air quality management in the mexico city metropolitan area
TRANSCRIPT
AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA
J. Víctor Hugo Páramo FigueroaNational Institute of Ecology and Climate Change
Delhi, India- 2016
CONNECTKaro
Air Pollution in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA)
More than 22 million inhabitants
More than 5 million vehicles
More than 80,200 million km/year traveled in automobiles
More than 22 million of daily motorized trips
More than 5.3 million households
More than 78 thousand industries
More than 123 thousand commercial and service establishments
Daily energy consumption equivalent to 45 million liters of gasoline
× High altitude× Poor ventilation× Strong sun insolation× Poor air quality
regulation0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Con
cent
raci
ón [p
pm]
Promedio anual de partículas PM10
10
13
16
19
22
25
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Mill
ones
de
habi
tant
es
Población
0
150
300
450
600
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Con
sum
o [P
J/añ
o]
Consumo energético
Transporte
Total
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Mill
ones
de
vehí
culo
s
Vehículos
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.17
0.21
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Con
cent
raci
ón [p
pm]
Promedio anual del máximo diario de ozono
Annual average of particulates PM10
Annual average of daily maximum ozone concentration
Energy consumption
Vehicles
Population
a
a
Air Quality Evolution in the MCMA
Ozone PM10 PM2.5
Challenges to Improve Air Quality in the MCMA
Inspection and maintenance program for vehicles
Replacement of worn catalityc converters program
No-Driving day program
Air quality monitoring
Air quality modelling and emission inventories
Smog and particulate alert program
Improvement of vehicular, industrial and domestic fuels
Introduction of cleaner and more efficient vehicles
Mantain and improve continuity programs and measures that have contributed to air quality improvement:
Air Quality Trends in the MCMA – Lead _Pb
12 3 4 5 6
1.- Between 1986 and 1990 tetraethyl lead “TL” content in gasoline passed from 3.5 ml/gal to an interval between 0.5 to 1 ml/gal.
2.- June 1991, TL content in gasoline between 0.3 to 0.54 ml/gal.
3.- October 1992, TL content in gasoline between 0.2 to 0.3 ml/gal.
4.- December 1994, TL content in gasoline between 0.1 to 0.2 ml/gal on winter season.
5.- 1996, Marketing of a new gasoline without lead.
6.- 1997, Concludes phase-out of leaded gasoline.
Air Quality Standard=1.5µg/m3
Air Quality Trends in the MCMA – Sulphur Dioxide_SO2
1.- 1986, Start the use of natural gas in industries.
2.- 1991, Start the replacement of national diesel with 2% sulphur content by industrial diesel with 1% of sulphur, and the replacement of heavy fuel oil 3.8% S content by light fuel oil (3% S) .
3.- 1992, Only natural gas consumption in power plants.
4.- 1993, Replacement of vehicle diesel with 0.5% S content by vehicle diesel with 0.05% S content.
5.- 1994, Replacement of light fuel oil by “gasoleo” with 2% S content.
6.- 1997, Replacement of industrial diesel with 1% S content by diesel with 0.05% S content.
7.- 1998, All industrial fuels, must have less than 1% S content.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
24 hr AQS=130 ppb
Annual AQS=30 ppb
Air Quality Trends in the MCMA – Carbon Monoxide_CO
1.- 1989, Oxygenated gasoline with 5% of MTB.
2.- 1991, Two ways catalytic converters were instaled on new cars.
3.- 1992, Start the use of liquified petroleum gas on
intensive use vehicles.
4.- 1993, The Inspection and Manintenance Program introduced the BAR 90 system, and
All new gasoilne vehicles incorporates three ways CC.
5.- 1997, Inspection and Manintenance Program introduced the BAR 97 system, dynamic test.
6.- 1998, Start the use of compressed natural gas on intensive use vehicles.
7.- 1999, Start detection and replacement of damaged catalytic converters.
Air Quality Standard=11 ppm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Air Quality Trends in the MCMA – Particles_PM10
1.- 1991, Closing of the city Refinery.
2.- 1992, Start audits in federal responsability industry (Enforcement).
3.- 1993, Replacement of diesel engines of public buses.
4.- 1994, Start rule setting for emission levels and quality of fuel combustion in industry.
5.- 1998, Plantation of more than 2.2 million of trees. 6.- 1999, Ecological recovery of the Sierra de Guadalupe,
Sierra de Santa Catarina, and lacustrine areas of Texcoco, Tlahuac and Zumpango.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Air Quality Trends in the MCMA – Ozone_O3
1.- 1989, Start of the one day without car program.
2.- 1990, Initiates the transfer of big heavy industries to the periphery of the city.
3.- 1991, Two way catalytic converters were instaled on
new cars.
4.- 1992, Reduction of reactive hydrocarbons content in gasoline.
5.- 1993, All new gasoilne vehicles with three way CC.
6.- 1995, Vapor recovery systems were installed on gas stations and storage tanks of gasoline.
8.- 1999, Opening of a new Metro line.
9.- 2000- 2012, Growth of the public transportation system, including BRTs, public bicycles and a new Metro line.
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1-Hour Maximum Anual Ozone Concentration in MCMA (2000 - 2016)
HNC 2015 HNC 20160
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000Restringidos Exentos
45%
85%
15%
55%
In the MCMA since the begining of the 90’s applies a mandatory “Day without car” program (Hoy No Circula- HNC) that makes that daily a portion of vehicles can not circulate.
Until June 2015, vehicles less of 8 years old and with low emissions, evaluated in the I/M program, could circulate every day.
In that circumpstance, more than 10% of the vehicles could not circulate during the working days of the week.
This prescription was retired and at the end of last year that made that the 85% of the vehicle fleet could circulate daily.
Restricted Exempt
Possible Causes of High Air Pollution
Possible Causes of High Air Pollution
4 7 10 15 17 20 25 300
1
2
3
4
5
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8
9
Speed (km/h)
Em
issio
n Fa
ctor
(gr/
km)
Volatile Organic CompoundsThe increase in the number of vehicles circulating made that emissions increased due to:
Much more vehicles circulating daily.
A higher traffic congestion wich makes circulating speed much more lower, increasing emissions of each vehicle.
Impulse Necessary Measures to Improve Air Quality
i. Stop urban sprawlii. Integrate a high capacity metropolitan transport system (Underground, suburban trains,
light trains, BRTs)iii. Ecosystemic planning of the MCMAiv. Promote local sustainable transport (bicycles and walking)v. Build self-suficient urban centers (households, schools, commerces and services, jobs)vi. Continue using clean fuelsvii. Promote the use of cleaner and more efficient vehicles that incorporate state of the art
emissions control technologiesviii.Reduce the number of trips made in private carsix. Promote clean industriesx. Enforce air quality regulations compliance in the MCMAxi. Increase green areas and clean streets and roads in the urban area
Thank you!!!!!!
J. Victor Hugo Páramo Figueroa
www.inecc.gob.mx