air pollution v1

7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

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Air Pollution

Presented by

Ruparel : 10Hardik : 11

Jnyanesh : 18

Vimal : 31

Anand : 59


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Presentation outline

What is pollution?

Kinds of air pollution sources

Sources of air pollutants Kinds of air pollutants

Effects of air pollutants

Green house effect and global warming

Acid rain

Indoor air pollution

Control measures


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This is what earth looks like


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Pollution - Definition:

Any addition to air, water, soil etc that

threatens the health, survival of humans or otherliving organisms

1. Natural - volcanic eruption

2. Anthropogenic - burning coal


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Types of Sources:

1. Point source - single,

identifiable source e.g.

smokestack, drainpipe etc

2. Non-point source -

dispersed source, e.g. runoff

from pesticides, fertilizers


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Non-point sources


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Point source


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Key environmental problems

Population growth

Resource use without preventing pollution and

reducing waste

Degrading habitats and reduction of biodiversity

Poverty

Failure of govt. to encourage earth sustaining economic

development


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The Atmosphere

Gases that envelop the Earth and are held here by gravity regulates

temperature.

Major gases: -

78.08% nitrogen

20.95% oxygen

0.93% argon

0.03% carbon dioxide

Trace amounts of water vapor (close to surface) 0.01% by volume near

poles to 5% near equator and many others hydrogen, neon, helium,

krypton, ozone and methane


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Composition of Air


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Layers of the atmosphere


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Major sources & Types of air

pollution


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Air pollution : Definition

Presenceof one or more chemicals in the

atmosphere in sufficient quantities and duration

to cause harm to humans etc.


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Air pollution - Facts

Air pollution results from human activities such as burning fossil fuels (oil, coal,

and gasoline) to create electricity and power automobiles, and manufacture industrial

products such as chemicals and plastic.

The air pollutants are particulates, HC, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO3 - source may

be industrial, autos, etc.

The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to the warming of

the global climate, the so-called "greenhouse effect."

The increased Chloro fluoro-carbons in the atmosphere has been depleting

stratospheric ozone.


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Sources of Air pollution

Natural:

Volcanoes, Fumaroles and Hot springs

Decay from marshes and bogs

Increase ozone due to thunderstorms, fires.


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Sources of Air pollution

Man made:

Stationary sources - Those that are fixed in location.

Point sources e.g. smoke stacks, 14% air pollution from plants generating

electricity; Fugitive sources e.g. construction sites, exposed areas;

Area sources e.g. dense urban community or agricultural area

Mobile sources -Those that move while polluting, e.g. trucks, cars, busses

etc.

60% of air pollution from motor vehicles. 80-88% in major cities!


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Main categories of Air

pollutants


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Main categories - Air pollutants

Primary:Those emitted directly into the air;

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Secondary: Those that form as a result of a chemical reaction of the

primary pollutant with a natural component of the environment.;

Sulfuric Acid

Nitric acids.


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Effects of Air pollution


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Reduces visual range & atmospheric clarity, less contrast, less visibility

Damages vegetation, including leaves, needles, fruit, growth rate,

reproduction, hardiness.

Crop losses 1.9-5.4 bn/yr and 150,000-350,000 deaths/yr.

Degradation of human health, from mild problems e.g. eye irritation

getting severe, respiratory disease asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer.

CO, carbon monoxide released from incomplete combustion, cigarettes,

combines with hemoglobin and reduces bloods ability to carry oxygen.

Can overload or break down the natural defenses such as hair in our nose,

sticky mucus in the lining of the upper respiratory tract causing diseases

like lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis etc.


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Smoking is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon monoxide.

Exposure to air containing even 0.001% of carbon monoxide for several

hours can cause collapse, coma and even death.

CO is attached to blood hemoglobin reduces the oxygen carrying capacity

of blood. This impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes and causes

headaches, drowsiness, dizziness and nausea and blurred vision.

Nitrogen oxides and suspended particles both irritates lungs, aggravate

asthma or chronic bronchitis and increase respiratory infections.

Sulphur dioxide irritates respiratory tissues and chronic exposure causes

bronchitis.

It also affects photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolisms.


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Green House Effect


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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from

human activities.

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,

nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Carbon dioxide is a product of burning fossil fuel and wood.

Nitrous oxide (NO2) - by fertilizer use and released from decomposition of animal

wastes.

Methane (CH4) - by bacteria from sediments, swamps, and in flooded rice

paddies.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Freon (a refrigerant) deplete the ozone layer in the

upper atmosphere.

Halons, such as halocarbons, are released from fire extinguishers.

Water vapor in clouds reradiate heat back to Earth.


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Green House Effect

Carbon dioxide and other gases allow light to pass, but trap heat in the

atmosphere much like glass in a greenhouse traps heat.

This greenhouse effect is thought to be responsible for global warming.

Carbon dioxide contributes to only 56% of greenhouse heating.

The average surface temperature of Earth is about 15C (59F).

Global Warming increases the average temperature of the atmosphere,

oceans, and landmasses of Earth.


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Green House Effect


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Impact of Global warming Extreme temperatures

Rise in sea level and change in precipitation

Injuries from storms and coastal flooding

Interruption of power supply, contamination of drinking water

Drought

Food shortages due to shift in agricultural food production

Air pollution

Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema complications

Strain on public health systems

Increased need due to population migrations

Unable to control spread of infectious diseases


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Conserve Energy

Be energy-wise

Explore alternatives

Recycle as much as is possible.

Take showers instead of baths.

Check your taps.

Check the lights

Check your stove.

Use less cooking water.

Check the refrigerator.


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Acid rain - Causes and Effects


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Environmental Impact

Sterilization of lakes and forests.

Reduce the populations of small invertebrates and decomposers.

Reduce agricultural yields.

Cause extensive structural damage by corroding marble, metal, and

stonework.

Degrade water supplies by leaching heavy metals from the soil into

drinking-water supplies.

Increases in lung cancer and colon cancer.


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Acid Deposition


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Acid Rain

The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic

components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles.

The more accurate term is acid precipitation.

It has a harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure.

Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur

dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the

atmosphere to produce acids.

The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-

generating plants.

The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel

structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.


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Effects of Acid Rain

Acidify lakes and disrupt the normal cycling of nutrients,

leaches metals out of rocks and soil,

kill fish, plants; stress and defoliate trees due to moss growth, insect

attack, and loss of nutrients.


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Acid rain - Causes

The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from

human sources, such as electricity generation, factories and motor

vehicles.

Coal power plants are one of the most polluting.


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What are the sources of indoor air

pollution?


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Sources of indoor air pollutants

building materials,

cigarette smoking,

pesticides,

volatile organics from paints,

furniture, rugs, insulation etc.


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Sources of indoor air pollution

11 common pollutants 2-5 times

higher indoors than outair inside car 18 times more polluted

than air outside

17% of commercial buildings haveserious indoor air pollution problems- sick building syndrome

A h l i d i


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Are there any natural indoor airpollutants?

Radon gas accumulates in homes located

in areas built on granites, phosphates,

shales. Synergistic effect with tobacco smoke;

second leading cause of lung cancer

Sources: soils, groundwater, buildingmaterials.

Cannot be filtered out. Must be vented

out.

M d i d i


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Most dangerous indoor airpollutants

Cigarette smoke

formaldehyde

radioactive radon 222 gas asbestos

Others include: bacteria, fungi, dusts and

other particulates, pollen, CO2, CO, O3,NOx, SO2, building materials such as

fiberglass, etc.

S i f h f


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Suggestions for the future:

pollution prevention

full cost pricing i.e. shift costs to the

production of air pollutantsimprove energy efficiency

reduce use of fossil fuelsslow population growth

H i i h bl f


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How serious is the problem ofindoor air pollution?

People with respiratory ailments are

most affected

Asbestos inhalation may cause:asbestosis, lung cancer,

mesothelioma.

Asbestos workers, insulators pipefitters, shipyard employees.

What are some of the symptoms


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What are some of the symptomsof indoor air pollution?

Irritation of mucous membranes,

coughing,

dizziness,

nausea,

death.

G l l i


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General solutions:

switch from coal to cleaner fuels - use

natural gas

reduce energy use, improve energyefficiency

burn less coal, use lower sulfur coals. Coal

gasificationAfter burning the SO2 can be cleaned out

by scrubbing

taxing emissions

General solutions to indoor air


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General solutions to indoor airpollution:

Ventilation: fans

source removal: no smoking

source modification: more efficientstove design.

pollutant removal: filters

education


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Thank

you

air pollution v1

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