air pollution v1

Upload: hardik-r-dodia

Post on 05-Apr-2018

216 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    1/45

    Air Pollution

    Presented by

    Ruparel : 10Hardik : 11

    Jnyanesh : 18

    Vimal : 31

    Anand : 59

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    2/45

    Presentation outline

    What is pollution?

    Kinds of air pollution sources

    Sources of air pollutants Kinds of air pollutants

    Effects of air pollutants

    Green house effect and global warming

    Acid rain

    Indoor air pollution

    Control measures

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    3/45

    This is what earth looks like

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    4/45

    Pollution - Definition:

    Any addition to air, water, soil etc that

    threatens the health, survival of humans or otherliving organisms

    1. Natural - volcanic eruption

    2. Anthropogenic - burning coal

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    5/45

    Types of Sources:

    1. Point source - single,

    identifiable source e.g.

    smokestack, drainpipe etc

    2. Non-point source -

    dispersed source, e.g. runoff

    from pesticides, fertilizers

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    6/45

    Non-point sources

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    7/45

    Point source

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    8/45

    Key environmental problems

    Population growth

    Resource use without preventing pollution and

    reducing waste

    Degrading habitats and reduction of biodiversity

    Poverty

    Failure of govt. to encourage earth sustaining economic

    development

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    9/45

    The Atmosphere

    Gases that envelop the Earth and are held here by gravity regulates

    temperature.

    Major gases: -

    78.08% nitrogen

    20.95% oxygen

    0.93% argon

    0.03% carbon dioxide

    Trace amounts of water vapor (close to surface) 0.01% by volume near

    poles to 5% near equator and many others hydrogen, neon, helium,

    krypton, ozone and methane

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    10/45

    Composition of Air

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    11/45

    Layers of the atmosphere

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    12/45

    Major sources & Types of air

    pollution

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    13/45

    Air pollution : Definition

    Presenceof one or more chemicals in the

    atmosphere in sufficient quantities and duration

    to cause harm to humans etc.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    14/45

    Air pollution - Facts

    Air pollution results from human activities such as burning fossil fuels (oil, coal,

    and gasoline) to create electricity and power automobiles, and manufacture industrial

    products such as chemicals and plastic.

    The air pollutants are particulates, HC, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO3 - source may

    be industrial, autos, etc.

    The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to the warming of

    the global climate, the so-called "greenhouse effect."

    The increased Chloro fluoro-carbons in the atmosphere has been depleting

    stratospheric ozone.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    15/45

    Sources of Air pollution

    Natural:

    Volcanoes, Fumaroles and Hot springs

    Decay from marshes and bogs

    Increase ozone due to thunderstorms, fires.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    16/45

    Sources of Air pollution

    Man made:

    Stationary sources - Those that are fixed in location.

    Point sources e.g. smoke stacks, 14% air pollution from plants generating

    electricity; Fugitive sources e.g. construction sites, exposed areas;

    Area sources e.g. dense urban community or agricultural area

    Mobile sources -Those that move while polluting, e.g. trucks, cars, busses

    etc.

    60% of air pollution from motor vehicles. 80-88% in major cities!

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    17/45

    Main categories of Air

    pollutants

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    18/45

    Main categories - Air pollutants

    Primary:Those emitted directly into the air;

    Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

    Carbon monoxide (CO)

    Nitric oxide (NO)

    Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

    Secondary: Those that form as a result of a chemical reaction of the

    primary pollutant with a natural component of the environment.;

    Sulfuric Acid

    Nitric acids.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    19/45

    Effects of Air pollution

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    20/45

    Effects of Air pollution

    Reduces visual range & atmospheric clarity, less contrast, less visibility

    Damages vegetation, including leaves, needles, fruit, growth rate,

    reproduction, hardiness.

    Crop losses 1.9-5.4 bn/yr and 150,000-350,000 deaths/yr.

    Degradation of human health, from mild problems e.g. eye irritation

    getting severe, respiratory disease asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer.

    CO, carbon monoxide released from incomplete combustion, cigarettes,

    combines with hemoglobin and reduces bloods ability to carry oxygen.

    Can overload or break down the natural defenses such as hair in our nose,

    sticky mucus in the lining of the upper respiratory tract causing diseases

    like lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis etc.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    21/45

    Effects of Air pollution

    Smoking is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon monoxide.

    Exposure to air containing even 0.001% of carbon monoxide for several

    hours can cause collapse, coma and even death.

    CO is attached to blood hemoglobin reduces the oxygen carrying capacity

    of blood. This impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes and causes

    headaches, drowsiness, dizziness and nausea and blurred vision.

    Nitrogen oxides and suspended particles both irritates lungs, aggravate

    asthma or chronic bronchitis and increase respiratory infections.

    Sulphur dioxide irritates respiratory tissues and chronic exposure causes

    bronchitis.

    It also affects photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolisms.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    22/45

    Green House Effect

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    23/45

    Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from

    human activities.

    Naturally occurring greenhouse gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,

    nitrous oxide, and ozone.

    Carbon dioxide is a product of burning fossil fuel and wood.

    Nitrous oxide (NO2) - by fertilizer use and released from decomposition of animal

    wastes.

    Methane (CH4) - by bacteria from sediments, swamps, and in flooded rice

    paddies.

    Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Freon (a refrigerant) deplete the ozone layer in the

    upper atmosphere.

    Halons, such as halocarbons, are released from fire extinguishers.

    Water vapor in clouds reradiate heat back to Earth.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    24/45

    Green House Effect

    Carbon dioxide and other gases allow light to pass, but trap heat in the

    atmosphere much like glass in a greenhouse traps heat.

    This greenhouse effect is thought to be responsible for global warming.

    Carbon dioxide contributes to only 56% of greenhouse heating.

    The average surface temperature of Earth is about 15C (59F).

    Global Warming increases the average temperature of the atmosphere,

    oceans, and landmasses of Earth.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    25/45

    Green House Effect

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    26/45

    Impact of Global warming Extreme temperatures

    Rise in sea level and change in precipitation

    Injuries from storms and coastal flooding

    Interruption of power supply, contamination of drinking water

    Drought

    Food shortages due to shift in agricultural food production

    Air pollution

    Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema complications

    Strain on public health systems

    Increased need due to population migrations

    Unable to control spread of infectious diseases

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    27/45

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    28/45

    Conserve Energy

    Be energy-wise

    Explore alternatives

    Recycle as much as is possible.

    Take showers instead of baths.

    Check your taps.

    Check the lights

    Check your stove.

    Use less cooking water.

    Check the refrigerator.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    29/45

    Acid rain - Causes and Effects

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    30/45

    Environmental Impact

    Sterilization of lakes and forests.

    Reduce the populations of small invertebrates and decomposers.

    Reduce agricultural yields.

    Cause extensive structural damage by corroding marble, metal, and

    stonework.

    Degrade water supplies by leaching heavy metals from the soil into

    drinking-water supplies.

    Increases in lung cancer and colon cancer.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    31/45

    Acid Deposition

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    32/45

    Acid Rain

    The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic

    components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles.

    The more accurate term is acid precipitation.

    It has a harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure.

    Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur

    dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the

    atmosphere to produce acids.

    The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-

    generating plants.

    The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel

    structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    33/45

    Effects of Acid Rain

    Acidify lakes and disrupt the normal cycling of nutrients,

    leaches metals out of rocks and soil,

    kill fish, plants; stress and defoliate trees due to moss growth, insect

    attack, and loss of nutrients.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    34/45

    Acid rain - Causes

    The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from

    human sources, such as electricity generation, factories and motor

    vehicles.

    Coal power plants are one of the most polluting.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    35/45

    What are the sources of indoor air

    pollution?

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    36/45

    Sources of indoor air pollutants

    building materials,

    cigarette smoking,

    pesticides,

    volatile organics from paints,

    furniture, rugs, insulation etc.

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    37/45

    Sources of indoor air pollution

    11 common pollutants 2-5 times

    higher indoors than outair inside car 18 times more polluted

    than air outside

    17% of commercial buildings haveserious indoor air pollution problems- sick building syndrome

    A h l i d i

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    38/45

    Are there any natural indoor airpollutants?

    Radon gas accumulates in homes located

    in areas built on granites, phosphates,

    shales. Synergistic effect with tobacco smoke;

    second leading cause of lung cancer

    Sources: soils, groundwater, buildingmaterials.

    Cannot be filtered out. Must be vented

    out.

    M d i d i

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    39/45

    Most dangerous indoor airpollutants

    Cigarette smoke

    formaldehyde

    radioactive radon 222 gas asbestos

    Others include: bacteria, fungi, dusts and

    other particulates, pollen, CO2, CO, O3,NOx, SO2, building materials such as

    fiberglass, etc.

    S i f h f

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    40/45

    Suggestions for the future:

    pollution prevention

    full cost pricing i.e. shift costs to the

    production of air pollutantsimprove energy efficiency

    reduce use of fossil fuelsslow population growth

    H i i h bl f

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    41/45

    How serious is the problem ofindoor air pollution?

    People with respiratory ailments are

    most affected

    Asbestos inhalation may cause:asbestosis, lung cancer,

    mesothelioma.

    Asbestos workers, insulators pipefitters, shipyard employees.

    What are some of the symptoms

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    42/45

    What are some of the symptomsof indoor air pollution?

    Irritation of mucous membranes,

    coughing,

    dizziness,

    nausea,

    death.

    G l l i

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    43/45

    General solutions:

    switch from coal to cleaner fuels - use

    natural gas

    reduce energy use, improve energyefficiency

    burn less coal, use lower sulfur coals. Coal

    gasificationAfter burning the SO2 can be cleaned out

    by scrubbing

    taxing emissions

    General solutions to indoor air

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    44/45

    General solutions to indoor airpollution:

    Ventilation: fans

    source removal: no smoking

    source modification: more efficientstove design.

    pollutant removal: filters

    education

  • 7/31/2019 Air Pollution v1

    45/45

    Thank

    you