Air Quality Monitoring Networks

Flemish Environment AgencyVMM – Antwerp - Belgium

Edward RoekensVisit Balkan, Brussels, 31/03/09

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Overview

• VMM• Air Quality Networks• State of the Environment - Air• PM 2.5

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VMM - mission

VMM = internally independent agency with powers of jurisdiction (°1990)

Founding Decree of 23 December 2005: mission“contribute to • the realisation of the objectives of the environmental

policy by preventing, limiting and eliminating the harmful effects to water systems and the atmosphere and by reporting on the state of the environment and

• the realisation of the objectives of integrated water management.”

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VMM tasks related to air

• Drawin up an Emission Inventory• Air Quality Monitoring Networks• Advising

• On the granting of environmental permits• Spatial Planning

• Input• State of the Environment Report (MIRA)• Environmental Policy Plan (MINA)

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VMM tasks related to air

• Input: International Policy regarding Air• IRCEL: Interregional Cel for the Environment

• Calibration • Database• Reporting to the EU commission• Smog alerts for Belgium

• Information to the public, reports, • Websites

• www.vmm.be• www.irceline.be

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Telemetric network (37 stations)• Local networks (29 stations)• Mobile laboratory• Network heavy metals (20 stations)• Acid deposition (9 stations)• Organic measurements

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Telemetric network (37 stations)

• SO2, NOx, O3, PM10 and PM2.5, carbon, BTEX, CO, black smoke

• meteo

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Telemetric Network stations 2007

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Measurement station

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Automatic monitors

SO2 – analysis UV-fluorescence

Fine Dust analysis-absorption

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Local networks (23 stations)

• SO2, NOx, PM10 en PM2.5, carbon, black smoke, BTEX, VOC

• Hg • HF (stopped in 2008)

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Monitors 2009 TM LN Need07 95-09

• SO2 22 6 14 -13

• NOx 30 8 17 +24

• O3 20 - 14 +8

• PM10/PM2.5 19/5 14/7 25 +22/+12

• CO 6 - 0 if model +6

• Black smoke/Carbon 3/1 3/4

• Meteo 5 3

• BTEX 5 5 0-8

• Hg - 2

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Needed

Needed for diffuse sources, taking in account concentrations and population density

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Measurement station: local network

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Local network in 2007

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Mobile laboratory• SO2, NOx, O3, PM10, PM2.5• meteo

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Network heavy metals • particles in suspension

small particles ~ PM1020 stations

• deposition of particlesbigger particles10 jauges: non-ferro and background

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Monitoring heavy metals in particulate matter

• Sites (2009)• 20 stations equipped with PM10-Samplers • Industrial

• Non Ferrous : Hoboken and Beerse• Steel: Zelzate and Genk

• Urban : Antwerp ( more > 500.000 citizens) and Ghent

• Rural : Koksijde near the North Sea Coast

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Monitoring heavy metals in PM10 : 2007

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Sampling: Leckel PM10 sequential sampler

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Heavy metals

• PW2400 instrument WD-XRF• 2 tubes/ measurement time

• Rh tube: As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn : 12 min per sample

• Cr tube: Cd and Sb 3 min per sample

• Epsilon 5 -3D-ED-XRF toestel

• Gd buis with different targets

• Measurement time 30 min per sample

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Acid deposition• 9 monitoring stations

• Natural reserves

• Rainwater: anion + cations

nitrate, sulphate, ammonium

• Dry deposition: NH3, NOx, SO2 by passive samplers

+ depositon speed

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Air Quality Monitoring Networks

• Organic measurements• VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds

8 stations50 components

• PAH - Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons 6 stations, 10PAH + 5 nitro - PAH

• Pesticides in rainwater

• Dioxin and PCB deposition in 50 stations

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VOC• Monitors:, BTEX, VOC

• Manual sampling• 24hr sample every 4th day• Carbotrap

• GC-MS analysis

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PAH

• Low Volume Sampling : 48 m³/day for PAH

• High volume sampling: 120 m³ for nitro-PAH New method: absorption tubes

• Quartz fibre filters : 47 mm diameter

• HPLC with fluoresence detection

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Dioxine deposition

Sampling• Bergerhoff deposition jar

glass jar : 9,5 cm inner diameter20 cm height

• Period 28 2 days

Analysis• Pretreatment

Extraction with dichloromethane• Analysis HRGC-HRMS

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EU limit values – 2008/50/EC

avg time 1-hour max 8-hour 24-hours yearSO2 350 24x yr 125 3x yr

NO2 200 18x yr 40 (2010)

PM10 50 35x yr 40

Pb 0,5

CO 10 000

Benzene 5(2010)

120 25x yr

O3 3y_avgTarget Value (2010) (concentrations in µg/m³)

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EU target values – 2004/107/EC

Flanders Hot SpotAs µg/m³ Hb, Beerse

Cd 5 µg/m³ Beerse, (Hb, Genk)

Ni 20 µg/m³ Genk

BaP 1µg/m³ with actual wrong reference method

could be

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Actual situation 2007 PM10

• Yearly L.V. no exceedances, except Oostrozebeke

• Daily L.V. many exceedances

• 2008 favourable

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Exceedances of daily limit value PM10

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PM10: yearly mean 2007

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

µg/m³

industrieel gebied stedelijk gebied voorstedelijk gebied

landelijk gebied jaargrensw aarde vanaf 2005

Evolution PM10 yearly mean

Back-ground level: 30 µg/m³

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PM2,5 yearly mean2004 - 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

42N045 42R801* 42R841 44N029** 44R731

µg/m³

2004 2005 2006 2007

*: 42R801: 64% gegevens in 2005; **: 44N029: 54% gegevens in 2004

Levels in Flanders: 20 – 25 µg/m3

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Actual situation 2007 NO2

• Yearly L.V. 2010

• Exceedances in Antwerp agglomeration/harbour

• Study with passive samplers in 2004: also exceedances in cities: Ghent, Leuven, Hasselt

• Probably also in other traffic intense environments t.e. Mortsel

• New study with passive samplers will be planned for 2010

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NO2: yearly mean 2007

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010

2030

4050

6070

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

µg/m

³

x-mean industrie x-mean landelijk x-mean stedelijk x-mean voorstedelijk

GW 2010

GW + OM

Evolution NO2 yearly mean

Increase in industry in 96-97 due to extra stations

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Actual situation 2007

SO2 ,benzene, CO

• No exceedances

Benzo – α – pyrene

• No exceedances, however reference method gives an underestimation

Pb, Cd, As, Ni

• Local problems around non – ferro resp. steel industry

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Yearly mean benzene 2007

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

µg/m

³

mean min max

EU-grensw aarde

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Ozone: Protection human health 2007

Mean Flanders : 887 µg/m³.hrMLTD (2010) : 5800 µg/m³.hr

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Benzo(a)pyrene