air independent power systems

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AIR INDEPENDENT POWER SYSTEMS

FOR AUTONOMOUS SUBMARINES

Herbert N i l s s o n

TheSubPower A B

Box 856, 201

80

Malmo,Sweden

ABSTRACT

U n i t e dS t i r l i n g

A B

(USAB), thew o r l d e a d e r

i nS t i r l i n ge x t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o ne n g i n ed e v e l o p m e n t

and Kockums AB a r e o i n t l y e s t i n g n a f u l l

s c a l e u b m a r i n e e s t e c t i o n a new

100

kW S t i r l i n g

en gi ne , he V4-275R, f o r theRoyalSwedish Navy.

The ngine i s i n t e g r a t e dw i t h a l i q u i do x y g e n

s t o r a g ea n d a c l o s e dcyc lecom bus t ion ys tem

i s

p r o v i d e d o ru n d e r w a t e rp r o p u l s i o n .

The

s u c c e s s -

f u ldeve lopm entof a pr es sur izedc o m b u s t i o n

s y s t e mu s i n gd i e s e l u e la n do x y g e n o r h e

S t i r l i n g e n g i n e has l e a d o h e n e x t s t a g e

-

a c o n t r a c t f o r i n s t a l l a t i o nof wo V4-275R en gin es

i n a l a r g e , manned d ive r ock- ou t ubm ar ine ,

t h e SAGA

I .

T h i s

500

toncom m er c ia lp r o to type ,

deve loped

i n

F r a n c e o i n t l y by

COMEX

and CNEXO,

is t o be compl eted by 1986.

I t

w i l l d e m o n s t r a t e

t h e a l l - u n d e r w a t e r ' ' o l u t i o n o rv a r i o u su n d e r s e a

t a s k s .

Miss ions of up t o 25 days ubmerged

w i l l

b e p o s s i b l e . T h eSwedish Navy in te nd oc o n t i n u e

t h e i rS t i r l i n gp r o g r a ma n d a s y s t e m o r e s t i n g

on nava l ubm ar ineshasb e e ncont r ac ted .

INTROWCTION

U n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n s ,o f f s h o r e

as

well

as

mili

t a r y ,d e p e n d i g n i f i c a n t l yo n h e u p p l y o f

l a r ge m ountsof ne r gy .S ur f ace ndependent

e n e r g y - s u p p l y y s t e m s ,e . g . a c l o s e dc y c l eh e a t

eng inep lus noxygen to r age ,havedur ing he

y e a r sb e e n u b j e c t oc o n s i d e r a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t

e f f o r t s .N u c l e a r p o w e r y s t e m s o r a r g enava l

s u b m a r i n e sa r e ,h o w e v e r ,c u r r e n t l y h eo n l y

s y s t e m s , u l l yo p e r a t i o n a lu n d e r w a t e r .

The non- ava i lab i l i tyof om m er c ia l , om pac t

a i r - i n d e p e n d e n te n e r g ysou rce s n he medium

power ange , has a l s ob e e nh i n d e r i n ga n y i g n i f i -

c a n te v o l u t i o n o f u n d e rw a t e rau tonom ousof f shor e

o p e r a t i o n su s i n g u b m e r s i b l e s, u b m a r i n e sa n d

h a b i t a t s a s

well

as

when ai min g ore x t e n d e d

u n d e r w a t e r c r u i s i n g a n g e o r

naval

subm ar ines

of

medium

s i z e .

T h en e a r - t e r m o l u t i o n o r u r f a c e n d e p e n d e n t

s u p p l yo f a r g eq u a n t i t i e so fe n e r g y ou n d e r w a t e r

sys tem sw o u l dm os t ike ly

be

based on closed

c y c l eh e a teng ine s , among whi ch heS t i r l i n g

e n g i n ee m b o d i e s e v e r a lu n i q u e e a t u r e s , e c o g n i z e d

since many

y ea r s .

BASIC STIRLING TECHNOLOGY

T h e S t i r l i n ge n g i n e ,a n e x t e r n a l l yh e a t e de n g i n e ,

w i t h a c l o s e do p e r a t i n gc y c l e , was i n v e n t e d

i n 1816 y t h e Rever endR o b e r tS t i r l ing .The

e n g i n ehas many s imi la r i t ie s t o a c o n v e n t i o n a l

i n t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o ne n g i n e e . g . a d i e s e l e n g i n e ) .

However, i t d i f f e r s n h es e n s e h a th e a t i s

s u p p l i e d e x t e r n a l l y a n dc o n t i n u o u s l y o a working

g a s e . g .h e l i u m

o r

hydr ogen) ) ,w h i c h

i s

c o n t a i n e d

i n a c o m p l e t e l yc losed ys tem .

The p i s t o n s n a d o u b l e - a c t i n g S t i r l i n ge n g i n e

h a v ed u a l u n c t i o n s a n d e a c hp i s t o no p e r a t e s

s im ul taneous ly n wocyc les :

t h e

h o tupper

s u r f a c eo fo n ep i s t o nw o r k sw i t h i n h e

same

c y c l e

as t h e

c o l du n d e r u r f a c eo f h ea d j a c e n t

p i s t o n .T h ep r i n c i p l e so fo p e r a t i o n are shown

irl

f i g 1.

T h e o r e t i c a l l y , h eS t i r l i n gc y c l e h e r m o d y n a m i c

e f f i c i e n c y

i s

c l o s e o h a t of t h e d e a lh e a t

e n g i n e , . e . h eC a r n o t n g i n e .T h i s f f i c i e n c y

l e v e l e q u i r e s ,h o w e v e r , a q u i t eh i g ho p e r a t i n g

t e m p e r a t u r eo f h ew o r k i n gg a s o g e t h e rw i t h

a h i g hw o r k i n gg a sp r e s s u r e .H e n c ea v a i l a b i l i t y

ofadvanced

materials

t echnology i s n e c e s s a r y

f o rh i g hp e r f o r m a n c eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e s .T h i s

s t a t u s

was

n o te s t a b l i s h e d u n t i l h e

l a t e

1 9 3 0 ' 8 ,

a f t e r s i g n i f i c a n td e v e l o p m e n tw o r k

c a r r i e d

o u t

bp N . V . P h i l i p s n T heNethe r lands .

THESUB POWER AB

U n d e r w a t e ra P p l i c a t i o n so f h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e

h a v eb e e ne x t e n s i v e l ys t u d i e da n dd e v e l o p e d

j o i n t l y by U n i t e dSt ir l i ng and Kockums, t he

m ain ubm ar inecont r ac tor o r heR o y a lS wedish

Navy.

For the

over a l lcom m er c ia l i za t ion ' o fUnder wa te r

EnergySystems,

based

o nS t i r l i n g e c h n o l o g y ,

Kockums

A B

a n dU n i t e dS t i r l i n g

A B

i n

1982

formed

a jo i nt l y owned ompany, th e SubPower

A B ,

t h u s

i n t e g r a t i n g

the

Kockums unde rwa ter yste msw i t h

t h eU n i t e dS t i r l i n gu n d e r w a t e re n g i n e e c h n o l o g y .

UNITED STIRLING

AND

CURRENTROGRAMS

U n i t e d S t i r l i n g A B ( US AB) , loca ted n Malmt),

Sweden, was f o u n d e d n1 9 6 8 , t a r t i n g i t s deve lop-

mentwork as a l i c e n s e eo f N . V . P h i l i p s . T h e

company i s now a s u b s i d i a r yo f h e FFV g r o u p ,

b e i n g a l a r g e w e d i s hndu s t r i a l r oup , owned 1

42



by thegover nm enc , o r hedevelo pment nd manu-

f a c t u r eo fa d v a n c e dd e f e n c e y s t e m s .

T h e i n i t i a ld e v e l o p m e n t a t USAB was basedon

s i n g l e - a c t i n g a d i s p l a c e re n g i n e s ,wi th a rhombic

dr ivem echanism .Gener a l om plex ib i l i ty nd

d isadvantages nwe igh t ,d im ens ions ndm anuf ac -

t u r i n gc o s t s n i t i a t e d USAB t o u r n n t o h e

double - ac t inge n g i n econcep t .

A

numberof uch

e n g i n e sh a v eb e e nb u i l t , o r m i n g h eb a s e o r

t h e

USAB

cur r en tm a in ng inepr ogr am s , woof

t t e mw i t h4 - c y l i n d e rd o u b l e - a c t i n gc l u s t e rc o n -

f i g u r a t i o n s ,nom ina ted 4-95 and4-275, nother

onebasedu p on a s i n g l e - a c t i n gd u a lc y l i n d e r

\ ' - conf igur a t ionnom ina ted heV160- engine .

The L:SP.B en g i n e s2 r eh a v i n gp e r f o r m a n c ed a t a

e q u i v a l e n t o h o s eo fa d v a n c e dd i e s e le n g i n e s

ir: t h e r n e d i u npower ange .Tota l e s t ing im e

f o r a l l USAB enginesondynamometers nd n

demonstrat ionprograms xceeds 2 4 0 , 0 0 0 h o u r s ,

w h i l e m ax imun t e s t i n g i n e o r a n n d i v i d u a l

e n g i n e x c e e d s1 Q . 0 0 0h o u r s .A d d i t i o n a l l y , e p a r t e

c o 2 p c J n e n t e s t i n g i s b e i n gper f or m edon pec i f i c

cooponents uch

as

s e a l s ,p i s t o n i n g s , e g e n -

e:ato-s nd he at er s. Wore than100 ,000hour s

o f e p a r a t ec o r c p o n e n t e s t i n gh a v e i g n i f i c a n t l y

C o n t r i b l J t e d oa no v e r a l l m p r o v e de n g i n e r e l i -

a b i l

i t ? .

S t a t i o n a r ya p p l i c a t i o n s o rp r o v i d i n ge l e c t r i c i t y

i r o n o l a re n e r g yc o n v e r s i o na n d o r e r v i n g

a s h epr im e m over in e s iden t ia lW A C - s y s t e m s

a r e h ec u r r e n t v o l u me o m m er c i a l r e a s o r

:he USAB en gi ne ys te ms . For sys temsdevelopment

a n dc o m e r c i a l i z a t i o n o f h e o l a ra p p l i c a t i o n ,

USAB

i s

cooper a t ingwi thXcDonne l lDouglas ,

whi le heHVAC- appl ica t ion i s h e a v i l y u p p o r t e d

by t h e G as R e s e a r c h n s t i t u t e .

T h eu n d e r w a t e ra p p l i c a t i o n so f h eS t i r l i n g

e n g i n eh a v eb e e n t u d i e da n dd e v e l o p e d i n c e

t h ee a r l y1 9 7 0 ' s ,c o n s i d e r e d ob ea na t t r a c t i v e

a r e a o re z r l yc o m m e r c i a l n t r o d u c t i o no f h e

S t i r i i n ge n g i n e sc h a r a c t e r i z e d by u n i q u e y s t e m

f e a t u r e s .

BASIC STIRLING UNDERWATER ENGINETECHNOLOGY

USAB ha sbeenwor k ingw i t hunder wa te ra p p l i c a t i o n s

f o r m o r e h a n1 0y e a r s o i n t l ywith Kockums

and Comex. Ma rs ei l l e ,

a

w o r l d - l e a d i n go f f s h o r e

technology ompany.Hybr idpowerplants or

n e d i u m i z e dn a v a l u b m a r i n e sh a v eb e e n u b j e c t

tcj deve lopm enta sw e l l as ener gy sys tem s or

o f f s h o r e u b m a r i n e s .h a b i t a t s n d u b m e r s i b l e s.

T h e S t i r l i n gc y c l ee n s u r e s o wc y c l i c o r q u e

v a r i a t i o n sa n d o wn o i s e / v i b r a t i o n e v e l sc o m p a r e d

t o h o s eo f e c i p r o c a t i n g n t e r n a lc o m b u s t i o n

e n g i n e s p a r a m e t e r so fg r e a t m p o r t a n c e o r

nzva l ubm ar ines .The om bus t ionpr es sur eof

t h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n ec a nb e a i s e da b o v e h a t

sf a m b i e n t n v i r o n m e n t , . g . nu n d e r w a t e r p p l i c a -

t i o n s c o a p r e s s u r e b o v e h a to f h e u r r o u n d i n g

w a t e r .H e n c e , h e n g i n e y s t e m a no p e r a t e

subm er ged o a dep thofappr ox .

300

m withno

r e e d o re i t h e ra ne x h a u s tg a sc o m p r e s s i o n o r

a d i s s o l v i n gs y s t e m

f o r

t h ee x h a u s tg a so fs i g n i f i -

c a n tv o l u m e n d o m p l e x i b i l i t y s e e ig . 2

F o rc o n t r o lo f h ep r e s s u r i z e dc o m b u s t i o nU s i n g

p u r eo x y g e n q u a l o n d i a b a t i c

flame

t em per a -

t u r eof 4000

C ,

e x h a u s tg a s e c i r c u l a t i o n s e e

f i g .

3

i s

used . A m i c r o p r o c e s s o r e m o t e l ym o n i t o r s

t h ee n g i n ea n dp r o c e s sV a r i a b l e 6 n h eb a s i c

o p e r a t i o nm o d e s .

0

THE 4-95 PROJECT FOR

A

STIRLING

POWERED SUBMERSIBLE

T h ec u r r e n tS t i r l i n gu n d e r w a t e r e c h n o l o g ya t

USAB or i gi na te s rom a p r o g r a m h a ts t a r t e d

1979-80 form o d i f i c a t i o nof he 4-95 eng i ne ,

i n

a

j o i n tp r o j e c twi th Comex I nd us t r i e s , a i m i n g

f o r

a

power sou rc e or manned subme rs ibl eso f

e x t e n s i v ee n d u r a n c e .

W i t h i n h e 4-95 p r o j e c tc e r t a i n " k e y u n c t i o ns "

f o r

a s u c c e s s f u lu n d e r w a t e rp o d i f i c a t i o no f

t h es t a n d a r de n g i n ew e r eq u a l i f i e dw i t hs a t i s f a c -

t o r y r e s u l t s :

Over pr es sur ecom bus t ion

- C o m b u s t i o ng a s e c i r c u l a t i o n

Oxygen con t r o l ys tem

Exhaus tv a l v ed e s i g n

Ar r angem enta n a l y s i sve r suspr e

d e n s i t y o b j e c t i v e s

- s e t n e r g y

The 4-95powermodulebecamedeveloped tos u p p o r t

a i r - i n d e p e n d e n tu n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n su s i n g

d i v e r o c k o u t u b m e r s i b l e s f i g .

4 ) .

The ombus-

t i o np r e s s u r e w a shencechosen o

30

b a r ,w h i c h

m a t e sw i t h h e u r r o u n d i n gw a t e rd e p t ha tc u r r e n t

limit f o ro p e r a t i o n a l o f f s h o r ed i v i n g

( 3 0 0 rn .

Them oduleh a da ne lec t r i co u t p u tof

20

kW,

t o g e t h e rw i t h u p p l y

of

h o twa te r 50°C) o

beused

f o r

d i v e r s ' n d o m p a r t m e n t s 'h e a t i n g .

T H E

SWEDISH NAVY STIRLING SYSTEM PR O G R A M

T a c t i c a lb a c k g r o u n d

Of c r i t i c a l m p o r t a n c e o r h ec o m b a te f f i c i e n c y

of he onvent io na l ubm ar ine

is

t h ec a p a b i l i t y

f or ong ubm er ge d ndur anc e : . e . maximum in te r -

v a l sb e t w e e n h e n o r t i n g / r e - ch a r g i n gp h a s e s .

The e-charge nergy

i s

p r o v i de d b y t h e u b m a r i n e ' s

d i e s e lg e n e r a t o rp l a n ta n d h e n d u c t i o na i r

i s

l e d o h ed i e s e le n g i n e s h r o u g h a s n o r t

m a s tp e n e t r a t i n g h e u r f a c e .T h e x p o s e d n o r t

mast w i l l t h e r e f o r e show t h e u b m a r i n e ' s o c a t i o n

f o r a q u i t e u b s t a n t i a lp e r i o do f t ime.

C o n s e q u e n t l y , h e n o r t i n g u b m a r i n e i s v u l n e r a p l e

t od e t e c t i o na n d u b s e q u e n ta t t a c k s .

To improve he ubmerged ndurance imply by

a d d i n gm o r eb a t t e r i e s w i l l , however ,qu ick ly

l e a d oa nu n a c c e p t a b l eg r o w t ho f h e u b m a r i n e

s i z e ,d u e t o t h e a i r l yp o o re n e r g yd e n s i t y

o f h ec o n v e n t i o n a l e a da c i db a t t e r i e s ,d o m i n a t i n g

as t h ee n e r g y t o r a g e o ru n d e r w a t e rv e h i c l e s .



T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of anener gydenseand a i r -

independent heat enginebasedpowerconver s ion

systemmeanshence a p o t e n t i a l o r a s i g n i f i c a n t

im pr ovem entof he ubm er gedendur anceof he

subm ar ine .

TheSwedish Navy Sti r li ngd e v e l o p m e n tp r o g r a m

TheRoyalSwedish Navy and Kockums ha ve or

a n x t e n s i v ep e r i o do f i m ep e r f o r m e d

t e s t s

a n d t u d i e so fa i r - i n d e p e n d e n tp o w e rC o n v e r s i o n

s y s t e m s o r u b m a r i e s . A number ofp r o j e c t s

a n dprototyse work has b e e nc a r r i e do u t e g a r d i n g

h e a t n g i n e s s h e l o s e d - c y c l ed i e s e l n g i n e

a n d h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e , u e lc e l l s as w e l l

a sh i g he n e r g yb a t t e r i e s .

Th e S t i r l i n g e c h n o l o g y was e v e n t u a l l y d e n t i f i e d

a s h a v i n g h eb e s tn e a r - t e r mp o t e n t i a l as an

a i r - i n d e p e n d e n t p ow er s o u r c e ,a n d

was

s u b s e q u e n t l y

se le c t ed by theRoyalSwedish Navy f o r a f u l l

s ca le ys te r nsdeve lopm ent .

An underwater nginedevelopmentprogrambased

on thew e l lp r o v e n

4 - 2 7 5

s t a n d a r dS t i r l i n ge n g i n e

was

i n i t i a t e d1 9 8 2 , n t e n d e d o r n t e g r a t i o n

w i t h a LOX s y s t e m ,u s i n gw e l le s t a b l i s h e dc r y o g e n i c

technology r om he ACA Cryo Company in Sweden.

The 4 - 2 7 j e n g i n e f i g s . 5 and

6 )

means n ngine

w i

h

f o u r c y l i n d e r san d a swept volume f 75

CT'. T h e c y l i n d e r s are a r r a n g e d n a V g i v i n g

a n o i s e a nd v i b r a t i o n e v e l o f a very owmagni-

tude ,m ee t ing he eve r edem and s rom a Navy.

A

s i l e n te n v i r o n m e n t i s a l s oo fg r e a t m p o r t a n c e

i n a c i v i l i a n u b m a r i n e ,b o t h o r h ec r e w ' s

c o m f o r ta n d o r h e e l i a b i l i t yo f h eh y d r o -

a c o u s t i c o m n u n i c a t i o n y s t e m s .

The om bus t ionpressure i s kept 20-30

b a r ,

why

t h ee g n i n ec a n n i t i a l l yope r a te ubm er ge d down

t o 300

m . D e e p e ro p e r a t i n gd e p t h s , o a y 6 00 m

could be ach ieved

by

a d d i n g x h a u s tgas com-

2 r e s s i o no fo n l ym a r g i n a lp r e s s u r e a t i oa n d

hen ce ns i gn i f i c an t power onsum pt ion .

The 4 - 2 7 5 e n g i n ea n d h e LOX sys temhavebeen

e x t e n s i v e l y e s t e dd u r i n g 1 9 8 4 n dwas n tegr a ted

e a r l y 1 9 8 5 . The omplete ys tem i s now undergoing

s u b s e q u e n to p e r a t i o n a l e s t i n g , n s t a l l e d n

a f u l l c a l e u b m a r i n e e c t i o n f i g s .

7

and

8 ) . The LOX sys tem ankandpip inga r r angem ents

a r e sh own i n i g . 9 .

Thenava l ubm ar ine ng ine ys tem r r angem ent

Thenormal ubmerged ruis ing mode of he onven-

t i o n a l u b m a r i n e i s s i l e n t , c o n o m i c a l n d l o w -

s p e e d u r v e i l l a n c e . From t h eSwedi sh Navy eva lua -

t i o n sa n dpr edes ign wor k was hence ound t h a t

a su i tab lec o n c e p tc o u l db e a hybr idpower onver -

s i o n y s t e m . m e a n i n ga d d i n g o h ew e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d

c o n v e n t i o n a lb a t t e r y

system

a na i r - i n d e p e n d e n t

com ponent , a t a l o w e r e v e l u f f i c i e n t o ra n

a p p r o p r i a t ea i r - i n d e p e n d e n t u b m e r g e dc r u i s i n g

mode.The ir - independentpower onvers ionmodule

t h e r e f o r ec a nb ed e s i g n e d o r l owp o w e r g e n e r a t i o n ,

s i nc e t h i s w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t os u p p o r t t h i s

p a r t i c u l a r m o de ,w h i i e h eb a t t e r ye n e r g ys t o r a g e

w i l l be u s e d o r mo de s r e q u i r i n gh i g h e r p o w e r

o u t p u t ss u c h as o f f e n s i v ea n de s c a p i n gm a n o e u v r e s .

The dd-on oncept i s a p p r o p r i a t e as a f i r s t

g e n e r a t i o nh y b r i d y s t e m ,a n da l s oc o v e r s

t h e

caseunderwhich- a c o n v e n t i o n a l u b m a r i n e ,a l r e a d y

i nc o m m i s s i o n ,c o u l db e e t r o f i t t e d w i t h an

add- on hu l ls e c t i o nc o n t a i n i n g h e e n t i r e

a i r -

i n d e p e n d e n t y s t e m s e e i g .1 0 ) .F u e lo i l i s

p r o v i d e d o h ee n g i n e r o m h eo r d i n a r yb u n k e r

oil supplyonboard ndoxygen i s s t o r e d n

one o r s e v e r a l i q u i f i e do x y g e ns t o r a g e a n k s .

An

a d d - o n y s t e mc a s e t u d i e d o r a 1000 tons

c o n v e n t i o n a l u b m a r i n em e a n s w oS t i r l i n gg e n e r a t o r

s e t so fa b o u t 70 kW e a c hw i t ha u x i l i a r i e sa n d

a

LOX sys tem.Thepower eve l i s s u f f i c i e n t

t os u p p o r t h eq u i e t ,e c o n o m i c a l u n n i n g mode

i n c l u d i n g h e e l a t e d a u x i l i a r y p o w e r e q u i re m e nt s .

The ubmergedendurance

w i l l

mainlydependon

t h e a m o u n to f t o r e do x y g e n , h e r e f o r e h e LOX

t a n ks i z e s

w i l l

d e f i n e h ed i m e n s i o n so f h e

a d d - o nh u l ls e c t i o n .

The ubmergedenduranceof

a

h y b r i d

powered ubmar ine

An app r ec i a t i ono f t he c u r r e n te n e r g yd e n s i t y

i s g i v e n r o m h e e l a t i o n s h i p h a t a n n c r e a s e

of he ubm a r ine eng t h by ome 10%w i l l more

thandouble he ubmerged owpowerendurance.

F i g . 11 i l l u s t r a t e s a f i c t i o n a lo p e r a t i o n a l

p r o f i l eo f a c o n v e n t i o n a l u b m a r i n eh a v i n ga n

a i r - i n d e p e n d e n tS t i r l i n gs y s t e ms u f f i c i e n t o r

low peedpr opuls ion .The ubm ar ine

w i l l

commence

o p e r a t i o n sw i t h u l lo x y g e n t o r a g ea n d h e

b a t t e r y u l l yc h a r g e d .T h eo p e r a t i o n s t a r t s

w i t h

t h e

add- on ys tem unning - n o b a t t e r y

d i s c h a r g e - u n t i l h es e c o n dday, when a t a r g e t

i s engageddur ing 3 h o u r so fb a t t e r y u n n i n g

( d i sch a r g e ) . Upon com ple t ionof a r ge t ngag em ent

t h e p o w e rc o n v e r s i o n e t u r n s o h ea d d - o n y s t e m

f o r h en e x t u r v e i l l a n c ep e r i o d ,p r i o r o

a

new targetengagem entphase ,and

s o

on .

T h e b a t t e r y i s c o n s e q u e n t l yd i s c h a r g e d ns t e p s ,

and i s i n t h i s exam pled ischa r ged down t o h e

t a c t i c a l e s e r v e e v e l o f 50 a f t e ra b o u tn i n e

d ay s. By t h i s

time

t he oxygen i s consumed nd

t h es u b m a r i n e e v e r t s o a nor m alconvent iona l

b o a t .T h i sh y b r i d u b m a r i n e ,h o w e v e r ,h a sb e e n

i n h eo p e r a t i o n a la r e an i n ed a y s ,a n d

has

conduc t -

e d f o u r a r g e te n g a g e m e n t sw i t h o u te x p o s i n g

t h e s n o r t mast.

ContinuedSwedish Navy Program

TheSwedish Navy in te nd oc o n t i n u e h e i rS t i r l ' i n g

programand a s y s t e m o r e s t i n go nn a v a ls u b -

m ar ines has b e e nc o n t r a c t e d .

The ys tembas ica r r angem ent w i l l be

i n

accor dance

w i t h h ea b o v ed e s c r i b e d a d d - o n "c o n c e p t .

The tes tp r o g r a m

i s

i n t e n d e d op r o v i d e h e

q u a l i f i c a t i o n e q u i r e d o r h e Navy t o e c i d e

44



u po n f u t u r e u b m a r i n e sh a v i n g n n t e g r a t ea

S t i r l i n ga i r - i n d e p e n d e n tp r o p u l s i o n y s t e m .

AUTONOMOUS OFFSHOREUBMARINES

3:Sferentf concepts f o r of f shor e ubm ar inesh a v e

3 u r i n g t h e y e a r sb e e np r e s e n t e d np r o j e c t s

frorn LestGer m any ,Franc e, USA, Swe den , tc .

a s

a

s o l . J t i o n o

t h e

pr oblensp o s e d by o f f s h o r e

o p e r a t l o n s nd e e pa n dh o s t i l e

wate rs .

Themain

o b s t a c l e o ? a l l t h e s ep r o j e c t sh a s ,h o w e v e r ,

3 e e n h e1 i r : i t e d ? e r a t i o n a l

t ime

when submerged.

3 u f f l c i e n t n e r g y o rw o r k i n gp e r i o d so f1 0 - 2 0

zays ilkmerged h a s 5een t h e c r u c i a lp r o b l e m ,

: - p c s s i b l e o o l v e w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l e c h n o l o g y

. d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c y s t e m s o g e t h e rw i t h e a d - a c i d

3a tce : i e s i .

Tne 5 t i : l l n T y s t e n a c i l i t i e s ,however , now

s,uf:^ic:ent nergy

f o r

s u b m a r i c e s n dh a b i t a t s

ca2ab le fwor k ing

a t

g r e a td e p t h s o r w o w ee ks

- -_o r e , i n d e p e r d e n t o f s u r f a c e c o n d i t i o n s .

THEAGA PEOJECT

Background

r : r i ar ei a l r e a d y1 9 6 7 , t h e A r g y r o n e t e ,

l a t e r

t h e S A G A I s u b m a r i n e ,m e a n t h e i r s to p e r a t i o n a l

2 ? p r o a c > oe n a b l e t c work n th eb o t t o no f

:he $ e e p e a r o m a s e l f - c o n t a i n e d , p d e p e n d e n t ,

s u p p l yb a s e . r e e r o m h e u r f a c e o n d i t i o n s .

T h e c k m a r i n e i t c e d w i t k . a s u f f i c i e n t l y a r g e

e n e r g y e s e r v e o u s t a i n a l o n g - d i s t a n c e u b m e r g e d

t r i p t 9

i t s

w o r k i n g i t e , h e n work t h e r ew i t h

2 l v e r sa n d / c r o b o t s o r

a

s i g n i f i c a n tp e r i o d ,

and hen ox eback o

i t s

b a s ew i t h o u t . u r f a c i n g ,

cc':;d be n de al ol ct io n.H o w e v e r , e p e n d i r g

s c l e l y

o n

a l e a d - a c i db a t t e r y a s e n e r g y t o r a g e ,

t h eo r l g i r a l c b m a r i n e o n c e p t

was

f o u n dn o t

t c ,

t e

u s a b l e n d o n s t r o c t i o no f h e u b m a r i n e

'xas nct oir .ple te 3.

Ir. 1 9 8 2 , COXEX d e c i d e d o e - i n i t i a t e h i sp r o j e c t

o r e s 2 c n d

t o

new c h a l l e n g e s a c i n g h eo f f s h o r e

c : l

i n d u s t r y ,u t i l i z i n g :he s i g n i f i c a n t n d u s t r i a i

3 e v e l o p - . e n t no n eo f h ek e y e c h n o l o g i e s o r

a r u t z n o n o u s u b m a r i n e ,

i . e .

EnergyConvers ion.

..-.e

-.ai?. da t a f o r :he SAGA s u b m a r i n e s e e i g .

1 2 I

a r e

a s f ol l ows :

.

S - ? x a r i n e :

Length s...erall

2 6 . 0

I

B r e a d t ho v e r a l l

7 . 5

Submergeddisp lacem ent

5 L 5

t o n s

D p e r a t l o n a ld e p t h

6 3 0

n

Crew:

b l a i n crew

6men

Dive rs

6 men

The SAGA su bm ar in e4 - 2 7 5S t i r l i n g c g i n e n d

o x y g e n t o r a g e u r r e n t r r a n g e m e n t s r e h o v n

i n i g s .

I 3

and

1 4 .

The SAGA sub ma ri ne

will

b ea b l e oc a r r yo u t

a n d / o r u p p o r t a v a r i e t yo f c b s e so f f s h o r e

t a s ka n do t h e ro i l - r e l a t e da c t i v i t i e s :

Maintenance

of

w e l l h e a da n d u b s e ap r o d u c t i o n

s y s t e m s

H i g h - r e s o l u t i o n e i s n i co p e r a t i o n so np o s s i b l e

d r i l l s i t e s

- - G e o l o g i c a l a m p l e - t a k i n g by r o t a r y c o r i n g

C o n s t r u c t i o na s s i s t a n c e nh y p e r b a r i cw e l d i n g

o p e r a t i o n s

P i p e l i n e u r v e y s

O p e r a t i o no f o b o tv e h i c l e sa n d y s t e m sa s

ROVs, r e m o t e e l e n a n i p u l a t o r s,m o d u l e ' s e p l a c e -

ment o r r e p a i re t c . . .

THE SAGA SUBt4ARINEDESIGN MISSIGKS

T h e o l l o w i n k e s u l t sh a v eb e e ng a i n e d r o m

p o s s i b l ea p p l i c a t i o n s n e r n so fa u t o r o x ya n d

e f f i c i e c c y by t h e SAGA I subm ar ine .

T h e s e e s u l t sh a v eb e e n i m u l a t e d

f o r

t 'wo precise

o p e r a t i o n s , a l l e d d e s i g nm i s s i o n s "d e f i n e d

f r o ma c t u a lc o n d i t i o n s .

T h e f i r s tm i s s i o n

( s e e

f i g . 15 , f o r e s e ed i v i n g

o p e r a t i o n s

a t

150 n a u t i c a l miles f r o 3 a b a s e .

Thebasenaybe STAVANGER, and hewor k s i t e

CORMOR4KT FIELD. The t o t a l r a n s i t i m ew o u l d

be76hour s

a t

k n o t sw i t h o u t u r f a c i n g .T h e

ener gy nd t h e gasonboar d l lowm or e han 200

h0.x- s

o fd i v e r n t e r v e n t i o n .

T he t o t a l r i s s i o nd u r a t i o nw o u l db ea b o u t 10

d z y s .

T h e e c c n dn i s s i s c ( s e e f i g . 16j, c o n c e r n s

a

s 'urvey a t 100 n a u t i c a ln i l e s r o m a base.The

base

may be PALERMO i n S i c i l y 2nd t h eO p e r a t i n g

z o n e h eS i c i l i a nS t r a i t s . The t o t a l r a n s i t

t imewooldbe 5 0 h o w s a t k n o t sw i t h o u t u r -

f a c i n g .T h e u b n e r s i b l e ' s u t o n o m y l l o w s 190

n a u t i c a l mi l e s a t

1

k n o t o b e u r v ey e d .

The to ta lm i s s i o n u r a t i o nw o u l d e b o u t 10

day

s

.



The SACA pr og ra mm i le s to n e s

Th em a jo ro b je c t i v e s

of

t h e SACA prog ram

are

n o to n l y e c h n i c a lb u ta l s op s y c h o l o g i c a lb e c a u s e

t h i s p r o j e c t n t e n d s od e m o n s t r a t e h eo p e r a t i o n a l

f e a s i b i l i t yo fa no f f s h o r e u b m a r i n ea s a b a se

f o r deep human di vi ng down to 450 m .

T h e

SAGA

program

w i l l

c o s ta p p r o x i m a t e l y

35

H i l l i o nFre n c hFra n c sa n dc o v e r so v e r 4 y e a r s

1982-1986). Commerc ia lopera t ion

are

s c h e d u l e d

t o commence 1987/1988.

\

THE

SAGA

I ENERGY SYSTEM

T h e

ene rg y ys te m or he SAGA

I

i s n e a r l y d e n t i -

c a l o h e y s t e mb u i l t a n d t e s t ed f o r h eR o y a l

Swedish Navy and nclude s wo 4-275 S t i r l i n g

e n g i n e s n t h e power ange

of

100 kW andwo

l i q u i do x y g e n a n k sg i v i n ga ne n e r g y e s t o r a g e

c a p a b i l i t yo f

12,000

kwh a l l o w i n g op e r f o r m

m i s s i o n so fu p o 3 weeks ubmergeddepending

o n th ep r o f i l e . T h eLOX-system f o r h e SAGA

i s a l s o a desig n rom ACA-Cryo, C othen burg.

THE V160

SYSTEM

A powermodule f 7 kW w i t h d d i t io n a lh e a t

i s now designed,b a se d e u p o n h e V 160 e n g in e ,

i n t e n d e dp r i m a r i l y

f o r

p o w e r u p p ly od iv in g

b e l l s nd h e n c ep ro v id in g h e n

w i t h

energyau-

tonomy.The ngine i s c u r r e n t l yp l a n n e d ob e

i n s t a l l e d n

a

p o d i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h t h ed i v i n g

b e l l s e e i g .

171.

ENERGY SYSTEMS

BASIC

ARRANGEMENTS

A

n e a r - t e r m a p p l i c a t i o n f o r t h e 4-95 systemmeant

anEnergySupplymodule f o r submersib les , why

a r r a n g i n g h ee n g i n ea n d

t h e

f u e l a n k s np o d s

s imilar

t o h o s e o rs t a n d a r d

b a t t e r i e s ,

was

found

o p t i m a l ,h a v i n g a d i a m e t e ro f

0.8

ma l e n g t h

of

3.5 m . G l o b a lo x y g e n a n k sa n d o f t u e l a n k s

werechosen .The ystemdryweight was approx.

3 t o n s , when su b m e rg e d h e y s t e mw a sc lo se o

n e u t r a l l yb u o y a n t .S e r v i n g as a Genera lUnderwate r

En e rg ySu p p lySy s t e m h ee n g in ea n d h e u e l

s y s t e r r :m ig h tb ea r ra n g e dd i f f e re n t ly .

Theoxygen torag e may i n g e n e r a l b e e i t h e r as

h i g hp r e s s u r e

300

b a r ) g a s

or,

when

a

l a r g e

e n e r g y t o r a g e

i s

r e q u i r e d ,

as

l i q u i do x y g e n

L O X ) .

For a ne n e r g y t o r a g eo f 200 kwh e l e c t r i c

e n e rg y ,w h ic h was c o n s i d e r e do p t i m a l for d i v e r

lo c k -o u t submersibles, t he oxygenwould be o p t i -

m a l l ys t o r e d

as

h i g h p r e s s u r e

gas.

Th e y s t e mconceptm e a n sa l so u p p ly

of

h e a t o

d i v e r s ,u t i l i z i n g h e e j e c t e dh e a t r o m h e

e n g i n ec o o l e r , a t i s f y i n gd i v e r s ' a s well

as

c o m p a r t m e n th e a t i n gn e e d s . n t e g r a t i o nwith a

s u b m e r s i b l e e a t i n g y s t e m i s show n in i g . 18.

T h e a b o v ea r r a n g e m e n tc o n s i d e r a t i o n s o r h e 4-95

s y s t e ma r eg e n e r a l ,w h i c hm e a n s h a ta n yo u t b o a r d

zrrzngementwould b e based on a pode n c a p su la t i o n

o f h ee n g i n e a n d a s t r e n g t h / w e i g h to p t i m i z e d

o x y g e ns t o r a g e ,e i t h e r ng a s e o u s

or

l i q u i dp h a s e ,

d e p e n d i n g o f h e e n d u r a n c e e q u i r e d o r h e

system.

I n b o a r d n s t a l l a t i o n sc o u l d b ea r r a n g e da c c o r d i n g

t o w ha t

has

b e e n co ns id er ed or he Kockums

h a b i t a t

p r o j e c t ,h a v i n g

a

4-275

St i r l ing-LOX

sy s t e m

o r

similar

t o h ec o n c e p t u a ld e s i g n o r -

a currentn a v a lsu b m a r in ee q u ip p e dw i t h

a 4-275

S t i r l i n gc r u i s i n gs p e e dp r o p u l s i o nu n i t ,s e e i g s .

19 and 20

POWERAUTONOMOUS ROV'S

The useofROV-vehic les

has

g r o w n s i g n i f i c a n t l y

o v e r

t h e

r e c e n ty e a r sa n d s e v e r a lc o n c e p t se x i s t ,

r a n g in g ro m

small,

l i g h to b s e r v a t i o n . v e h i c l e s

t oh e a v y , o p h i s t i c a t e d , p e c i a lp u r p o s ev e -

h i c l e d w o r k y s t e m s .

A n u m b e ro fp ro j e c t s e g a rd in g r e e w im m in g ve-

h i c l e s ,e . g . o ru s e n a r c t i c

areas ,

a r ec u r r e n t -

l y s t u d i e d a n d p r o t o t y p e s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n b u i l t .

The "f re e swimming" oncept ssumesuse

o f

s e v e r a l

a d v a n c e d e c h n o lo g ie s , n c lu d in go n -b o a rde n e rg y

sforage .Advanced

ba t t e r i e s are

c u r r e n t l y h e

m a inp o w e r o u rc e o r h e r e e w im m in g ROV, b u t

h e a te n g i n e s are s t u d i e da n d o f f e ra n n t e r e s t i n g

p o t e n t i a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y o r h e h e a v y v e h i c l e s ,

r e q u i r i n g s a y

150-300

kwh per m i s s i o n

o r more.

T n e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s y s t e m for

ROV

power upply

means a pod i n s t a l l a t i o n

for

t h ee n g i n e , similar

t o h ea r r a n g e m e n t

for

t h e

4-95

p r o l e c t f i g .

4 )

a n d h e V160 ( f i g . 17) t o g e th e rw i t ha no x y g e n

s t o r a g eo f e a s i b l ed e s i g n e . g .a d v a n c e d

GRP-

s t e e l h i g h p r e s s u r e b o t t l e s o r s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d

s p h e r i c a lh i g hp r e s s u r e a n k s ) .

I n o r d e r o o w e r h e s y s t e m

wet

w e i g h t ,

as

many

as

p o s s i b l e

of

t h e e n g i n e a u x i l i a r i e ss h o u l d

be

a r r a n g e d o u t s i d e h ee n g i n e p o d .

Power ystemsperformances are g i v e n n a b l e

1

while

power ystemweights

are

r a n g in g ro m

approx.

350

kg

f o r

t h e

V160

e n g i n ew i t hp o d f i g .

17) t oa p p r o x . 1600 k g f o r

a

4-275 e n g i n e y s t e i

w i t h pod.The boveweight estimates assume

a

w e ig h t -o p t im iz e dp o d -d e s ig na n dd o e sn o t n c lu d e

t h eo x y g e ns y s t e m h a th a s o b e d e s i g n e d n d i -

v i d u a l l y o r e a c hv e h i c l e p r o j e c t a n d m i s s i o n

p r o f i l e .

46



Ta31e

1 .

Power system cerformance

A e , ~ r r e s ? o n b i r ge n g i n eo v e r a l le f f i c i e n c y

i s

G 2 7 5 : 3 8 c o r r e s p o n d i n g o 820 g 0 /kwh

2

CONCLUSION

Thenear - term ys tem echnology

f or

s u p p l y i n g

l a r g eq u a n t i c i e s

o f

e n e r g y ou n d e r w a t e r y s t e r n s ,

v l t . i :n oxm er c ia l r i t e r i a nc1udi r . gw e i g h t n d

.::l-ce s?:imization,

i s

l i l c e l y o be b a s e d on

: l oseC cyc le kea: eng i ces .

;:,cng a'.'ailable h e a t e n g i n e s h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n e

e n 5 ~ 6 1 e s

n i q o e e a t u y e s , . g . f f i c i e n c y n d

a pc'xe:

t c w e i g h t a t i oe q u i v a l e n t o

a

d i e s e l

e r g i r e ,n c i s ea n dv i b r a t i c n e v e l sm e e t i n gn a v a l

sc3-ar :ce eqlJ i-ements , a fu l l yc o n t r o l l e dp u r e

sxyger :p r es sur ized om bus t ion nd a c om pa ct t o t a l

s y s t e ? a r - a n g e m e n t .T h eS t i r l i n ge n g i n eh e n c e

z o n s t i t u t e s a h i g h l ya p p r o p r i a t ee n e r g yc o n v e r t e r

Tzr ; I n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n s e q c i r i n ge x t e n s i v e

sur f ace ndeuendent n dur ance .

W e l l - p r o v e nU n i t e dS t i r l i n ge n g i n e sha ve now been

a d a p t e d ou n d e r w a t e ro p e r a t i o n s , h u sp r o v i d i n g

s u r f a c e n d e p e n d e n te n e r g y u p p l y ou n d e r w a t e r

s y s t e m s ,o f f s h o r e

a s

w e l l as m i l i t a r y .

Kockums AB an dU n i t e dS t i r l i n gh a v e n t e g r a t e d

t h e i r n d i v i a u a lu n d e r w a t e rs y s t e n sa n de n g i n e

t e c h n o l o g i e sw i t h i n a j oi n t l y owned ompany,

the S ubPower

A B ,

w i t ha c c e s s ou n d e r w a t e r i q u i d

o x y g e n y s t e n s e c h n o l o g y r o m h e AGA

Cryo

A B .

TheS ubP owerS t i r l ing- LOX ys tem s , u r r en t ly

b u i l t f o r theRoya lSwed ish Navy and f o r Comex

will

f a c i l i t a t eu n d e r w a t e ra u t o n o n o u sd e e pw a t e r

sys tem s , apab leofw o r k i n g

or

weeks , ndependent

of

1.

2 .

3

4 .

t h e u r f a c ec o n d i t i o n s .

REFERENCES

H . Nilsson,SubPower A B : "Deepdater Air-

I n d e p e n d e n tP o w e rS o u r c e sb a s e do nS t i r l i n g

Engines"

-

UncerwaterTechnologyConfereRce,

S e r gen ,Kor way ,Apr i l 984 .

Y. Curand, Comex Ind us tr ie s , nd H . N i l s s o n ,

Sub ?ower A B : "HighDensi tyUnderwaterEnergy

S c c r c e s . .4 3 a d i c a lT r a n s f o r m a t i o nc fS u b s e a

Oper a t ions" The E . E . Z . Sympcslom i n Lcxem-

bourg, ecernber 984.

P .A. tenberg,Kockuns A S : " S t i r l i n g ?ower

Systems f o r S ubm ar ines" Mar i t ineD e f e r c e ,

J anuar y1985 .

H .

Nilsson,SubPower A B : "S ur f ace ndependent

Ener gyS u p p l y oD e e ph ' a te rOper z t ions"

TheOf f shor eConf e r ence nCothenbur g ,

TebruPrv

1 9 8 5 .

r-

: E l



Regenerator.

t(

Cooler

Figure

1.

The doub le act ing St i r l ing working pr inciple

FUEL

OXYGEN

OXYGEN NOZZLE

FUEL INJECTOR

PRESSURIZED

COMBUSTION CHA MBER

EXHAUST

COOLING WATER

CYLINDER BLOCK

DRIVE SHAFT

CRANKCASE

DRY

SUMP

=:Sure

2. 4 95

Sub cross sect ion

48



\ EXHAUST

p4

1

750°C

\

\

3

The CGR basic pr incip le

jector

tubes

.

-

5. The 4-275 underwater engine

Figure 4. A Sti r l ing powered submersib le

Figure

6.

The 4-275 underwater engine



WEIGHT COMPENSATION TANK

:

Figure

7

The St ir l ing sys tem te st plant

.

Figure 8. The St ir l ing system test plant

SUPPLY

GOX t

Q G - w V -

EVAPORATOR

t

SUPPLY LINE LOX

I

i

CONTROL

CTROy LlN,ES ,:

,T

PRESSURE

RISING

L

I

' iit

LINE

LEVEL INDICATING

Figure 9 LOX system for the St ir l ing test plant

50



1

Ton Attack Submarine

Hybrid Diesel Stirl ing Machin ery

Liquid Oxygen Tank7 Stirling generator

Diesel generator [Storage Battery

Figure 10 A naval subm arine wi th an integrated St i r ling sect ion

EATERY DISCHARGE

(TARGET ENGAGEMENT)

STIRLING RUNNING

Figure 11. Fict ional ope rat ional prof ile for a St i r ling powe red subm arine



b

Hatch For A tmos pher ic Compar tment

I

Rescue Bel l

Hydrau l i c Thrus ter

\

/

\

LDiesel Engineiver Transfer Lock

St i r l ing Engine

I

Engine Room

/

I

Observat ion Post

Mess Room

Figure

12

S A G A

I

submarine inter ior arrangement

t

Figure

13 SAG A

I Engine Room and Control Room

52



OxygenlHel ium OxygenlHel ium

ARG.DP. 12.04.104

Figure

14.

The SAG A I submarine Oxygen storage arrangement

THE

SAGA SUBMARINE DESIGN MISSION

Design case:

Diving operations at Coromant field

Submarine base: Stavanger

Transit distance: 150 naut. miles (submerged)

Mission profile:

Transit:

2 x 40

hrs

Diving support:

200

hrs

Total submerged mission: 10 days

Figure 15. Miss ion A . Diving support



THE SAGA SUBMARINE DESIGN MISSION

Design case:

PipelinelBottom survey in the Sicilion Straits

Submarine base: Palermo

Transit distance: 100 naut. miles (submerged)

Mission profile:

Transit

2 x

25 hrs

Surveying:

200

hrs (1 knot)

Total submerged mission: 10 days

Figure

16

Mission B. Surveying

TOTAL

WEIGHT:

300

K g

Figure

17 A pod

instal lat ion

of

the

V 160

engine

54



I

Figure

18

The vehic leldiver s heat ing system

Figure

19

A

habi tat pro jec t Kockums)

r

t i r l ing generator

I

g en er at o r L i q u i d Oxyg enank \Storage Battery

Figure 20 A naval submar ine wi th a hybr id machinery

(Diesel & St i r l ing)

air independent power systems

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