• AIM: How did Scientists discover cells?• DO NOW: List at least 3 cells in your body and

explain their function.• HW: textbook page 153 reading check

question

The Cell

• Basic unit of life• Building block of all

living things• Carries out all chemical

processes of life (metabolism)

Single celled organisms

Multicellular organisms

How were cells discovered?

Scientists researched by developing and using microscopes

• AIM: How did Scientists discover cells?• DO NOW: Explain why a cell is the basic unit of life• HW: Text Read page 146 B and 151-152. Reading

Check page 151• Quarterly Exam Next Thursday 11/15/12• First day of school-the cell

Who discovered the first microscope

1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen It is not quite certain who invented the microscope

Robert Hooke discovered cell

1605-1703

1605 Robert Hooke

• Looked at cork plant• Noticed it was

separated into tiny compartments which resembled jail cell

One of the first users discovered protozoa

Anton von Leeuwenhoek Ground up glass

1676 Anton von Leewenhoek

• Discovered living things in pond water

• Small single celled organisms

1839 Theodor Schwann

• Looked at animal tissue and saw that animals also were made up of cells

Theodor Schwann

• Discovered cells which surround and support nerve cells in a human being

• Called them Schwann cells

1881 Matthias Schleiden

• Looked at the details of animal cells

• Animal cells are made up of tiny units called organelles

Francisco Redi• Living things come from

other living things• Maggots come from

flies which lay eggs on decaying meat

1855 Rudolf Virchow

• Cells come from preexisting cells

Development of the cell theory

• With all of the research and discoveries made through the years, scientists developed an explanation or theory about living things

• This was called the cell theory

The Cell Theory: an explanation of living things

• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

• The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms

• Cells come from preexisting cells

Assessment

• In your own words explain how the cell theory was developed

• AIM: How were cells discovered?• DO NOW: The Cell Theory Handout• Homework: Text Read pages 146B and 151-

152.• Q1:Reading Check on page 152. • Q2:Who is Lynn Margulus?• Q3:What is the Endosymbiont theory?

• AIM: How are eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?

• DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If so what are they?

• Homework: Text page 150 Using words questions 1 and 2

Compound Light Microscope

Compound light microscope• Uses a beam of light to magnify

an image• Uses 2 magnifying lenses

– Objective lense– Ocular lense

• Total magnification= magnification of the objective lens x magnification of theocular lens

• Magnifies 40-400 times• Allows us to view large parts or

organelles of the cell

• AIM: How are eukarytoes different from prokaryotes?

• DO NOW: Explain how the compound light microscope helps us investigate the cell.

• HOMEWORK: Text page 150 questions 1 and 2

Electron Microscopes• Most modern microscopes• Use a beam of electrons to make the

object extremely bright• Magnifies 1,000,000 x• Can not see living material• Used to see extremely small details and

parts of a cell– E

x; mitochondria

– DNA

Types of Electron MicroscopesTransmission Scanning

Electron Microscopes

• Transmission electron Microscope– Can only created a 2D

image or flat image

• Scanning Electron electron Microscope– Scans the surface of a

cell– Creates a 3D image

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

• Scans the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons

• Creates a 3d image • Magnify up to 200,000 times

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

• Beam of electrons transmits through the entire specimen

• If electrons can pass through the specimen it creates a light and dark image

• Thicker parts of the specimen are darker than thinner parts

• Total magnification of 200,000 x

• Explain the difference between the light and electron microscopes

Wednesday1/14/15

• AIM: How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

• DO NOW: do you have any characteristics in common with a plant cell? Mold? Ameba? If so what are they?

• Homework:. Text page 150 Using words questions 1 and 2

The cell:

• the basic unit of life

Lynn Margulus

• Endosymbiont theory: eukaryotes develop from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes

• Evidence: chloroplast and mitochondria

•

2 basic types of cells

• Prokaryote– No nucleus

• There are no separations between each of its parts– Ex:Bacteria

» Archaebacteria

• Eukaryote– True nucleus: DNA is surrounded by a membrane

• Ex:– Plant, Animal, Fungus, Monera

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archae

Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus) Prokaryotes were first group of organic

organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA Prokaryote cells lack membrane organellesReproduce asexually by division

Prokaryotes: Bacteria Blue-Green Algae

(Cyanobacteria)

Archaebacteria: Live in extreme environments

• "methane-makers" – live in swamps, mud,

sewage, and animal guts

• "salt-lovers" – salt lakes, volcanic vents

on the seafloor

• "heat-lovers" – hot springs and other very

hot places such as the thermal vents of the sea floor where temperatures exceed 110o

Eukaryotic cells

There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and animal cells

Plant, Animal, Protists, FungiAll contain membrane bound organellesOrganelle: tiny organAll eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra

cellular matrix

Eukaryote: Animal Cell

Eukaryote: Plant Cell

The cell: the basic unit of life

Prokaryote Eukaryote

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different?

Organization of the nucleusCell size

Membrane bound organelles

Cell types• Prokaryote

– Kingdom Monera• Bacteria• Archaebacteria

• Eukaryote– Kingdom Protista– Kingdom Fungi– Kingdom Plant– Kingdom Animal

What do all eukaryotic cells have in common?

Membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

• Multi or Single celled organisms– Protista

• Parmecium• Ameba

– Fungi• Yeast• Mushrooms

– Animal– Plant

Assessment

• Create a table showing the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Differences between prokaryote and eukaryotes

• Prokaryote Smaller Simpler cells No Nucleus No membrane bound

organelles

• Eukaryote• Large• Complex• True nucleus• All membrane bound

organelles

• AIM: How can we compare plant and animal cells?

• DO NOW: What is an organelle?• How are multicellular organisms (like the

human) organized• Explain the difference between a prokaryote

and eukaryote cell

• HW: Text read pages 155 questions 2 and 4

Levels of organization of Animals• Cell: basic unit of life• Tissue• Organ• Organ system• Organism

Animal vs Plant cell

• AIM: how do the organelles in a eukaryote cell help to make the cell one functioning unit?

• DO NOW: Where is the DNA found in a prokaryote? In a eukaryote?

• How did the very first eukaryote develop?• HOMEWORK: Due Wednesday go to the

website cellsalive.com• List and give the function of each organelle

you view

• AIM: ho do plant and animal cells differ?• DO NOW: Handout Label the parts of the

plant and animal cell Label organelles 12-21• 2- Label the parts of the animal and plant cells• HOMEWORK: Cellsalive.com

Homework Due Monday• Log on to cellsalive.com• In the left hand tool bar under Interactive

choose cell models• Read the introduction and choose take me to

the animation• View both the plant and animal cells• Create a table listing the structure and

function of each organelle

The eukaryote organelles• Organelle Name Structure Function• Nucleus nucleolus cytosol• Centrosome• Centriole• Golgi• Lysosome• Peroxisome• Secretory vesicle• Cell membrane• Mitochondria• Vacuole • Cell wall• chloroplast

The eukaryote organelles

• Organelle Name Structure Function

• Smooth ER• Rough ER• Ribosome• Cytoskeleton

• Cells Cells - Parts of the Cell Rap - YouTube

The nucleus Largest organelles The brain of the cell Control center of the cell House genetic

information Nucleolus: RNA synthesis Nuclear envelope or

membrane Double membrane

surrounding the nucleus Nuclear pores

Why is the nucleus the brain of the cell?

It houses the genetic material which controls ALL cell processes

The nucleus

• Chromosomes are made up of DNA• DNA carries genes• Genes code for physical traits

Cell membrane Plasma membrane Phospholipid bilayer Surrounds the entire cell

creating a barrier Controls movement of

molecules into and out of the cell

protection Embedded with proteins

and cholesterol molecule Creates a barrier

Fluid Mosaic

CytoplasmJelly like material found throughout the cellHolds all organellesMany chemical processes take place in the

cytoplasmMade mostly of water Houses many

molecules ,ions etc.

• AIM: how do organelle’s make the cell one functioning unit?

• DO NOW: Handout Can you identify these cell structures?

• HOMEWORK: Questions 4 and 5 page 161. reading Check page 161

Mitochondria Large organelles Contain their own DNA Power house of the cell Perform Cellular

Respiration Double membrane

structure The more energy a cell

needs, the more mitochondria it has

Ribosomes

Small organelles Make proteins from

amino acids Free or bound to ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough endoplasmic

Reticulum: embedded with ribosomes: protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: production of lipids

Membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous (connected) to the nuclear envelope

Golgi apparatus

Receive, Modifies, Packages and transports proteins and other molecules

to parts of the cell by vesicle formation

Exports carbohydrates and lipids out of the cell

Vesicle

Enclose substances that are being transported around the cell

Bud off of golgi apparatus

Travel through the cell

Lysosomes Animal cells only Enzyme filled sacs Usually used for food

digestion and waste removal

Break down and digest broken organelles

The cytoskeleton Network of protein

fibers Provide structure,

support, transport

Centrosome or centrioles

Animal cell only Found outside the

nucleus until cell division

Help in cell division Move to opposite ends

or poles during cell division

Practice Questions

• Which organelle contains the enzymes necessary to synthesize ATP?

• Which organelle receives, modifies and packages important cellular molecules?

Plants ONLY: chloroplast

Double membraneDouble membrane Contains chlorophyll: Contains chlorophyll:

green pigment that green pigment that absorbs lightabsorbs light

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Also have their own Also have their own

DNADNA

Central Vacuole Small vacuoles are in both

Plant and Animal cells Plants have a Very LARGE

central vacuole that stores cell sap

Cell sap contains: water, nutrients, ions

Cell Wall Plant cells only Surrounds the plasma

membrane Made of Cellulose

polysaccharides Very strong provides

structure and protection

Can be seen with a compound light microscope

• How are humans similar to protista?• We are both eukaryotes• Membrane bound organelles• How are we different?• Protista are single celled living things• We are billion celled living things

Cilia and flagella For single cells, enable

entire cell to swim For cells in a tissue,

move liquid over the surface of the cell

Cilia Line membranes exposed to the environment

The endomembrane system• Genes: hold the code to

build a protein– Located in the nucleus

• Proteins are made in the ribosome

• Nuclear membrane is connected to the membrane of the ER which communicates directly with the golgi bodies

• Golgi bodies ship out biomolecules in vesicles

•

• AIM:Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria unique organelles?

• DO NOW: Review your notes from last week. Explain the Endosymbiont Theory

• HW: Textbookpg 161 questions• 1-5

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

•

Evidence to Endosymbiont Theory

• Larger organism providing the smaller with nutrients

• The smaller organism providing food and energy

• DNA in chloroplast and mitochondria is circular similar to prokaryote

• Chloroplast and mitochondria divide by binary fission

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

• cellular organelles that may really be separate organisms

• contain their own DNA

• reproduce independently within cells

•

•

In your own words explain how the chloroplast and mitochondria

give evidence to the endosymbiont theory