aim: how is blood type determined? do now: 1.how are blood types determined by investigators? 2.in...
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Aim: How is blood type determined?
Do Now:
1.How are blood types determined by investigators?
2.In detail explain what would happen if a person with blood type A received a transfusion from blood type B?
3.What would happen if a person who is Rh- received a transfusion from Rh+?
HW: questions 9 and 10 on page 329
Thursday 4/16/15
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1. If a person has O - blood, which blood types can they receive?
2. If a person has A+ blood, which blood types can they receive?
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Friday 4/16/15
• AIM: how are blood stains analyzed?
• DO NOW:
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Scenario: You are an investigator who comes across this mark on the wall. What
should you find out?
• Is it blood?• Is it human blood?• Who does it belong to?
– Determine blood type, alcohol content, drugs present– Determine the method(s) in which blood may have been deposited
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Blood Evidence• Bloodstains may look like purple paint, grease
stains, ketchup stains, and many other things besides blood.
A.
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B. Presumptive Tests for Blood Determination
1. Kastle-Meyer (KM)color test—– a mixture of
phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide
– the hemoglobin will cause the formation of a deep pink color if blood is present
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2C-AveVMw0
2. Hematest tablet—reacts with the heme group in blood, causing a blue-green color
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrNUAXcMeus
Hemastix Test - YouTube
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3. Luminol - C8H7O3N3
• Chemical that reveals invisible blood traces
• Glows blue in the dark• Capable of detecting
bloodstains diluted up to 300,000 times
• Detects Iron in Hemoglobin
• Won’t affect DNA testing
Luminescence
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How does luminol work?
The hydrogen peroxide and the luminol are actually the principle players in the chemical reaction, but in order to produce a strong glow, they need a catalyst to accelerate the process. The mixture is actually detecting the presence of such a catalyst, in this case the iron in hemoglobin
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C. Confirmatory Blood Tests
• Antibody & Antigen Reaction
*In ABO Groups clotting occurs if the antigen comes in contact w/ same antibody type.
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Animal BloodLarger nucleic red blood cells
Frog blood
Numerous non-nucleic red blood cells--5 to 6 million per mm3Larger but less numerous white blood cells 5 to 10,000 per mm3
600:1 ratio
Human Blood
1. Human versus Animal Blooda. Microscopic observation
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Is it human or animal blood?• Precipitin test: uses an
animal serum that contains specific antibodies specific to human antigens– Agglutinates human
blood
• Sensitive test• Can use diluted blood• Works on old blood
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b. Precipitin test—
• Rabbits make antibodies against human blood.
• If human blood is added to this rabbit serum a precipitate will form.
Where is the precipitate and why did it form?
Humanblood
HumanAntiserum
from rabbit blood
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2. Blood Typing
a. Blood type A – antigen A on the surface of the cell
and – will agglutinate with blood type B
which makes Ant-A.
b. Blood type B– antigen B on the surface of the cell– will agglutinate with blood type A
which makes Anti-B.
c. Blood type AB– antigens A and B on the surface of
the cells– Will agglutinate with both type A or
type B blood.
d. Blood type O– neither antigen A nor B– will not agglutinate.
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• Illustration of the forward and reverse grouping reaction patterns of the ABO groups using a blood group tile
http://www.bh.rmit.edu.au/mls/subjects/abo/resources/genetics1.htm
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Once you determine it is human…
• How do we individualize?
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Summary• When an investigator comes upon a red mark at
a crime scene what are 3 questions that he needs answered about the stain.
• List 2 tests that are used to determine if a red mark is blood
• Describe one of these tests in detail.
• List 1 test used to determine if the blood stain is human blood.