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Air raids on Japan by the Allies in World War II caused extensive destruction

and casualties; the most commonly cited estimates are 333,000 killed and

473,000 ounded! "urin# the $rst years o% the &aci$c War, these attacks

ere limited to the "oolittle 'aid in April ()4* and small+scale raids on

military positions in the uril Islands startin# in mid+()43! -trate#ic bombin#

raids be#an in June ()44 and ere #reatly expanded in .ovember! /he raidsinitially attempted to tar#et industrial %acilities, but %rom arch ()41 onards

ere #enerally directed a#ainst urban areas! Aircra%t 2yin# %rom aircra%t

carriers and the 'yukyu Islands also %reuently struck tar#ets in Japan durin#

()41 in preparation %or an Allied invasion planned %or ctober! In early

Au#ust, the cities o% 5iroshima and .a#asaki ere struck and mostly

destroyed by atomic bombs! Japan6s military and civil de%enses ere not

capable o% protectin# the country, and the Allied %orces #enerally suered %e

losses! /he bombin# campai#n as one o% the main %actors in the Japanese

#overnment6s decision to surrender in mid+Au#ust ()41! .evertheless, there

has been a lon#+runnin# debate over the attacks on Japanese cities, and the

decision to use atomic eapons has been particularly controversial

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-pace8 9'-+7 as a private American rocket car#o resupply mission to the

International -pace -tation, contracted to .A-A, hich launched and %ailed

on June *:, *0(1! It disinte#rated (3) seconds into the 2i#ht a%ter launch

%rom 9ape 9anaveral, ust be%ore the $rst sta#e as to separate %rom the

second sta#e!alcon ) v(!(! It as the nineteenth overall 2i#ht

%or the >alcon ) and the %ourteenth 2i#ht %or the substantially up#raded

>alcon ) v(!(!