air
TRANSCRIPT
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ALL INDIA INSTITUTE OF LOCAL SELF
GOVERNMENT
DELHI
“AIR & Meteorological Environment”
An- Overview for Paramedical
DR.P.P.SINGH
By
Dr. P.P.SINGH
Faculty AIILSGD
Ex Medical Superintendent Cum Consultant pathologist HRH Delhi
Ex. Director India Population Project 8 Delhi..
Source from the book of AIILSG. & WHO publications.
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INTRODUCTION
All living have
essential 5
element .
AIR
WATER
EARTH
AGANI
AKASH
DR.P.P.SINGH
AIR
SPACE
EARTHWATER
FIRE
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AIR* EARTH IS SURROUNDED BY AIR, & IS MAN’S
IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT.
*AIR IS NECESSARY FOR ALL FORMS OF LIFE DUE
TO O2.
* AIR COOLS THE BODY.
* AIR REQUIRED FOR SMELL & HEARING.
*BUT THROUGH AIR DUST, SMOKE, POISONOUS
GASES AND DISEASE PRODUCING
ORGANISMS CAN ENTER THE BODY AND
DAMAGES THE LIVINGS.
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* AIR HAS PRESSURE --- PRODUCES AIR
PRESSURE.
* AIR MOVES ACROSS SURFACE --- FORM WIND.
* SUN CAUSES WIND BECAUSE OF HEAT EARTH
UNEVENLY.
* AIR RESISTS THE MOTION AND ITS FORCE IS
CALLED AIR RESISTANCE
* AIR CONTAINS – O2, CO2, N2 & OTHER GASES
NEON ,KRYPTON , RADON THORON,
OZONE & WATER VAPORS, DUST ,
ORGANIC MATTER ETC.
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Air we breathe through Respiratory System
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COMPOSITION OF AIR INSPIRED EXPIRED
1. OXYGEN 20.9% 16.5%
2. CARBON DI OXIDE 00.04%
4.44%
3 NITROGEN 79% 79%
4. WATER VAPORS AS IN AIR AS IN
AIR
5. TEMPERATURE ,, ,,
6. ORGANIC MATTER ,, ,,
7. OTHER GASES TRACE
SAME
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PROPERTIES OF AIR
1. OXYGEN –FROM LIFE & COMBUSTION – IT IS
STRONG & ACTIVE
2.NITROGEN - INERT GAS – PURPOSE TO
DILUTING O2
3. CO2 -- SMALL AMOUNT , VITAL FOR
GROWTH OF VEGETABLE LIFE –
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
( CO2 + SUN + CHLOROPHYLL)
(GIVE FOOD / ENERGY TO PLANT +
O2 )
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SOURCES OF CO2
* RESPIRATION
* FERMENTATION & PURIFICATION OF
ORGANIC MATTER
* COMBUSTION
* EMANATION FROM SOIL &
VOLCANOES
OTHER GASES – INERT GASES – HE, KRYON
,RANDON ARE UNIMPORTANT
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WATER VAPORS – 1-5% , INCREASES WITH
TEMPERATURE OF AIR.
-- BREATHING 250 GRAM / DAY .
-- EVAPORATION OF PERSPIRATION
IS LESS IF WARM & HUMID AIR –
LEADS TO SUFFOCATION .
-- 1 CC OF WATER EVAPORATE
GIVES 540 CAL. LATENT HEAT.
TEMPERATURE - HEAT IS LOST FROM BODY
A, CONDUCTION.
B, CONVECTION
C. RADIATION
D, EVAPORATION
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ORGANIC MATTER – INCREASED ORGANIC MATTER IS DUE TO
BREATHING MAY NOT HAVE EFFECT BUT MICROBES MAY
CAUSE DISEASES .
EFFECTS OF CHANGES OF AIR ON HUMAN BODY.
I, IN OUT SIDE AIR O2 NEVER BECOME LESS THAN 20%
EXCEPT IN MINES – 18% .
II , IF IN AIR CO2 BECOME 0.07% NO ILL EFFECT & IT
SHOULD NEVER ABOVE 0.09% . IN WORST VENTILATED PLACE
CO2 = 1%.
SO . IF O2 GOES LESS OR CO2 GOES HIGH OR
INCREASE OF ORGANIC MATTER
– THERE WILL BE DISCOMFORT IN THE ROOM.
- LEADS TO INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE OF AIR .
-- INCREASE IN HUMIDITY
-- LAC OF MOVEMENT OF
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LEONARD HILL EXPERIMENT
8 PEOPLE IN GLASS ROOM MADE TO
BREATH FRESH AIR FROM OUT SIDE.
EFFECT AFTER SOME TIME IS O2
BECOME 16% AND CO2 BECOMES 4%
LEADING TO DISCOMFORT AS TEMPERATURE
INCREASES , NO MOVEMENT OF AIR
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EFFECT OF BREATHING IMPURE AIR.
ACUTE – LASSITUDE , HEADACHE , GIDDINESS ,
NAUSEA , VOMITING & COLLAPSE.
CHRONIC - LOSS OF MEMORY , DISABILITY ,
ANEMIA
DIGESTIVE TROUBLE. LOWER VITALITY
,
SUSCEPTIBLE TO TB , PNEUMONIA.
NOT ABLE TO WORK (LETHARGY)
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AIR BECOME IMPURE:-
1.BREATHING OF HUMAN & ANIMALS
2. COMBUSTION .
3. DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
CO2,NH3, H2S ETC.
4. TRADE & INDUSTRIES .
5. DUST
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CAUSES
Natural Sources
e.g. smoke that comes from
wildfires, volcanoes, methane,
dust
Human Sources
e.g. power plants and
automobiles, fumes, burning wood
stoves, fireplaces, and furnaces
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POLLUTANTS
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
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MECHANISM
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NATURAL WAYS OF AIR PURIFICATION ;-
1. ACTION OF WIND – 10 MOVEMENT OF AIR
/ HR DECREASES CO2
2. RAINS.
3. SUNLIGHT.
4. OZONE
5. BREATHING OF PLANTS.
6. DIFFUSION OF GASES.
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PROPERTIES OF AIR FOR VENTILATION.
1. LAW OF CONVECTION – WARM AIR BECOME LIGHT AND
RISES ( TEMPERATURE INVERSION )
2. GRAHAM’S LAW – THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF GASES IS
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO SQUARE ROOT OF THEIR
DENSITIES .
3. BOYLE’S LAW - THE VOLUME OF GAS VARIES INVERSELY
AS PRESSURE THE TEMPERATURE REMAINING CONSTANT .
4. CHARLES LAW – THE VOLUME OF A GAS IS DIRECTLY
PROPORTIONAL TO ITS TEMPERATURE THE PRESSURE
REMAINS THE SAME.(ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMP. 273 DEGREE C
.)
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EQUIPMENTS USED FOR MONITORING WEATHER :-
1. MAX MIN THERMOMETER2.SIX’S THERMOMETER
MAX-MERCURYMIN-ALCOHOL
3.WET/DRY BULB THERMOMETER4.HYGROMETER5.ANEMOMETERWIND VANE6.STEVENSON’S SCREEN CLOUD MIRROR7.RAIN GAUGE8.SUNSHINE RECORDER9.ANEOID BAROMETER