with even numbers.
Just Remember — RED – RIGHT - RETURNING!
Intracoastal WaterwaySecondary ChannelPreferred Channel
![Page 48: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lights On Buoys
Green lights only on green channel
buoys
Red lights only on red channel buoys
![Page 49: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
White Light Buoys
White lights are used on preferred-
channel (junction) or safe-water
(mid-channel) buoys.
![Page 50: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Characteristics of lighted buoys:
1. A fixed light may be on either a
green or red channel buoy.
![Page 51: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Characteristics of lighted buoys:
1. A fixed light may be on either a
green or red channel buoy.
2. A regular interval light flashing at
not more than thirty flashes per minute
may be on either a green or red buoy.
![Page 52: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Characteristics of lighted buoys:
1. A fixed light may be on either a
green or red channel buoy.
2. A regular interval light flashing at
not more than thirty flashes per minute
may be on either a green or red buoy.
3. A light flashing at no fewer than
sixty flashes per minute may be on
either a green or red buoy at a turning
point or junction where special caution
is required.
![Page 53: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Characteristics of lighted buoys:
4. An interrupted quick-flashing light
(repeated series of quick flashes,
separated by four-second dark
intervals) may be on a red and green
horizontally banded preferred-channel
buoy.
![Page 54: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Characteristics of lighted buoys:
4. An interrupted quick-flashing light
(repeated series of quick flashes,
separated by four-second dark
intervals) may be on a red and green
horizontally banded preferred-channel
buoy.
5. A Morse code ―A‖ flashing light
(short and a long flash, recurring at
the rate of about eight per minute)
may be on a red and white vertically
striped safe-water buoy.
![Page 55: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Daybeacons
![Page 56: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Unlighted navigational beacons
used as a daymark
Daybeacons
![Page 57: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A navigational aid distinctively
marked for visibility by day
Daymark
![Page 58: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Daybeacon Range
Two daybeacons, located some distance
apart on a specific true bearing
![Page 59: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
A channel in which a light-draft vessel can navigate along the U.S. East Coast from Chesapeake Bay almost to the Mexican border without going into the ocean
Intracoastal Waterway
![Page 60: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Daymark Daymark
NunCan Lighted
Buoy
Lighted
Buoy
STARBOARD SIDEPORT SIDE
Intracoastal Waterway
![Page 61: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Chart No. 1
contains nautical
chart symbols,
abbreviations,
and terms.
![Page 62: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
AIDS TO NAVIGATION
The END
![Page 63: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
What are the characteristics of
navigational aid lights?
Q.1.
![Page 64: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What are the characteristics of
navigational aid lights?
Q.1.
Color, pattern of flashes, and
timing interval (period)
A.1.
![Page 65: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Which identifying factor of a
navigation light is most
important?
Q.2.
![Page 66: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Which identifying factor of a
navigation light is most
important?
Q.2.
Timing interval A.2.
![Page 67: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
What are the three general
patterns of lights?
Q.3.
![Page 68: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
What are the three general
patterns of lights?
Q.3.
Fixed, flashing, and occulting A.3.
![Page 69: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Name the standard colors of
lights used on aids to
navigation.
Q.4.
![Page 70: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Name the standard colors of
lights used on aids to
navigation.
Q.4.
Red, green, and white A.4.
![Page 71: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
What is meant by the timing
interval of lights?
Q.5.
![Page 72: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
What is meant by the timing
interval of lights?
Q.5.
The time and spacing of the on-
off cycle
A.5.
![Page 73: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
What factors determine the
range of visibility of a light at
night?
Q.6.
![Page 74: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
What factors determine the
range of visibility of a light at
night?
Q.6.
Brilliance, height of the light,
height of the observer's eye,
and weather conditions
A.6.
![Page 75: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
What is the function of a
lighthouse?
Q.7.
![Page 76: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
What is the function of a
lighthouse?
Q.7.
To project its light where it can
be seen at great distances as an
aid to navigation and as a
warning of dangerous waters.
A.7.
![Page 77: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
What is the main purpose of a
lighthouse?
Q.8.
![Page 78: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
What is the main purpose of a
lighthouse?
Q.8.
To increase the height of a light
above sea level
A.8.
![Page 79: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
What are the two primary
purposes of buoys and what do
they represent?
Q.9.
![Page 80: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
What are the two primary
purposes of buoys and what do
they represent?
Q.9.
To serve as warning signs and
guideposts:
a. Can buoys for left-hand side
of channel (green)
b. Nun buoys for right-hand
side of channel (red)
A.9.
![Page 81: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
What are the two primary
purposes of buoys and what do
they represent?
Q.9.
To serve as warning signs and
guideposts:
c. Spar buoys for mid-channel
or obstructions
A.9.
![Page 82: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
A ship entering Norfolk harbor
will find what color buoy to
starboard?
Q.10.
![Page 83: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A ship entering Norfolk harbor
will find what color buoy to
starboard?
Q.10.
Red A.10.
![Page 84: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
What system of buoyage is
used in the United States?
Q.11.
![Page 85: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
What system of buoyage is
used in the United States?
Q.11.
IALA System B A.11.
![Page 86: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
What are the various types and
shapes of buoys?
Q.12.
![Page 87: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
What are the various types and
shapes of buoys?
Q.12.
Spar, can, nun, bell, whistle,
gong, lighted, and combination
A.12.
![Page 88: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
What does a red and green
horizontally banded buoy
indicate?
Q.13.
![Page 89: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
What does a red and green
horizontally banded buoy
indicate?
Q.13.
Obstruction or junction A.13.
![Page 90: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
What do vertically red and
white striped buoys indicate?
Q.14.
![Page 91: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
What do vertically red and
white striped buoys indicate?
Q.14.
Middle of the channel A.14.
![Page 92: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
A ship leaving Boston harbor
will find what color buoy to
port?
Q.15.
![Page 93: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
A ship leaving Boston harbor
will find what color buoy to
port?
Q.15.
Red A.15.
![Page 94: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
How are buoys numbered in
the United States?
Q.16.
![Page 95: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
How are buoys numbered in
the United States?
Q.16.
Coming from seaward, green
buoys have odd numbers
starting with ―1‖; red buoys
have even numbers.
A.16.
![Page 96: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
What is the difference between
an occulting light and a
flashing light?
Q.17.
![Page 97: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
What is the difference between
an occulting light and a
flashing light?
Q.17.
Occulting is on for longer
periods than it is dark, while
flashing is on for shorter
periods than it is dark
A.17.
![Page 98: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Briefly explain why the captain
of a ship should not rely totally
on the buoys marking a
channel.
Q.18.
![Page 99: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Briefly explain why the captain
of a ship should not rely totally
on the buoys marking a
channel.
Q.18.
The buoy can slip its moorings
or be defective in some way
A.18.
![Page 100: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
What is a daybeacon? Q.19.
![Page 101: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
What is a daybeacon? Q.19.
An unlighted aid to navigation
made of almost any kind of
material and colored to be
easily spotted on the
landscape
A.19.
![Page 102: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Two daybeacons on a true
bearing are called what?
Q.20.
![Page 103: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Two daybeacons on a true
bearing are called what?
Q.20.
A range A.20.
![Page 104: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
What does the phrase "on the
range" mean?
Q.21.
![Page 105: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
What does the phrase "on the
range" mean?
Q.21.
The two daybeacons are
exactly in line as seen by a
ship’s pilot or conning officer
A.21.
![Page 106: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
How can you distinguish
between a channel buoy and a
buoy on the Intracoastal
Waterway?
Q.22.
![Page 107: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
How can you distinguish
between a channel buoy and a
buoy on the Intracoastal
Waterway?
Q.22.
Buoys on the Intracoastal
Waterway have yellow bands
painted on them
A.22.
![Page 108: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
What is the name of the chart
that shows all the nautical
symbols, abbreviations, and
terms?
Q.23.
![Page 109: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
What is the name of the chart
that shows all the nautical
symbols, abbreviations, and
terms?
Q.23.
Chart No. 1 A.23.
![Page 110: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
A. Nun
B. Priest
C. Can
D. Bottle
What types of buoys if
Unlighted, are red channel buoys?
![Page 111: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
A. Nun
B. Priest
C. Can
D. Bottle
What types of buoys are always
unlighted red channel buoys?
![Page 112: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
A. Nun
B. Can
C. Priest
D. Bottle
What types of buoys are unlighted
green channel buoys?
![Page 113: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
A. Nun
B. Can
C. Priest
D. Bottle
What types of buoys are unlighted
green channel buoys?
![Page 114: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
AIDS TO NAVIGATION
The END
![Page 115: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
FIXED
FIXED AND FLASHING
FIXED AND GROUP FLASHING
FLASHING
COMPOSITE GROUP FLASHING
QUICK FLASHING
OCCULTING
Characteristics of Lights
![Page 116: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Various Light Lists
LIGHT LIST
DISTANCE OF VISIBILITY
LUMINOUS RANGE DIAGRAM
![Page 117: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
CHART SYMBOL
RB
N‖6‖
Ra Ref
Nun Buoy
6
![Page 118: Aids to Navigation](https://reader037.vdocument.in/reader037/viewer/2022102901/554d4e38b4c905b0708b544a/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
A mostly inland water route, partly
natural and partly artificial,
extending 1550 mi. (2500 km) along
the Atlantic coast from Boston to
Florida Bay (Atlantic Intracoastal
Waterway) and 1116 mi. (1800 km)
along the Gulf coast from Carrabelle,
Florida, to Brownsville, Texas
Intracoastal Waterway