air quality and multimodal evaluation of an adaptive traffic signal system: a case study on powell...
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Air Quality and Multimodal Evaluation of an Adaptive Traffic Signal System: a case study on Powell Boulevard (Portland, Oregon)
Courtney SlavinDr. Miguel FigliozziWestern District ITE ConferenceSanta Barbara, CATuesday, June 26th, 2012
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Outline• Objective• Air Pollution• Powell Boulevard Background• Adaptive Traffic Signal Control• Data Collection• Analysis • Conclusions• Future Work
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Objective• Is air quality affected by traffic signal
timing?• What factors are significantly contributing
to air pollution?
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Air Pollution• Regulated by US EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency)• NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality
Standards)– Carbon monoxide– Particulate matter– Nitrogen oxide– Sulfur oxide– Smog– Lead
http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ 4
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)• From incomplete combustion of fuel• Reduces amount of oxygen to the body • Health effects: visual impairment, headaches,
reduced work capacity (EPA)
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Particulate Matter (PM)
http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/basic.htmlVallero, D. Fundamentals of air pollution. Academic press, 2008. 6
• Made up of acids, organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles
• PM2.5 particles ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter• Regulated
• Ultrafine particles (UFP) ≤ 0.1 µm in diameter• Not regulated
• Smaller sizes travel deeper into lungs• Health effects: asthma, respiratory infections,
cardiovascular disease, chronic bronchitis
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http://www.mapquest.com/
Powell Blvd. Background
• Urban commuter arterial in Portland, Oregon
• Connects Portland downtown to Gresham
• High frequency bus route
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Traffic Volumes
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• Peak Hour– Westbound: 1,500 vehicles (7-8 am)– Eastbound: 1,800 vehicles (4-5 pm)
• Daily– Westbound: 19,000 – 22,000 vehicles– Eastbound: 18,000 – 20,000 vehicles– Total: 40,000 vehicles
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Adaptive Traffic Signal Control• The City of Portland implemented an adaptive
traffic signal system along Powell Boulevard on October 8th, 2011
• SCATS: Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System • Developed in Australia• SCATS adjusts cycle length, phase splits, and
offsets to optimize traffic• Maintains the highest acceptable degree of
saturation
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Data CollectionPowell Blvd. & 26th Avenue
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Data Collection
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• Wednesday, October 26th, 2011
• Morning (7-9 am) peak period
• Equipment location:– 3’ from side of bus shelter– 12’ from curb– 5’ height for tubing
• Bus and heavy vehicle presence
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Data Collection Setup
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Powell Blvd.
26th
Ave
.Bus Shelter
West
P-Trak: UFPDust Trak: PM2.5 Langan: COHobo Data Logger: Temperature, Humidity
NE Corner
Anemometer: Wind Speed & Direction
NW Corner
SW Corner SE Corner
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Traffic Signal Timing Data
• Before SCATS: Time of day plans• After SCATS: Adaptive timing plans
– Detector volumes – Phase timing (start and end time times)– Cycle length
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Phasing Diagram
Powell Blvd.26
th Ave.4
4
6
2
Bus Shelter
1 5
Phase(s) MovementsA 2 & 6 WBTH & EBTHC 2 & 5 WBTH & WBLTE 1 & 6 EBTH & EBLTF 1 & 5 EBLT & WBLTD 4 NBTH & SBTH
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• 3 left turn options depending on demand
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Analysis
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• Phasing descriptive statistics• Cycle length comparison
– Adaptive vs. Time of Day• Regression analysis
– Which of the following factors are significant in explaining pollutant levels (UFP, PM2.5 & CO)?
• Traffic signal timing parameters• Traffic volumes• Heavy vehicles• Transit buses
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Phasing Descriptive Statistics(in seconds)
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Min Median Mean Standard Deviation Max Frequency TOD
Phase A 56 70 72.05 10.32 120 63 60
Phase C 5 13 12.57 4.19 22 30
20Phase E 9 13 12.63 2.00 15 8
Phase F 10 13 13.42 2.16 20 31
Phase D 12 33 29.05 6.51 33 63 32
Cycle Length 80 116 115.29 14.29 168 63 110
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Adaptive vs. Time of Day Cycle Length
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07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00
80
10
01
20
14
01
60
October 26, 2011
Cyc
le L
en
gth
(se
cs)
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Regression Analysis Results – PM2.5
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Parameter % Change per Unit Change in X
% Change per 1% Change in X
% Mean Contribution*
Bus Red Light (secs) 0.50 0.004 0.44
Heavy Vehicle Presence (1 or 0)
8.12 0.002 0.24
Green A (secs)Green E (secs)Green D (secs)
-0.280.490.26
-0.2040.0090.075
-18.490.917.79
Volume/Cycle (vehs) 0.06 0.063 6.45
*Relative to baseline (sum of constant, temperature, and relative humidity
For example: 1 extra second of green time for Phase A reduces PM2.5 by 0.28%.
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Conclusions
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• Longer green time on Powell reduces air pollution
• Relative to the baseline atmospheric conditions, the largest mean contributions to in PM2.5 are:– Green A: 19% reduction– Green D: 8% increase– Volume: 7% increase – Heavy vehicles and bus presence are < 1%
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Future Work• Include CO2
• Analysis at other two corners of the intersection
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Acknowledgements• Oregon Transportation, Research and Education Consortium
(OTREC)• Peter Koonce & Willie Rotich (City of Portland
Transportation Bureau)• David Crout & Kurtis McCoy (TriMet)• Eric Albright (Portland State University)
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Questions?
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Courtney SlavinGraduate Student and Research Assistant, ITS LABDepartment of Civil & Environmental Engineering Portland State University Phone: 971-237-3049Email: [email protected]
Miguel FigliozziAssociate Professor Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringPortland State University P.O. Box 751Portland, OR 97207Phone: 503-725-2836 Email: [email protected]
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References• Particulate Matter: Air & Radiation. Six Common Air Pollutants. [Online]
US EPA. [Cited: July 2, 2011.] http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/• Vallero, D. Fundamentals of air pollution. Academic press, 2008.• Particulate Matter: Air & Radiation. Basic Information. [Online] US EPA.
[Cited: July 2, 2011.] http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/basic.html.
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Regression Analysis Results – UFP
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Parameter % Change per Unit Change in X
% Change per 1% Change in X
% Mean Contribution*
Bus Red Light (secs) 0.77 0.007 0.67
Green A (secs)Green C (secs)
-0.260.27
-0.1880.015
-17.161.56
Volume/Cycle (vehs) 0.29 0.279 32.16
*Relative to baseline (sum of constant, temperature, and relative humidity
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Regression Analysis Results – CO
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Parameter % Change per Unit Change in X
% Change per 1% Change in X
% Mean Contribution*
Diesel Particulate Filter on Bus (1 or 0)
-11.74 -0.006 -0.61
Heavy Vehicle Presence (1 or 0)
19.57 0.005 0.55
Green A (secs)Green F (secs)Green C (secs)Cycle Length (secs)
-0.33-1.05-0.90-0.47
-0.237-0.070-0.052-0.545
-21.09-6.76-511
-44.08Volume/Cycle (vehs) 0.54 0.519 67.76
*Relative to baseline (sum of constant, temperature, and relative humidity