air quality challenges in east africa
TRANSCRIPT
AIR QUALITY CHALLENGES IN
EAST AFRICA
Recent Advancements in Air
Quality Strategy Development in
East Africa
Victor Nthusi
14/11/2019, UNON Complex Gigiri
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CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION
Exhaust
EmissionsDispersion
Ambient
Pollutant
Concentration
Health
Effects
Air Quality
Modelling
Air Quality
Monitoring
Control
Measures
Emission
Inventory
2
CURRENT STATE OF AIR QUALITY IN
AFRICA
Air Quality
Modelling
Air Quality
Monitoring
Control
Measures
Source: Heft-Neal et al. (2018) Source: GAWSIS (2018)Source: UN Environment
(2016)
4
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA?
politics
evidence delivery
policy
localnational
Important drivers with
clear economic impact
5
GOVERNANCE APPROACH?
Air Quality
Domestic emissions
Industrial Emissions
Vehicle emissions
Vehicle
emissions
standards
Monitoring,
assessment
and
enforcement
Air quality
standards
Fuel standards
National Air
Quality
Strategy
Local air
quality
management
plans
Local authority
Air Pollution
Control permits
Disincentives
on cooking
fuels
6
Sub-Regional (EAC) →---------------------------------------- → National
Vehicle emission standards
- inspection and maintenance of in-
use vehicles
- introduce progressive standards for
new vehicles
Fuel standards
- sulphur limit: 50ppm
- phase in ultra low sulphur fuel –
10ppm
• Legislation
- governments transpose EAC
- standards into domestic legislation
- EAC regulations have direct effect
• Air quality strategy
- air quality standards and objectives for key pollutants
- sets out how different sectors can contribute to achieving objectives
• Implementation
Standards Legislation
POLICY INSTRUMENT?
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COMPARISON BETWEEN EAST AFRICAN CITIES
Category Examples City (where this recommendation
has been made)
Regulatory a) Setting air quality standards and limit values
b) Regulations on vehicle age and emission
standards
c) Stringent emission norms for contributing sources
Addis [a, b & c]
Kigali [a, b & c]
Nairobi [c]
Technical a) Cleaner vehicles and improved fuel quality
b) Use of pollution abatement technologies for
industry
Addis [a & b]
Kigali [a & b]
Nairobi [a &b]
Market-based a) Incentives for cleaner vehicles and industrial
production processes
b) Disincentives or taxes on use of old polluting
technologies
c) Subsidies on clean cooking options
d) Promoting best practice
Addis [ a, b & d]
Kigali [a, b & c ]
Nairobi [a, b &d]
Educational a) Informing and involving public in AQM process
b) Provision of air quality data to public
Addis [a]
Kigali [a]
Nairobi [a]
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AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT NATIONAL LEVEL
Legal and Institutional Framework
Constitution of Kenya 2010
o Article 42: Every person has a right to a clean and healthy environment
o Article 69: Obligation of the state in respect to the environment
Environmental Management and Co-ordination 1999 & Amendment 2015
Air quality regulations 2014
o Ambient air quality limits prescribed in the first schedule
o Priority air pollutants prescribed in the second schedule
Climate Change Act 2016 (focus on GHG emissions)
o Kenya has committed to reduce emissions by 30% by 2030 through the
Paris Agreement
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources – coordination role
o National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) – enforcement
o Kenya Meteorological Department (ambient air quality monitoring)
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AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT CITY LEVEL
Nairobi Air Quality Action Plan
Goal 1:
Build
Scientific
Evidence
Actions
a)Establish
monitoring
network
b)Build capacities
c)Establish air
pollution baseline
d)Estimate health
and environmental
impacts
Goal 3:
Develop
control
measures
Actions
a)Develop Air
Quality Policy
b)Develop air
quality legislation
c)Develop an
implementation
strategy for the air
quality legislation
Goal 2:
Raise
awareness
on impacts
Actions
a)Develop
communications
strategy for
disseminating air
quality
information
b)Develop public
participation
strategy for air
quality
management
Goal 4:
Implementation
& enforcement
of regulations
Actions
a)Build capacities of
enforcement officers
b)Develop guidance for
implementation
c)Monitor compliance
d)Evaluate performance
of the action plan and
reinforce as
necessary
2018 2022
CIDP Implementation Period
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KIGALI, RWANDA
AQ MESH RAMPS
Nephelometer
Reference
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ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA &
KAMPALA, UGANDA
1) IAAF/UNEP Partnership – Installed
monitor in Addis stadium in November
2018, for PM, NOx and O3
2) US DoS/UNEP Partnership – Install 5 to
10 monitors in Addis and Kampala:
o Focus on particulate matter
o In Addis 6-month colocation study
ongoing at International School (BAM
1020)
o In Kampala colocation study to begin in
partnership with US Embassy
o Institutional capacity building embedded
for both cities
Thank you
Victor Nthusi
Air Quality and Mobility Unit
Economy Division
www.unep.org