Aim:• Toestablishsomeoftheideas

aboutCauses,treatments andpreventions fromtheAncientWorld(Greece&Rome)

• HowdidthosecarryonintotheMiddleAges?

IknowourcoursestartsintheMiddleAges,butitwillbeusefultojusttravelbackabitearliertogiveussomeideajusthowfarwe

haveprogressedevenby1250!!

Watchthisclipfromanaboriginaltribe(representingprehistorictimes),whatideasdoyougetofwhattheybelievecauseillnessin

theirvillage? Whotreatsthemandhow?

Organise yourideasintoLogical,religiousorsupernatural

Whatcluescanyouseeinmyskullaboutsome

othertypesoftreatmentstheyusedto

do?

Whymighttheyhavedonethis?

Anyotherthoughts?

Hippocrates

HippocratesisknownastheFatherofModernMedicineandhasplayedasignificantroleinmedicine’sjourney.HewasaGreekdoctor&thinker.

TheGreeksbelievedthatillnesswasapunishmentsentbythegodstowhomtheyprayedforacure.ButGreekthinkerswereveryinterestedinsciencetoo.Theyweren’tsatisfiedbelievingthatgodscontrolledeverything.Theywantedrationalexplanationsofhowandwhythingsworked.Theybegantothinkthatdiseasescouldactuallyhavenaturalcauses…Thereforetheremightbesuchasthingasanaturalcure.

ReadthefollowingparagraphandcompletethetablebelowwithGreekideasonillness,youcanaddtoitaswegothroughthelesson…

Halfapage Causes Treatments PreventionsSupernatural

Logical

Religious

Thisnextbitismassive,youwillgettoknowthisreallywell,BUTlet’sseeifyoucanworkitoutforyourselffirst… It’sHippocratesfirstbigidea…

Ok,so,itisveryclear,Godisreallyimportant,buttherehastobeabettermorelogical reasonforus

gettingsick!

Clearly,everythingontheplanetismadeupfor4basicelements,theseareEARTH,AIR,WATER andFIRE

Undereachoftheseelements,writesomecharacteristicsyoumightassociatewiththem.

Placetheseasonsundertheelementyouthinkit’smost

associatedwith

CAUSESOFILLNESS

Earth

ColdandDry

Autumn

BlackBile

ClottedBlood

Air

HotandWet

Spring

Blood

Water

ColdandWet

Winter

Phlegm

Nose/throat

Fire

Hotanddry

Summer

YellowBile

Pus/vomit

Thinkaboutthetypesofillnesswehaveatdifferenttimesoftheyear…

WhatisHippocratessayinghere?

Whatarethebasicsofhistheory?

Logical?

It’sallaboutbeinginbalance!

Doesthismakesense?

ThiswasnottheonlythingHippocrates

thoughtaboutillness…

LOGIC&OBSERVATION

Summarise theTheoryoftheFourHumours andhowitmakesussickinnolessthan35words

GREEKTREATMENT

You’vebeentoseeHippocratesandhehassaidyourhumours areimbalanced.Younowneedtogetthemrebalancedinordertogetwellagain.

How…?

ThemaintreatmentTOREBALANCEwasBLEEDING.Thiscouldbedonewith:

Leeches(BalanceHumours video)

Bleeding(intoacup)

Purging

Addthesetreatmentstoyourtablefromearlier…

Ok,so,let’sjuststopaminuteandsummarise Hippocrates

• Greekdoctor(FatherofModernMedicine)• Hadlogicalideasaboutcauses andtreatment ofillness• CameupwiththetheoryoftheFourHumours• Believedincarefulobservationofthesymptomsand

patientandrecordhisfindings,treatingappropriately• BelievedwewouldbesickifourFourHumours gotoutof

balance• Thiswouldhappenifweoverate,dranktoomuch,didn’t

restenough,didn’tdoenoughexerciseetc…• Hewouldalwaysrecommend‘Rest,Diet&Exercise’

inhistreatments• Failingthat,hewouldBleedorpurgeyouto

rebalanceyourhumours

Galen

Galen

• Dissections• Anatomist• Gladiatordoctor• Wrote350books• Emperor’sphysician• Experimentedonpigspublicly

- Provedthebrain,nottheheartcontrolsthebody- Discoveredarteries- Discoverednervoussystemofanimals

• Showman/arrogant

WatchthefollowingclipstoseewhatyoucanlearnaboutGalen?

ROMANTREATMENT

IlikeHippocrates,Ido,butheisabitboring?Irecommendbleedingstraightawaynoneofthis‘rest,diet

andexercise!’.MyversionoftheTheoryoftheFourHumours ismuchbetterthanHippocratestoo!Oh,ok,

wellitismostlythesame,symptomsanddiagnosiswise,BUT,howItreat itiswhatisbetter!It’sallaboutthe

opposites yousee!Simplereally,I’lllookatthesymptomsofthepatient,dotheusualdiagnosingbutwilltreatthem

withtheoppositeofwhat’swrongwiththem.

Stillconfused?Wellit’snotmyfault,I’mGalenandI’mperfect,listenproperlywillyou!Ifapatientcomestomeandhassymptomsthatarecold&wet,likephlegm,thenmytreatmentwillbewithsomethingHOT,eg achilli,hotpepper.Ifthepatientishot,afevermaybe?Mytreatment

willbeCOLD,somethinglikecucumber!

GalenlikedHippocrate’sFourHumours theoryanddevelopeditfurther.Becausehewassoimportant,hehadplentyoftimetoexperiment,ponderandphilosophy.Hewrote350booksinthistime.

Describeinyourbooks,whatGalen’smainideaishere…

Symptom:

• HOT

• COLD

• WET

• DRY

Treatment:

•

•

•

•

ThataboutdoesourtimeintheAncientWorld,IhopeyouhavesomebackgroundandtheideasoftheGreeksandRomans.

WhydoyouthinkHippocrates&Galen’sideaswouldcontinuefornearly1500yearswellintotheMiddleAgesandbeyond?

• TheycouldbeusedtoexplainawayalmostEVERY kindofillness- Physicalormental

• Therewerenootherscientificexplanationsyet• Itmadesenseandwasatleastlogical• Physicianstwistedtheirdiagnosistofitthistheory• Galen’sideassupportedtheideasfromtheChurchabout

creationismandthebodybeingmadeperfectbyGodandthatGodcouldmakeyousickasapunishment

Galen&Hippocrate’s ideascontinuedintotheMiddleAgesbecause…

Galen

FollowingtheendoftheRomanEmpire,anewpowerinEuropegrew,andtheywouldhaveafarbiggerinfluenceonthepeoplethananything

before…

Theywouldcontroleverypartofeverybodieslives

Theywouldalsohavetheprogressofmedicineintheirhands…

WhatwasHippocrates&Galen’sinfluenceonMiddleAges?…

TheChurchtookcontrolofallthingsfollowingtheRomanEmpire.Includingmedicineandtraining.

MonksrewroteGalen’swork,instructedbytheChurch,sonewphysiciansinuniversitieslearntfromGalenratherthanpracticalexperience

Galenstayedimportant,becausetherewerenootherideas(scientificorlogical)toexplainillness.DissectionsweremostlyillegalbecausetheChurchbelievedthebodyshouldbeburiedinwhole.Sometimesacriminalcouldbedissected

Hippocrates,thenGalensaidthebodywasclearlyDESIGNED,differentpartsworkingtogetherinbalance,andbelievinginasoul,fittedinwiththeChurch’sideas,believingGodcreatedmaninhisimagesopromotedtheAncientideas.

AsallbookswerehandwrittenbyMonksinMonasteries,itwaseasytocontrolthemessagesbeingwritten,read,preachedandbelieved.

AttitudesinMiddleAgeswerethatitwasbettertohavereadalotthanhavepracticalexperience.

Galen&HippocratesalsosuggestedMiasma(badair)fromswamps,corpsesandotherrottingmattercouldtransmitdisease.AgainthiswasassociatedwithGod

WhydidGalen’sideascontinueintotheMiddleAges?