air car final

8/3/2019 Air Car Final

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GROUP MEMBERS:

217- Yaonik Himmatramka

209- Neel Dalal

231- Ishan Pratap

220- Kartik Gopalakrishnan

Under Guidance of

Prof. Girish Bagle


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COST SHEET

Sr. No Description Numbers Cost

1 Air Tanks 2 3800

2 Tires 4 1900

3 Air Motor 1 4500

4 Pedestrian Bearing 2 500

5 Chassis 1 1000

6 Wooden Base 1 700

7 Sprocket Big 2 250

8 Sprocket Small 2 600

9 Tool Steel Axle 1 500

10 Sprocket Chains 3 400

11 Brake Set 1 100

12 Seat 1 200

13 Fabrication, Welding and finishing 3000

Total 17400


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

No Endeavour achieves success

without the advice

and co-operation of others

It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and proud privilege to able to present this

project on AIR CAR.The completion of the project work is a milestone in a student life and its

execution is inevitable in the hands of guide. We are highly indebted the project guide

HOD. Mr. A. C.Mehta. Sir for his valuable guidance and appreciation for givingfrom and substance to this report. It is due to his enduring efforts, patience, trust on usand enthusiasm, which has given us sense of direction and purposefulness to this

project and ultimately made it a success.

We would like to tender our sincere thanks to staff members for their co-operation.

We would also like to thank the non-teaching staff and our fellow friends whohelped us all the time in one way or other.

Really it is impossible to repay the debt of all the people who have directly or

indirectly helped us for performing the project.


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Index

INTRODUCTION TO AIR CAR

Act Construction

Working

Check Calculations

Material Selection

Do Car Layout

Advantages & Limitation Of Air Car

Of Air Car and IC Engine

Future Scope Details of Future Modification

Pictorial Imagination

Conclusion: Standard Orientated Practice

Conclusion


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INTRODUCTION

ABOUT AIR CAR:

The worlds first commercial compressed air-powered vehicle is rollingtowards the production line. The Air Car, developed by ex-Formula One engineer Guy

Negre, will be built by Indias largest automaker, Tata Motors.
http://www.theaircar.com/http://www.theaircar.com/


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The Air Car uses compressed air to push its engines pistons. It is

anticipated that approximately 6000 Air Cars will be cruising the streets of India by

2008. If the manufacturers have no surprises up their exhaust pipes the car will be

practical and reasonably priced. The City Cat model will clock out at 68 mph with adriving range of 125 miles.

Refuelling is simple and will only take a few minutes. That is, if you

live nearby a gas station with custom air compressor units. The cost of a fill up is

approximately $2.00. If a driver doesn't have access to a compressor station, they will

be able to plug into the electrical grid and use the cars built-in compressor to refill the

tank in about 4 hours.

Unfortunately, the streets of North America may never see the Air

Car, though; it's light-weight, glued-together fibreglass construction might not do so

well in our crash tests. However, that does not mean the Air car is confined to the sub-

continent. Negre has signed deals to bring its design to 12 more countries, including

Germany, Israel and South Africa.

And this isn't the last we'll hear of the technology. The folks making the Air Car are

already working on a hybrid version that would use an on-board, gasoline-powered

compressor to refill the air tanks when they run low. Negre says that technology could

easily squeeze a cross country trip out of one tank of gasoline

DO:


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CONSTRUCTION:

AIR MOTOR

The Rotary Piston Unit

What he has done is to combine the pistons into a single rotary unit running oncompressed air. With air to cushion the moving parts, there is no wearing ofsurfaces. And because this motor is designed to be mounted immediately beside thewheel with no intermediate parts to transmit motion, almost all energy is actually usedto power the wheel itself.

Six expansion chambers and pivoting dividers effectively convert this single rotary

piston into a six-cylinder expansion motor.

Turned by air pressure on its outer wall, the asymmetric cylindrical shaft driver turnsan axel using two rolling elements mounted on bearings on the shaft. A thin film of aircushions the parts from wearing. To optimize performance parameters for the intendedapplication, the motor can be easily adjusted by altering only the slotted timer (shownin yellow in the animated cutaway diagram above.

If more torque is desired, the timer is set for a longer air inlet period. With the airsupply limited by a shorter inlet period, the air in the chamber will perform expansion

work at a much higher efficiency.

The Di Pietro motor gives instant torque starting from zero RPM. The user controlsmotor speed and torque by throttling the air intake up or down; the controls are precise


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enough to allow for a soft start and gradual acceleration.

In addition to controlling power output, the timer also determines the sound made bythe motor. These motors are capable of running nearly silently; however, most people

prefer to have cars make some noise as warning of their approach. Whatever the sound

level chosen by the user for his application, one thing is certain: vehicles with dippiermotors will not need mufflers eliminating yet another weighty structure that takesenergy to move it around.

AIR TANK

Capacity: - 35 liters.

Weight: - 8 kg .

Pressure: - 100 psi.

Pressure: - 7kg/cm.

Height: - 2 feet.

Diameter: - 13 inches.

Quantity: - 2 nos.


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CHASSIS

A chassis (pronounced TCHA-see or CHA-see) is the physical frame or structure of anautomobile, an airplane, a desktop computer, or other multi-component device. Case isvery similar in meaning, but tends to connote the protective aspect of the frame ratherthan its structure. People tend to choose one term or the other. The rest of thisdefinition uses chassis but applies as well to the term case. Both terms (and casing) arederived from the Vulgate Latin for box . The plural form is also chassis.

STEERING MECHANISM

The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desireddirections. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears.One of the fundamental concepts is that ofcaster angle- each wheel is steered with a

pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centering

towards the direction travelAckermann steering geometry

The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to avariation ofAckermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, theinner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so thatthe degree oftoe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.
http://wapedia.mobi/en/Caster_anglehttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Ackermann_steering_geometryhttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Toe_(automotive)http://wapedia.mobi/en/Caster_anglehttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Ackermann_steering_geometryhttp://wapedia.mobi/en/Toe_(automotive)


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GAS WELDING PROCESS

TIG welding of a bronze sculpture

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG)welding, is an arc welding process that uses a non-consumable tungstenelectrode to

produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by ashielding gas (usually an inert gas such as argon), and a filler metal is normally used,though some welds, known as autogenously welds, do not require it. A constant-current
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welding power supply produces energy which is conducted across the arc through acolumn of highly ionized gas and metal vapors known as plasma.

GTAW is most commonly used to weld thin sections ofstainless steel and non-ferrousmetals such as aluminum, magnesium, and copperalloys. The process grants theoperator greater control over the weld than competing procedures such as shieldedmetal arc welding and gas metal arc welding, allowing for stronger, higher qualitywelds. However, GTAW is comparatively more complex and difficult to master, andfurthermore, it is significantly slower than most other welding techniques. A related

process, plasma arc welding, uses a slightly different welding torch to create a morefocused welding arc and as a result is often automated.

BRAKE MECHANISM

.

Single-pivot side-pull caliper brakes consist of two curved arms that cross at a pivotabove the wheel and hold the brake pads on opposite sides of the rim. These arms have
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_weldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycle_caliper_brake_highlighted.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GTAW.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_metal_arc_welding


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extensions on one side, one attached to the cable, the other to the cable housing. Whenthe brake lever is squeezed, the arms move together and the brake pads squeeze therim.

These brakes are simple and effective for relatively narrow tyres but have significantflex and resulting poor performance if the arms are made long enough to fit widetyres. Low-quality varieties also tend to rotate to one side during actuation and to staythere, so that one brake pad continually rubs the rim. These brakes are now used oninexpensive bikes; before the introduction of dual-pivot caliper brakes they were usedon all types of road bikes.

Dual-pivot side-pull caliper brakes are used on most modern racing bicycles. One armpivots at the centre, like a side-pull; and the other pivots at the side, like a centre-pull.The cable housing attaches like that of a side-pull brake.

The centering of side-pull brakes was improved with the mass-market adoption ofdual-pivot side-pulls (an old design re-discovered by Shimano in the early 1990s).These brakes offer a highermechanical advantage, and resulting better braking. Dual-

pivot brakes are slightly heavier than conventional side-pull calipers and cannot

accurately track an out-of-true rim.

TYRES
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Diameter: - 14 inches.Thickness: - 70mm.Shaft: - 8mm dia.Weight: - 300 gm.Quantity: - 4 nos.

Tube-less tyre.

A tire (in American English) ortyre (in British English, Australian English and others)

is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel rim to protect it and enable bettervehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keepingthe wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from theword "tie", referring to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the

Wood segments together (see Etymology below).The fundamental materials of modern tires are rubber and fabric along with other

compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides tractionwhile the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tireswere simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels in order to prevent wear

and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires arepneumatic, comprising a doughnut-

shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressedair to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types ofvehicles,

such asbicycles, motorcycles, cars, trucks, earthmovers, and aircraft.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthmoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthmoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft


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FLOW CONTROL VALVE

5/2 valve.1 inlet.

2 outlet.Lever operated.

Working pressure :- 70psi.

Weight :- 300gm.Quantity :- 1 nos.

A flow control valve regulates the flow or pressure of a compressed air. Control valvesnormally respond to signals generated by independent devices such as flow meters ortemperature gauges.

Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and Diaphragm Valves are widely used for control purposes inmany industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified)ball, gate andbutterflyvalves are also used.

Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as hydraulic pilots).These types of valves are also known as Automatic Control Valves. The hydraulicactuators will respond to changes of pressure or flow and will open/close the valve.Automatic Control Valves do not require an external power source, meaning that the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_Valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(telecommunication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_meterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_Valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_valve


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compressed air pressure is enough to open and close the valve. Automatic controlvalves include: pressure reducing valves, flow control valves, back-pressure sustainingvalves, altitude valves, and relief valves. An altitude valve controls the level of a tank.The altitude valve will remain open while the tank is not full and it will close when thetanks reaches its maximum level. The opening and closing of the valve requires no

external power source (electric, pneumatic, or man power), it is done automatically,hence its name.

Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and Diaphragm Valves are widely used for control purposes inmany industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified) ball, gate and butterflyvalves are also used.

Process plants consist of hundreds, or even thousands, of control loops all networkedtogether to produce a product to be offered for sale. Each of these control loops isdesigned to keep some important process variable such as pressure, flow, level,

temperature, etc. within a required operating range to ensure the quality of the endproduct. Each of these loops receives and internally creates disturbances thatdetrimentally affect the process variable, and interaction from other loops in thenetwork provides disturbances that influence the process variable. [1]

To reduce the effect of these load disturbances, sensors and transmitters collectinformation about the process variable and its relationship to some desired set point. Acontroller then processes this information and decides what must be done to get the

process variable back to where it should be after a load disturbance occurs. When allthe measuring, comparing, and calculating are done, some type of final control elementmust implement the strategy selected by the controller. The most common final controlelement in the process control industries is the control valve. The control valvemanipulates a flowing compressed air, such as gas, steam, water, or chemicalcompounds, to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated processvariable as close as possible to the desired set point.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valve


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WORKING OF AIR CAR:

Compressed Air from Air Cylinders at 100kg/cm is flown to the flow control valve

with the help of air pipes. Where the flow of air from both the cylinders is controlled

and passed through single output. This then passes through the Pneumatic Motor to

drive the compound gears. Compound Gears are in the ration of 2.33 to enlarge the

torque as well as speed to the output with Torque=815.51kg-cm and

Speed=5.135 km/min

The motion is then transmitted to the rear shaft which is held in

between 2 Plummer Block drives the vehicle in forward direction.

To turn the vehicle, a steering mechanism is provided which will turn the vehicle to

required direction.

CHECK:

CALCULATION FOR AIR CAR

(Enlargement of torque):


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Gear A Diameter= 182mmGear B Diameter =78mm

Torque Ratio = Diameter of gear ADiameter of gear B

= 18278

=2.33

Speed Ratio = Diameter of gear BDiameter of gear A

= 78/182=0.428rpm

At Motor:-


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Torque of motor = Tm = 150 Kg-cmSpeed of motor = 1000rpm

At 2nd Gear train

Torque of gear A (Ta) = Torque Ratio x Torque of Motor.= 2.33 X 150.= 349.5 Kg-cm

Speed of Gear A (Na) = Speed Ratio X Speed of= 0.428 X 10000=4200rpm

Since Gear A=Gear BTa =Tb = 349.5 Kg-cmNa = Nb =4200rpm

At 3rd Gear trainTorque of Gear C = Torque Ratio X Torque at Gear A

= 2.33 X 349.5=814.335Kg-cm

= 79.88 N-m (1Kg-cm= 0.0981N-m) Speed of Gear C =Speed Ratio X Speed at Gear A.

= 0.42 X 4200= 1764 rpm

Hence Linear Displacement

= x Diameter of Tyre x Speed Of gear D= x 14 X 1764= 1970653.213 mm / min= 1.97Km / min ( 1mm/min = 0.001Km/min)


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SELECTION OF MATERIALS:

Material selection is a step in the process of designing any physical object. In the

context ofproduct design, the main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while

meeting product performance goals Systematic selection of the best material for a

given application begins with properties and costs of candidate materials. For example,

a thermal blanket must have poorthermal conductivity in order to minimize heat

transfer for a given temperature difference.

Mechanical properties

Compressive strength

Ductility Hardness

Young's modulus

Poisson's ratio

Shear strength

Tensile strength

Yield strength

1.Compressive strength

Compressive strengthis the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed

pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are

crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength, e.g. many concrete

structures have compressive strengths in excess of 50 MPa, whereas a material such as

soft sandstone may have a compressive strength as low as 5 or 10 MPa.

2. Ductility is a mechanical property that describes the extent in which solid materials

can beplastically deformed without fracture. In materials science, ductility specifically

refers to a material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by
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the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar concept, refers

to a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is often characterized by

the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Ductility and

malleability do not always correlate with each other; for instance, gold is both ductileand malleable, but lead is only malleable Commonly, the term "ductility" is used to

refer to both concepts, as they are very similar.

3. Hardnessis the measure of how resistant solidmatteris to various kinds of

permanent shape change when a force is applied. Macroscopic hardness is generally

characterized by strong intermolecular bonds, however the behavior of solid materials

under force is complex, therefore there are different measurements of hardness: scratch

hardness, indentation hardness, and rebound hardness.

4.Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus, is a measure of the stiffness

of an isotropic elastic material. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the

uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds.[1] It can be

experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile

tests conducted on a sample of the material.

It is also commonly, but incorrectly, called the elastic modulus or modulus of

elasticity, because Young's modulus is the most common elastic modulus used, but

there are other elastic module measured, too, such as thebulk modulus and the shear

modulus.

Young's modulus is named afterThomas Young, the 19th century British scientist.

However, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler, and the first

experiments that used the concept of Young's modulus in its current form were

performed by the Italian scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782 predating Young's work

by 25 years.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Riccatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermolecular_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_modulushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Eulerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Riccati


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5. Poisson's ratio (),named afterSimon Poisson, is the ratio, when a sample

object is stretched, of the contraction or transverse strain (perpendicular to the applied

load), to the extension or axial strain (in the direction of the applied load).

When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to expand in the other

two directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. This phenomenon is

called the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio (nu) is a measure of the Poisson effect. The

Poisson ratio is the ratio of the fraction (or percent) of expansion divided by the

fraction (or percent) of compression, for small values of these changes.

6. Shear strengthin engineering is a term used to describe the strength of a material

or component against the type ofyield orstructural failure where the material or

component fails in shear.

In structural and mechanical engineering the shear strength of a component is

important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the

manufacture/construction of the component (e.g.beams,plates, orbolts) In areinforced concrete beam, the main purpose ofstirrups is to increase the shear strength.

7. Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus, is a measure of the stiffness

of an isotropic elastic material. It is defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the

uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hooke's Law holds.[1] It can be

experimentally determined from the slope of a stress-strain curve created during tensile

tests conducted on a sample of the material.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Poissonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e.g.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(structures)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Poissonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(letter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearing_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/e.g.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_(structures)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiffnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotropichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke's_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-strain_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_test


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However, properheat treating of these steels is important for adequate performance,

and there are many suppliers who provide tooling blanks intended for oil quenching.

Tool steels are made to a number of grades for different applications. Choice of grade

depends on, among other things, whether a keen cutting edge is necessary, as in

stamping dies, or whether the tool has to withstand impact loading and service

conditions encountered with such hand tools as axes,pickaxes, and quarrying

implements. In general, the edge temperature under expected use is an important

determinant of both composition and required heat treatment. The higher carbon grades

are typically used for such applications as stamping dies, metal cutting tools, etc.

Tool steels are also used for special applications like injection molding because the

resistance to abrasion is an important criterion for a mold that will be used to produce

hundreds of thousands of parts.

Wood:

Wood is a hard, fibrous tissue found in manyplants. It has been used for centuries for

both fuel and as a construction material for several types of living areas such as houses,

known as carpentry. It is an organic material, a natural composite ofcellulose fibers

(which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix oflignin which resists

compression. In the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of

trees (and other woody plants). In a living tree it transfers waterand nutrients to theleaves and other growing tissues, and has a support function, enabling woody plants to

reach large sizes or to stand up for themselves. Wood may also refer to other plant

materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood

chips or fiber.

People have used wood for millennia for many purposes, primarily as a fuel or as a

construction material for making houses, tools, weapons, furniture, packaging,

artworks, andpaper. Wood can be dated by carbon dating and in some species bydendrochronology to make inferences about when a wooden object was created. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moldinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology


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year-to-year variation in tree-ring widths and isotopic abundances gives clues to the

prevailing climate at that time.

COST:

Sr. No Description Numbers Cost

1 Air Tanks 2 3800

2 Tyres 4 1900

3 Air Motor 1 4500

4 Pedestrian Bearing 2 500

5 Chassis 1 1000

6 Wooden Base 1 700

7 Sprocket Big 2 250

8 Sprocket Small 2 600

9 Tool Steel Axle 1 500

10 Sprocket Chains 3 400

11 Brake Set 1 100

12 Seat 1 200

13 Fabrication, Welding and finishing 3000

Total 17400
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(climate)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(climate)


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ACT:

CAR LAYOUT:


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Back Axle


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ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF AIR CAR:

The principal advantages of an air powered vehicle are:

Refueling can be done at home using an air compressor or at service stations.The energy required for compressing air is produced at large centralized plants,

making it less costly and more effective to manage carbon emissions than fromindividual vehicles.

Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production, because there isno need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor, or mufflers.

The rate ofself-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete theircharge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused for longer

periods of time than electric cars.

Expansion of the compressed air lowers its temperature; this may be exploitedfor use as air conditioning.

Reduction or elimination of hazardous chemicals such as gasoline or batteryacids/metals

Some mechanical configurations may allow energy recovery during braking bycompressing and storing air.

The principal disadvantage is the indirect use of energy. Energy is used to compressair, which - in turn - provides the energy to run the motor. Any conversion of energy

between forms results in loss. For conventional combustion motor cars, the energy islost when chemical energy in fossil fuels is converted to heat energy, most of whichgoes to waste. For compressed-air cars, energy is lost when chemical energy is

converted to electrical energy, and then when electrical energy is converted tocompressed air.

When air expands in the engine it cools dramatically (Charles law) and must beheated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger. The heating is necessary
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-dischargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_law


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in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy output. The heatexchanger can be problematic: while it performs a similar task to an intercoolerfor an internal combustion engine, the temperature difference between theincoming air and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the devicegets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates.

Conversely, when air is compressed to fill the tank it heats up: as the stored aircools, its pressure decreases and available energy decreases. It is difficult to coolthe tank efficiently while charging and thus it would either take a long time tofill the tank, or less energy is stored.

Refueling the compressed air container using a home or low-end conventionalair compressor may take as long as 4 hours, though specialized equipment atservice stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes. To store 14.3 kWh @300

bar in 300 l (90 m3 @ 1 bar) reservoirs, you need at least 93 kWh on thecompressor side (with an optimum single stage compressor working on the ideal

adiabatic limit), or rather less with a multistage unit. That means, a compressorpower of over 1 Megawatt (1000 kW) is needed to fill the reservoirs in 5 minutesfrom a single stage unit, or several hundred horsepower for a multistage one

The overall efficiency of a vehicle using compressed air energy storage, usingthe above refueling figures, cannot exceed 14%, even with a 100% efficientengineand practical engines are closer to 10-20%.[6] For comparison, well towheel efficiency using a modern internal-combustion drive train is about 20%,[7]

Therefore, if powered air compressed using a compressor driven by an engineusing fossil fuels technology, a compressed air car would have a larger carbonfootprint than a car powered directly by an engine using fossil fuels technology.

Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the onlypublished test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to arange of 7.22 km

A 2005 study demonstrated that cars running on lithium-ion batteries out-perform both compressed air and fuel cell vehicles more than three-fold at thesame speeds. MDI has recently claimed that an air car will be able to travel140 km in urban driving, and have a range of 80 km with a top speed of110 km/h (68 mph) on highways, when operating on compressed air alone, but inas late as mid 2009, MDI has still not produced any proof to that effect.

A 2009 University of Berkeley Research Letter found that "Even under highlyoptimistic assumptions the compressed-air car is significantly less efficient than a
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercoolerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_to_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_to_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercoolerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_to_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_to_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle


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battery electric vehicle and produces more greenhouse gas emissions than aconventional gas-powered car with a coal intensive power mix."

ADVANTAGES OVER I.C ENGINE:

1. IC engine cars work on petrol or diesel as a fuel, but now a days

they are not economical to common men that is middle class

men , but air cars works on compressed air which is cheaply

available and easily we can compressed the air

2. IC engines are complex in construction but air car engine easy

to understand as well as easy to make.

3. So accordingly maintenance is costlier for IC engine cars and air

cars maintenance is cheaper as well as simple.

4. Breakdown chances are more in IC engine cars ,because of

more engine parts like cylinders, pistons, carburetors ,but air

cars having less no. of parts so breakdown chances are lesser in

this

5. To cool the engine of IC engine car we need a radiator because

due to frequently running of engine it becomes hot and it stops

working, but in air car there is no necessary of radiator because

no combustion takes place.


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6. IC engine is made up of more equipment so more cost of that,

but in air car less equipments so low cost

7. Air pollution is a main problem for IC engine because it rejects

toxic fumes in air, but air car works on air it does not rejects

toxic fumes in air so no pollution.8. Also an IC engine creates more sound pollution, but air car

engine does not create any sound so any sound pollution.

9. We can apply aerodynamic break in air car by moving

pneumatic motor In reversed direction

But in IC engines it is more difficult to do.

AIR CARI.CENGINE


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FUTURE

SCOPE

FUTURE SCOPE:


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ConcluSion

Standard Oriented Practice:

Sr. No Activity Frequency Material1 Apply Lubrication to all

moving parts

Per 6-8 months Oil, Grease

2 Check Pedestal Bearing 2 Years BRG No. 6000

Bearing3 Check whether shaft is in

proper working condition

per 5 year Standard Material

4 Check Chain if any problem 5 year Pitch Chain5 Check whether motor is

running or not

Per 10 Years 1350 input rpm

6 Check Sprocket attached to

motor by chains repair/

replace is any problem

Per 5 years 30 Output rpm


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Conclusion:

It is our pleasure to present this report on a small size, single sitter, four wheelAIR CAR. That will run on the compressed air the car will be having an on board

electric compressor which can refill the compressed air tank.Generally air car has a compressed air storage system which gives continues supply to

the engine for propulsion, car can go up to 200 miles on a single refill of tank.We have planned to make a small size, single sitter, four wheelsAIR CAR as the prolusion is going on increasing day by day thousand tons of carbon-

dioxide and other green house gases are emitted in the atmosphere .maximum emissionof green house gases are done by vehicles. That is why HONDA came up with aninnovative idea of manufacturing revolutionary car that runs on a compressed air andgives out zero carbon emission.

The main advantages of air car are refueling is easy, cost of vehicleproduction is less, the rate of self discharge is low opposed to batteries that deplete thatcharge slowly over time. Therefore vehicle may be left unused for longer period of

time then electric cars.It was good learning experience for us as we got the opportunity to

work in the group. We have learned to coordinate with different persons with different


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attitude also we have learned to solve different difficulties occurred in manufacturingprocess. We got the knowledge about how to take decision in the group.

We are sure that this project is going to help us in our coming future.Thus we are very thankful to all polytechnic and our guide and head of departmentProf. AK CHORE for helping and guiding us in successful completion of project work

air car final

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