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![Page 1: Air pollution: Health impacts across UK and · PDF fileAir pollution: Health impacts across UK and Sussex ... sotiris.vardoulakis@phe.gov.uk Acknowledgements • APCC](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051723/5abdeb377f8b9a7e418c4241/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air pollution: Health impacts
across UK and Sussex
Group Leader, Air Pollution and Climate Change
Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards
Dr Sotiris Vardoulakis
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Environmental
Sustainability
Air
Pollution
Climate
Change
Public
Health
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Outdoor Pollution Sources
• Road traffic and other means of
transport (e.g. airports, shipping)
• Industrial activities
• Energy generation
• Domestic activities
• Waste disposal
• Farming and agriculture
• Accidental releases
• Forest fires
• Pollen and other bioallergens
• Desert dust episodes
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` Indoor Air Pollution Sources
• Space heating
• Cooking
• Smoking
• Building materials and
furnishings (asbestos,
flame retardants, etc.)
• Household products
(cleaning, DIY, etc.)
• Radon (from soil)
• Dampness and mould
• Pathogens (bacteria and
viruses)
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Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
(Lim et al. 2012) DALYs (%)
Lower Respiratory Infections
Chronic Respiratory Disease
Cardio-vascular Disease
Cancer
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European cities
exceeding pollution
limits
90% of EU city dwellers are
exposed to harmful air
pollutants, including
particulate matter and
ground-level ozone
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Health aspects of air pollution
and review of EU policies
WHO-Europe international projects:
• REVIHAAP (hazard)
• HRAPIE (risk)
– To provide the European Commission and its stakeholders with evidence-based advice on the health aspects of air pollution (including those regulated in the AQ Directives).
– Results will support the revision of EU air quality policies which began in 2013. Policies will undergo cost-benefit analysis.
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http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf
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Regulated Pollutants
Particles (PM10 and PM2.5)
Nitrogen dioxide
Ozone
Sulphur dioxide
PAH (B[a]P)
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Carbon monoxide
Lead
National Air Quality Strategy
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Fine particles (PM2.5)
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Particulate Mater:
What determines toxicity?
• Particle size? (PM10, PM2.5)
• Components?
• Elemental or organic carbon
• Metals (especially transition)
• PAHs
• Oxidative potential
• Sources?
• Primary/secondary
• Age?
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Ultrafine hypothesis • Suggested that ultrafine particles may be particularly
important:
• Dominate particle number
• High surface area
• Cause local lung inflammation
• Leading to release of mediators, which alter blood
coagulability and increase risk of heart attacks
(Seaton et al. 1995)
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Six US Cities: Portage (P), Topeka (T), Watertown (W), St Louis (L),
Harriman (H), Steubenville (S)
(Dockery et al. 1993)
Six Cities Study
Long-term exposure to particulate pollution
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American Cancer Society study
Long-term exposure to particulate pollution
Pope et al, AJRCCM; 1995
•• 151 US metropolitan areas
• particulate air pollution was
associated with cardio-
pulmonary and lung cancer
mortality
• Increasing ambient fine
particle mass was associated
with increased mortality
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COMEAP (2010) estimated the
mortality burden of human-made
particulate pollution in UK in 2008
as:
• an effect equivalent to 29,000
deaths
• a loss of 340,000 years of life
• average loss of 6 months of life
expectancy from birth
Health Burden of Particulate Pollution in UK
http://comeap.org.uk/
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3.01: Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution
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5.1
5.7
5.3 5.6
5.3
4.9
5.4
5.0
5.1
4.8 5.2
5.2
4.9
4.9
4.9 5.2
England 5.5 South East 7.2 London
Fraction of mortality (%) attributable to particulate
air pollution in Sussex in 2011
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• Attributable fraction, attributable deaths, years of life lost
• All local authority areas
• Guidance on estimating mortality attributable to long-term exposure to anthropogenic PM2.5 at Local Authority level
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Use of the PHE report • Scope the scale of the public health problem associated with air
pollution.
• Raise awareness of the need to consider air pollution when
establishing priorities for action to improve public health locally.
• The estimates can be used within a local authority area for
comparison with health burdens from other risk factors.
• The report is not intended for the quantitative evaluation of the
health impacts of local measures to reduce air pollution.
• Comparisons of mortality burdens between local authorities are
not an appropriate basis to impute good or poor practice.
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Climate Change and Health (AQEG, 2012)
PM2.5 source apportionment
(PCM model, Birmingham)
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• Low Emission Zones
• Parking & stopping restrictions
• Pedestrianisation schemes
• Public transport interventions
• Park & ride schemes
• Walking and cycling
• Relocation of road space
(bus lanes, etc.)
Traffic Management
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Urban Green Spaces • Create a better
environmental context
for development
• Improve air quality
• Improve flood risk
management
• Enhance biodiversity
and ecological values
• Secondary health
benefits (e.g. mental
health, physical
activity) http://www.pureframework.org/
East London Green Grid
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Summary
• Multiple sources of outdoor and indoor air pollution, but
road traffic is currently the main source in the UK.
• Acute and chronic health effects of air pollutants.
• Evidence continues to grow for adverse health effects of
particles, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide at ambient levels.
• PM2.5 is the main metric for quantification of the effects of
long-term exposure to air pollution.
• Traffic management, active travel, urban greening, etc.
can bring local air quality benefits (and other public health
and climate change mitigation co-benefits)
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COMEAP
Information for the public
http://www.comeap.org.uk/
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Annual Air Pollution Research Review meeting
Solihull, 3-4 June 2014
Acknowledgements
• APCC group members, particularly Alison Gowers
• COMEAP members, particularly Frank Kelly, Fintan Hurley,
Brian Miller, John Stedman, Bob Maynard and Heather Walton